Ar. Surashmie Kaalmegh

Asisstant Professor

LAD College , Nagpur

BECAUSE …………The end user is…

Known ???

• TO MAKE LIFE COMFORTABLE

• TO ACCOMMODATE EMERGING NEEDS REQUIREMENTS

• TO GENERATE INTEREST

• TO ATTRACT ATTENTION

• TO PROGRESS AND INNOVATE …

ARE DESIGNED….

DESIGN IS EVERYWHERE…….. AND IN EVERYTHING ……..

AND

WE DESIGN FOR………

Think about the user & his needs

IS DESIGN SAME …..?

THE BASE OF DESIGN IS DATA …….

THE VITRUVIAN MAN

SIZE & SCALE

• Spaces

• Furniture

• Vehicles

• Products

• Appliances

• Gadgets

• Accessories

OPERATION AND USABILITY

Static

PERFORMING TASKS OR ACTIVITIES REQUIRES USE OF PARTS

& JOINTS OF OUR BODY AND EFFORT ON WHICH DEPENDS

EFFICIENCY AND ACTIVITIES TAKE PLACE WITHIN A CONTEXT

……………….SPACE

VERTICAL Reaches:Reaches : in order to perform better

Dynamic

Horizontal Reaches:Reaches : in order to perform better

Dynamic

Reaches : in order to perform better

VISION AND NECK Reaches:Dynamic

Body parts mobility

ROM & DOF ----

RESTRICTIONS

• Type of Clothes

• Age

• Gender

• Disabilities / injury

• Climatic conditions

• Preoccupancy with something else …

To perform tasks / activities we take different postures

& to take those postures body movement is required & for movement

to take place space is required , in other words clearances :

• The task

• The user

• The behaviour / response

• The environment

• The equipment

IF.

.

.

.

.

.

.

DESIGNING IS

THOUGHTFULLY

DONE .

IT MAKES A DIFFERENCE TO THE PERFORMANCE , OUTCOMES ,

EXPERIENCE , HEALTH AND EFFICIENCY OF A USER …

For completing a task

PHYSICALLY CHALLENGED PHYSICALLY ABLED

DESIGN IS EVERYWHERE…….. AND IN EVERYTHING ……..

AND WE DESIGN FOR ………

Think about the user & his needs

• People come in all shapes and sizes

IS DESIGN SAME …..FOR

ALL USERS ?

HENCE …….

DESIGN SHOULD BE

ACCOMMODATIVE

REACHES : WITH AN AID…… OR LIMITATIONS

LEFT HANDED PEOPLE RIGHT HANDED PEOPLE

Disability …………………

A condition / function judged to be significantly impaired

relative to the usual standard of an individual or group.

The term is used to refer to individual functioning, including :

• physical impairment,

• sensory impairment,

• cognitive impairment,

• intellectual impairment

• mental illness, and

• various types of chronic disease.

A physical disability is a limitation on a person's physical

functioning, mobility, dexterity or stamina.

For the person ………………

Disability is conceptualized as being a multidimensional experience .

There may be effects on organs or body parts and

There may be effects on a person's participation in areas of life.

Mobility and Physical Impairments include

Disability , Manual dexterity , Disability in co-ordination with different organs of the body

• INBORN

• AGE RELATED

• DISEASES

• ACCIDENTAL • PERMANENT

• SHORT TERM

Includes physiological, functional and/or mobility impairments ; Can be fluctuating or

intermittent, chronic, progressive or stable, visible or invisible ;Some involve extreme pain,

some less, some none at all

3 dimensions of disability are recognized in ICF:

Body structure and

function (and impairment

thereof )

Activity (and activity

restrictions)

Participation (and

participation

restrictions )

The classification also recognizes the role of physical and social environmental

factors in affecting disability outcomes.

USA

year 2011,

Estimated 8.1 percent (= /- 0.2 % ) civilian

population ,aged 18-64 reported a work limitation.

