Designing a Building

8/11/2019 Designing a Building

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Dr. Indrika Rajapaksha [Dr.Eng.(Nagoya)]

Chartered Architect/ Senior Lecturer

Faculty of Architecture, University of Moratuwa

Design strategies for Energy efficiency


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Source: Climate change 2007:Synthesis report adapted from, IPCC 4thAssessment report (AR4)


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Temperature stabilisation

Few centuries

Sea-level riseCenturies to several millennia

CO2stabilisation100-300 years

CO2emission

2020

2040

M

agnitudeofResponse

Long-term trends and planetary risks

Accumulating impacts of climate change over the long term

Source:Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report, adapted from IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4)


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NO3-3%CFC-10%

Methane9%

CO-7%

CO272%,Burning of fossilfuels

Buildings consumes over 50% of generated energyProduces over 50% of green house gasesDemands for extensive amount of energyEmits more green house gasesContributes to global warming

Ref. Roaf S, Fuentes M, Thomas S, 2001 Ecohouse: A design guide, Architectural press, UK

Source: Environmental design: An introduction for Architects and Engineers, Thomas R., Fordham M., E&FN Spon UK


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Operation 84%

Manufacturing 13%

Construction 2%

Demolition 1% Design 0.4X

Alterations 1.2 X

Initial construction cost X

Maintenance 1.5X

System operation 7X

5060% of energy is used in A/C and artificial lighting

Source: UNFPA Report, July 2007, State of Worlds Population 2007, NY


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216 214 197 191

461

265

313281

385

235

376

259

215243

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

NDBDarmap

alaMawatha

VauxhallTow

er

UnionAssuarance

HEMAS

AbansLtd

CityBank

HuchisonTower

HSBC-Global

Center

CommercialBank-UnionPlace

CeylincoHou

se

CTCEagle

HNBTowers

CeylincoSeylan

WorldTrade

Center

EnergyFootprintkWh/m2/annum

11 12 1125 24 15

2

67

9

39

8

8068

287

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Annualelectricitycost

(R

s.Million)


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Glass boxesSimilar facades in all cardinal directionsNo shadingLacks sensitivity to its locality Artificially conditioned interiors for thermal and

visual comfortActive built forms with passive occupants Unhealthy office interiors with unacceptable Indoor

air and environmental quality


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SO2concentrations

457

286 286269

155173

R = 0.6134

0

100

200

300

400

500

LFL MFL UFL

Concentrationg/m3

Floor Level

Maximum

Minimum

Mean

Linear (Mean)

SLAQS 120g/m3(8h)

314286

257

182

140154

R = 0.4286

0

100

200

300

400

500

LFL MFL UFL

Concentrationg/m3

Floor Level

MaximumMinimum

Mean

Linear (Mean)

SLAQS 120g/m3(8h)

8h

A

B

Galle Road

R.A De Mel Mawatha

Mean of 9h to 16h

National Research Council Grant of Rs. 4.0 Million , Indoor Environmental Diagnostic Laboratory of Faculty of Architecture, University of Moratuwa


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PMconcentrations

24h

A

B

Galle Road

R.A De Mel Mawatha

Mean of 16h to 16h

AQG (WHO) PM2.5= 25g/m3

R = 0.8396

0

20

40

60

80

100

PM1 PM2.5 RESP PM10 TPM

Concentrationg/m3

Particle category

LFL MFL UFL

AQG (WHO) PM10= 50g/m3

R = 0.8077

0

20

40

60

80

100

PM1 PM2.5 RESP PM10 TPM

Concentrationg/m3

Particle category

LFL MFL UFL

AQG (WHO) PM2.5= 25g/m3

AQG (WHO) PM10= 50g/m3

National Research Council Grant of Rs. 4.0 Million , Indoor Environmental Diagnostic Laboratory of Faculty of Architecture, University of Moratuwa


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Sustainability actions

Governance

Technology

Population

Socio-cultural

MITIGATION ADAPTATION

G H G

Aerosol

Human Health

Human Systems


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National Target: 20% reduction of 2010 energy consumption by 2020

Green Building Council: Zero energy buildings by 2050

Energy code: A star rating for buildings incompliance with the code.Marking scheme need to be worked out.

Building Code Australia (BCA, 2010):Section J of the BCA recommends and annual electricity consumptionallowance of 163 kWh/m2 for office buildings in Brisbane

Queensland emission reduction target:4 star energy efficiency rating for office buildings by 2010

Carbon neutral government office buildings by 2020


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Sustainable designSustainable design meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of

the future generations

Economic dimension

Socio cultural dimension

Environmental dimension

Efficient use of energy

Efficient use of water

Less waste production

Indoor environmental

quality

Green buildings

targets and efficiency improvement

strategies are promoted with all 4 areas


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Green rating

Management - 4 points

Sustainable sites - 25 points

Water efficiency - 14 points

Energy and Atmosphere - 21 points

Material and Resources - 21 points

Indoor environmental quality - 13 points

Innovation and design process - 4 points

Social and cultural awareness - 3 points

3

13

14

5

14

10

1

Certified : 40-49

Silver : 5059

Gold : 60-69

Platinum : 70 and above

50

2

5

3

60

510% of demandsatisfied by on-site

renewable

11

2

60100% demand

satisfied by on-site

renewable energy

Exemplary building performance

73

Gold, Silver and certified buildings will not help to achieve national

and Green rating targetsEco-Blings, Green washing

Platinum rated buildings are the way forward for Green

architecture to achieve zero energy buildings by 2050

Refer Table 4.2 , page 59


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Source: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article

