Designing Designs for Research. Designing Designs cause u How do you establish cause? minimize...
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Transcript of Designing Designs for Research. Designing Designs cause u How do you establish cause? minimize...
Designing Designs
How do you establish causecause? How do you minimize threats minimize threats to
validity? How do you construct construct a design? What is a goodgood design?
How Do You Establish Cause?
Temporal precedenceTemporal precedence
CauseCause EffectEffectthenthen
Time
How Do You Establish Cause?
Temporal precedenceTemporal precedence
CauseCause EffectEffectthenthen
Time
Why is this important?Why is this important?
How Do You Establish Cause?
Temporal precedenceTemporal precedence
CauseCause EffectEffectthenthen
Time
Why is this important?Why is this important?
Cyclical functionsCyclical functions
Inflation
Unemployment
How Do You Establish Cause?
Temporal PrecedenceTemporal Precedence
Covariation of Cause and EffectCovariation of Cause and Effect
CauseCause EffectEffectthenthen
TimeTime
How Do You Establish Cause?
Temporal precedenceTemporal precedence
Covariation of cause and effectCovariation of cause and effect
CauseCause EffectEffectthenthen
timetime
If X, then Y.If X, then Y.If If notnot X, then X, then notnot Y. Y.
How Do You Establish Cause?
Temporal precedenceTemporal precedence
Covariation of cause and effectCovariation of cause and effect
CauseCause EffectEffectthenthen
timetime
If X, then Y.If X, then Y.If If notnot X, then X, then notnot Y. Y.
If program given, then outcome observed.If program not given, then outcome not observed.
How Do You Establish Cause?
Temporal precedenceTemporal precedence
Covariation of cause and effectCovariation of cause and effect
CauseCause EffectEffectthenthen
timetime
If X, then Y.If X, then Y.If If notnot X, then X, then notnot Y. Y.
If program given, then outcome observed.If program not given, then outcome not observed.
If more of program, then more of outcome observed.If less of program given, then less of outcome observed.
How Do You Establish Cause?
Temporal precedenceTemporal precedence
Covariation of cause and effectCovariation of cause and effect
No alternative explanationsNo alternative explanations
CauseCause EffectEffectthenthen
timetime
If X, then Y.If X, then Y.If If notnot X, then X, then notnot Y. Y.
How Do You Establish Cause?
Temporal precedenceTemporal precedence
Covariation of cause and effectCovariation of cause and effect
No alternative explanationsNo alternative explanations
CauseCause EffectEffectthenthen
timetime
If X, then Y.If X, then Y.If If notnot X, then X, then notnot Y. Y.
ProgramProgram OutcomeOutcomecauses?
How Do You Establish Cause?
Temporal precedenceTemporal precedence
Covariation of cause and effectCovariation of cause and effect
No alternative explanationsNo alternative explanations
CauseCause EffectEffectthenthen
timetime
If X, then Y.If X, then Y.If If notnot X, then X, then notnot Y. Y.
ProgramProgram OutcomeOutcomeCauses?
Alternativecause
Alternativecause
Alternativecause
Alternativecause
In Typical Outcome Evaluation
Is taken care of because you intervene before you measure outcome
Is taken care of because you control the intervention
Is the central issue of internal validity -- usually taken care of through your design
Temporal Precedence
Covariation of Cause and Effect
No Alternative Explanations
How Do You Minimize Threats to Validity?
By argument By measurement or observation By design By analysis By preventive action
How Do You Minimize Threats to Validity?
By argumentBy argument
Simply say the threat isn’t reasonable.
How Do You Minimize Threats to Validity?
By measurementBy measurement
Measure that the threat didn’t happen.
How Do You Minimize Threats to Validity?
By designBy design
R O X OR O X O
MaturationMaturationthreat?threat?
How Do You Minimize Threats to Validity?
By designBy design
Add a group to control for the threat.
R O X OR O OR O X OR O O
To address aTo address amaturationmaturation
threatthreat
How Do You Minimize Threats to Validity?
By analysisBy analysis
Mortality threat : Are your dropoutsMortality threat : Are your dropoutsdifferent from those retained indifferent from those retained in
your study?your study?
How Do You Minimize Threats to Validity?
By analysisBy analysis
Show through analysis that the threat isn’t plausible.
Retained Drop-Out05
1015202530
Retained Drop-Out
PretestPretestPretestmeansmeans
How Do You Minimize Threats to Validity?
By preventive actionBy preventive action
Don’t allow the threat to happen in the first place.
Rivalry
Get programGet programnext semesternext semester
How Do You Construct a Design?
Across time Across programs Across observations Across groups
Expand...
How Do You Construct a Design?
Expand across programsprograms..
O X1 OO X2 OO X3 O
O X1 OO X2 OO X3 O
ProgramProgramvariationsvariations
How Do You Construct a Design?
Expand across observationsobservations..
O1 X O1,2,3
O1 O1,2,3
O1 X O1,2,3
O1 O1,2,3
MeasurementMeasurementvariationsvariations
How Do You Construct a Design?
Expand across groupsgroups..
R O X OR O OR O X OR O O
R O X OR O OR O X OR O OAdd aAdd a
replicate.replicate.
How Do You Construct a Design?
Expand across groups and timegroups and time..
R O X OR O O
N O
R O X OR O O
N O
How Do You Construct a Design?
Expand across groups and timegroups and time..
R O X OR O O
N O
R O X OR O O
N O
How Do You Construct a Design?
Expand across groups and timegroups and time..
R O X OR O O
N O
R O X OR O O
N O
TimeTime
GroupsGroups
How Do You Construct a Design?
X OStart
Expand
R O X O O
R O O X O
N O X O
N O O
R O X O
R O O
N O OContract