SOME INTERESTING STATISTICS

(Nazarov, Z, Lee, C. G. (2012). Disability Statistics from the Current Population Survey (CPS). Ithaca, NY:

Cornell University Rehabilitation Research and Training Center on Disability Demographics and Statistics

(StatsRRTC). Retrieved March 2, 2015 from www.disabilitystatistics.org)

International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health on 22nd May 2011 by WHO

INDIA

YEAR 2011 ( CENSUS 2011)

2. 1 % OF CIVILIAN POPULATION WERE WITH

DISABILITIES

AND IN THIS @ 40% HAD PHYSIACL

DISABILITIES

There are estimated to be over 11 million

disabled people in the UK -

SOURCE : WHO

SOME INTERESTING STATISTICS

AGEING POPULATIONS ARE FACING MORE

PHYSICAL LIMITATIONS

UK

ANTHROPOMETRIC COMPARISON OF VERTICAL REACHES AND GRADIENTS

• rising from bed,

• getting into their chair,

• dressing below the waist,

• moving from chair to toilet and back

• (and wiping themselves before returning),

• reaching for any items on or above standard-height vanities and kitchen

cabinets and above centerline in refrigerators,

• finding and using common furniture such as couches and recliners,

• and traversing any sort of staircases,

• reaching higher grocery-store shelves and cooler cases,

• getting around in narrow business aisles

• (especially when "normally-abled" people have parked their shopping

carts in the middle of the aisle)…………………

PHYSICALLY HANDICAPPED PEOPLE... e.g. PARAPLEGIA HAVE DIFFICULTIES

INDOORS / WITHIN HOMES

• getting through house doors (especially closing doors behind them),

• getting from door to parking lot over curbs,

• getting from chair to vehicle (sometimes riding in their own chair in a

specially-equipped van),

• driving, exiting their vehicle (usually but not always made easier by a rear-

exit ramp), getting from parking lot into many institutions or places of

business over curbs and up steps and over thresholds,

• reaching over standard-height counters,

• fueling their vehicles at self-serve stations,

• traveling by any form of mass transit (bus, train, airplane),

• passing through metal detectors, (even short)

• vertical blockades (curbs, steps, et al) in general,

• using public restrooms,

• eating in bench-only or counter-only diners,

• using any sort of conventional weighing scales,

• traveling on any unpaved surface (sand, gravel, grass, dirt, mud, etc).

OUTDOORS / OUT OF HOME

/ COMMUTE

ANTHROPOMETRICS

• The study of the human body and its movement, often involving research into measurements relating to people.

• It also involves collecting statistics or measurements relevant to the human body, called Anthropometric Data.

• The data is usually displayed as a table of results, diagram or graph. Anthropometric data is used by designers and architects.

ERGONOMICS

• The study of people and their relationship with the environment around them.

• Measurements, also known as ‘anthropometric data’, are collected and applied to designs / products, to make them more comfortable to use.

• The application of measurements to products, in order to improve their human use, is called Ergonomics.

VS

WHAT IS ERGONOMICS ???

• The term "ergonomics" is derived from two Greek words:

"ergon," meaning work, and

"nomoi," meaning natural laws.

• Ergonomist’s study human capabilities in relationship to work demands.

• Ergonomics (or human factors) is the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions among humans and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data and methods to design

in order to :

Optimize human well-being & overall system

performance.

Engineering

psychology Ergonomics Human factors

Concerned with the

adaptation of the

equipment and

environment to

people, based upon

their psychological

capacities and

limitations with the

objective of improving

overall system

performance, involving

human and machine

elements

Based on scientific

studies of ordinary

people in work

situations and is applied

to the design of processes

and machines, to the

layout of work places, to

methods of work, and to

the control of the physical

environment, in order to

achieve greater efficiency

of both men and

machines.

Is focused specifically

on designing

systems that

accommodate the

information-

processing capabilities

of the brain.

These fields share the same objectives to optimize the effectiveness and

efficiency with which human activities are conducted as well as to improve the

general quality of life through increased safety, reduced fatigue and stress,

increased comfort, and satisfaction

ACTIVITIES PERFORMED BY INDIVIDUALS

SPACE

RESIDENCE COMMUTE WORK RECREATION

EAT

SLEEP

COOK

CLEAN

READ

STUDY

PLAY

BATHE

SERVE.

.

.

WALK

RUN

DRIVE

SIT

STAND

READ

WRITE

SIT

STAND

WALK

EXERT

PLAY

READ

SOCIALIZE

SWIM

EXERCISE

ETC.

HENCE A SIMPLE

CLEANING ACTIVITY

FOR AN ABLE PERSON WOULD

ENTAIL FOR EG.

GETTING A BROOM AND A DUST PAN

GETTING A PAIL OF WATER

PUTTING THE DISINFECTANT AND

MIXING . SWEEPING

, MOVING , BENDING STRETCHING

ETC. TO CLEAN THROUGH THE AREA

SYSTEMATICALLY SO AS TO DO IT

WITH THE LEAST EFFORT.

GATHER THE LITTER / DUST AND

THROW IT IN THE DUST BIN……………

SO PLANNING A SPACE FOR THE

WASTE BIN AND THE BROOM NEEDS

TO BE PLANNED AS PER THE NEED

AND REQUIREMENT OF THE USER AND

HAS A BEARING ON THE EFFICIENT

AND EFFECTIVE OPERATION .

THIS SAME

ACTIVITY

ALONGWITH ITS

BREAK UP OF

SUBACTIVITIES

FOR A

PHYSICALLY

CHALLENGED

PERSON WOULD

BE MUCH

DIFFERENT

WITH

DIFFERENT

REQUIREMENTS.

• Who will be using the design?

It's unlikely to be 'everyone', or people like you.

Ideally, data such as market research demographics to identify age, sex, and social aspects.

Then among the characteristics defined could be :

• Physical size

• Strength

• Flexibility

• Skills like eyesight and coordination

Also cognitive capabilities like:

• Familiarity with similar designs

• Ease of learning

• Vocabulary

• Familiarity with concepts and metaphors used in the design.

All these factors influence basic aspects of A design, including its scope, complexity, display

size etc.

If the users are not well known as a group, it may be a good idea to involve some

representatives very early in the process, to make sure that the design does not set off in an

unsuitable direction at the outset.

• What do its users want to achieve with it?

• This is something to think about because it may not be quite obvious.

For example the act of using the design may not form any part of the user's objectives, or it may be secondary.

• This might guide as to what users are thinking about as they start using the design, and thus how to best guide their attention.

• For many designs it can be helpful to set a testable criterion for design success, such as a percentage of users who can achieve their objective within a certain time.

• Then it follows that you consider what happens to those people who cannot achieve their objectives, and how serious that is.

• Where will it be used?

Putting the design in its context can reveal

key factors such as: -

• How much time people have to learn, read labels ?

• What are they expecting ?

• If they will be distracted or under stress (which can decimate the ability to learn) …………

• Whether reading instructions are required …….

• What the users will be wearing ?

• Things users may be carrying or holding………….

• What happens to it while it is not being used……………..

• Temperature, humidity, wind, light…………….

• Test.The Golden Rule :

THE HUMAN FACTORS RATIONALE

The reasons for human-factored design becomes obvious when we use products that don't fit the body—perhaps

Students’ bookpacks.

First, a little discomfort, then over time the body may adapt negatively to a posture or movement that violates good body mechanics. Finally, the body screams, I can't stand the pain! (and heads for the doctor's office).

Labels on some clothing used to read, 'One size fits all.' Today, they say, 'One size fits MOST.'

Why? Because many larger- OR smaller-than-average folks returned ‘fits all’ items, complaining that the labels were FALSE!

THINK !!!!!

BEFORE YOU DESIGN / PLAN

HUMAN FACTORS ANALYSISUSER CHARACTERISTICS - DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS

• Collect information about the users. Knowledge of the user allows more effective design and training to be completed. For example, the primary language of many users may not be English. It may be beneficial to provide bilingual screens and provide training using an alternate language.

Characteristics to consider include:

gender (e.g., placement heights for workstations may differ depending on the percentage of users who are male and female, as average heights for men and women differ),

age (e.g., icons may be preferred over text if the system will be used by children),

physical characteristics (e.g., workstation and mouse placement may differ for left-handed and right-handed users),

disabilities…………

• EXPERIENCE CHARACTERISTICS

Characteristics to consider include:

training,

prior and current job experience,

academic experience (e.g., users may have previous experience from training received in school),

computer literacy.

OTHER CHARACTERISTICS

• Characteristics to consider include:

work habits (e.g., do users need on-line access to the system outside of standard work hours?),

preferences (e.g., what do users like or dislike about their current system?),

literacy,

language skills.

Have you ever wondered why some products seem to work better

than others? The best products are thought out and tested with

people trying them out in real-life situations.

Better designs mean happy customers, fewer costly redesigns

and less likelihood of accidents or injuries. Because of this,

businesses and organizations need the expertise of human

factors and engineering psychologists, who study how people

behave and use that knowledge to create better processes and

products.

Behavior-based safety programs help companies cut accidents and injuries through systematic

observation, analysis and intervention.Behavior Analyses Help People Work Safer

Behavior analysis increases safe behaviors, reduces risky behaviors and prevents accidental

injury at work and on the road.

Few Americans get enough sleep each night, and the consequences can be disastrous.More

Sleep Would Make Most Americans Happier, Healthier and Safer

Failing to get enough sleep impairs memory and concentration while increasing levels of stress

hormones and disrupting the body's normal metabolism.

APPLICATIONS

BEHAVIOUR : A response of

an individual or group to an

action, environment, person, or

stimulus.

WHEELCHAIR BOUND

PEOPLE USE SHOULDER

JOINTS THE MAXIMUM

An extraordinarily complex interplay of joints, tendons, muscles and ligaments gives the shoulder joint the greatest range of motion of all the joints in the human body .

SOME INSIGHTS

DID YOU KNOW ?

Adaptations for disabled people are

often an advantage for everyone – for

example, a wider path or door is an

advantage for parents with young

children in pushchairs, as well as

wheelchair users.

Participation in sport and physical activity has

many benefits for everyone:

• Empowerment

• Health and fitness

• Social inclusion

• Talent development

DID YOU KNOW ?

Seven out of ten disabled people acquire their

impairment between the ages of 18 and 65. For

many within this age group, sport or exercise

would have already become part of their

lifestyle and they will most probably want to

continue in it after becoming a disabled person.

DID YOU KNOW ?

At least half of disabled people’s

impairments are hidden so sports

providers should never make

presumptions on who is disabled and

what they can or cannot do.

Remember not all impairments are visible

COMMUTES AND

PUBLIC PLACES :

MOBILITY

SOME

DESIGN

SOLUTIONS

He has impacted the lives of

more than 25 million people; at

least that many bought his

bestselling book, A Brief History

of Time. Besides writing, this

Emeritus Cambridge University

Professor also made great

contributions to the fields of

cosmology and quantum gravity.

Stephen Hawking achieved all of

this with the aid of his high-tech

wheelchair, among other things.Amrita

Gesture Based Wheelchair

Control for the Physically

Challenged.

WHAT IS WORKSPACE?

• Workspace is the space within which you perform the tasks that add up to your job.

If you were cooking dinner , your workspace would be the area in the kitchen around the fridge, cooker and sink.

or

A workspace includes desk and chair + the area immediately around when studying .

: SO CONSIDERATIONS FOR PEOPLE WITH SPECIAL NEEDS :

The target group is composed of five major categories:

(a) Wheelchair users

(b) People with limited walking abilities

(c) The sightless

(d) The partially sighted

(e) The hearing impaired

OFFICE WORKSTATIONS

COOKING ?

KITCHEN

WORKSTATION

THE SEVEN BASIC RULES OF ERGONOMICS :

NO. 1.

1. Equitable use: The design is useful and marketable to people with

diverse abilities.

2. Flexibility in use: The design accommodates a wide range of individual

preferences and abilities.

3. Simple and intuitive use: Use of the design is easy to understand,

regardless of the user’s experience, knowledge, language skills, or

current concentration level.

4. Perceptible information: The design communicates necessary

information effectively to the user, regardless of ambient conditions or

the user’s sensory abilities.

5. Tolerance for error: The design minimizes hazards and the adverse

consequences of accidental or unintended actions.

6. Low physical effort: The design can be used efficiently and

comfortably, and with a minimum of fatigue.

7. Size and space for approach and use: Appropriate size and space is

provided for approach, reach, manipulation, and use, regardless of the

user’s body size, posture, or mobility.

7 PRINCIPLES OF ERGONOMIC INTERIOR DESIGN

OTHER ACTIVITIES

http://inspirationseek.com/bathroom-for-elderly/

http://www.victorianplumbing.co.uk/Disability-Bathroom-Suites.aspx

CONSIDERATIONS

http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/enable/designm/AD4-

CONSIDERATIONS

http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/enable/designm/AD4-

CONSIDERATIONS

http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/enable/designm/AD4-

CONSIDERATIONS

CONSIDERATIONS

http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/enable/designm/AD4-

CONSIDERATIONS

http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/enable/designm/AD4-

CONSIDERATIONS

http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/enable/designm/AD4-

CONSIDERATIONS

• Designers of spaces for living and working need to know about the intended users of those areas AND the furnishings. People’s physical characteristics (size, height, hearing and vision senses) vary widely. Human mental capacities and skills, plus emotional states also differ. As our bodies change with age, OTHER differences appear.

• Whether a question of wearable products that fit their users OR workers doing repetitive tasks for hours on Unadjustablemachines, human differences DO affect design--and vice versa.

That's why knowing about anthropometrics and ergonomics is a GOOD THING!

AND FOR THE PHYSICALLY CHALLENGED MORE SO…………………………………

YOU CAN MAKE THAT

DIFFERENCE BY

DESIGNING USER

FRIENDLY SPACES ,

EQUIPMENT ETC….

AND THAT IS

ERGONOMIC DESIGN