Home owners wasting money eco-bling makes little difference

Eco-blingEcological technology or gadgets that cost an amount of

money that you will never get back in terms of energy

saved or produced

GreenwashingA design by picking off-the-shelf green solutions that may

actually cause more harm to the environment than good

Source:http://www.green building advisor. comIm beginning to really hate Eco-bling

'It achieves little or nothing. If you

build a building that is just as

energy-hungry as every other

building, and you put a few wind

turbines and solar panels on the

outside that addresses a few percent of that building's energy

consumption, you have not

achieved anything.
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/articlehttp://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article


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Conserve energy

Working with climateMinimize new resourcesRespect for usersRespect for site

Symbolic form of green ecological approach to design

LPL11 L12

L21 L22

Suffix 1 - Designed system

Suffix 2 - Environment around that system

L - Interdependent connections within the framework

L11 - Processes and activities that take place within the systemInternalities- Internal loads

L12 - Interactions of the system with the environment

L21Inputs from environment to the systemExternalitiesEnvironmental loads

L22Process and activities that take place in the environment

(Yeang, K 1995, Designing with nature: the ecological basis of architectural design, McGraw-Hill, New York)

(Vale B. , Vale R. 1991: Green Architecture, Design for a sustainable future, Thames and Hudson Ltd., London)


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MENARA MESINIAGA, Malaysia

Curtain wall glazing: North and South facades

Aluminum fins and louvers: East and West facades

Lift lobbies, stair wells & toilets: Natural l ight and ventilation

Sun-shading details

Recessed curtain wallglazing

Building orientation

Sun path geometry

Plan shape

Sectional form

Wind orientation

National Library building, Singapore

Source: Yeang, Ken, Bioclimatic sky-scraper, Menara Mesinaga, KL, Malaysia


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Climate investigation

Climate modification strategiesMicroclimatic data analysis

Building form for climatic matching


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Climate investigation

Climate modification strategiesMicroclimatic data analysis

Building form for climatic matching


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Cylindrical tower with an Area/ volume ratio of less

than 1 contains heat Un-shaded smooth glazed facades supports heat

gain through building envelope

Unbearable indoor temperatures are well above

the human thermal comfort range

Demand for cooling by mechanical means

Shaping of the built-form for climatic matching

Innovative shading of facades by recessed

envelope configuration Diversity in envelope fenestration


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60Vertical shadow angle

60 -60

East West

Horizontal shadow angle

South facing shading devices

Horizontal shading devices

Vertical shading devices


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60Vertical shadow angle

North facing shading devices


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Total floor area 948 m2

Annual energy consumption 84372 kWh

Energy footprint 89kWh/m2/annum

180 solar panels produces on average130 kWh daily

Energy foot print of the green power

50kWh/m2/annum

Architect : Dr. Upendra Rajapaksha/ Chartered Architect; Client/ Automation Engineer: Mr. Upendra Weerasuriya

Source: Hyde . R, et al. ,2012, Sustainable retrofitting for net zero carbon emission buildings, 46thASA (Architectural Science Association) Conference,Australia , November, 2012


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Shading on immediate microclimates to minimise incidenceof solar radiation

Sun courtyard just in front of the buildingCantilevered floor plates for shading on windows

Automated solar sensitive double skin envelope to promotebuffer zones in solar defence

Envelope dependant day lighting potential

High thermal mass for walls and ceilings

Motion sensitive active and task lighting system

VAV air conditioning systemsRain water harvesting

Building energy management system

Architect : Dr. Upendra Rajapaksha/ Chartered Architect; Client/ Automation Engineer: Mr. Upendra Weerasuriya

Source: Hyde . R, et al. ,2012, Sustainable retrofitting for net zero carbon emission buildings, 46thASA (Architectural ScienceAssociation) Conference, Australia , November, 2012


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216 214197 191

461

265

313281

385

235

376

259

215243

89

0

50100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

NDBDarmapalaMawatha

VauxhallTower

UnionAssuarance

HEMAS

AbansLtd

CityBank

HuchisonTower

HSBC-GlobalCenter

CommercialBank-UnionPlace

CeylincoHouse

CTCEagle

HNBTowers

CeylincoSeylan

WorldTradeCenter

NikiniAutomation

EnergyFootprint

kWh/m2/annum

156

76

172

52

332

307

282

257

232

207

182

157

132

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

Energyconsumption(KWh/m2)

Star Level

Base BuildingTenancywhole

6 stars

89

NikiniAutomation

In Compliance with an international rating system Well above the 2020 national target

Benchmark building for 2050 target of Green rating system of Sri Lanka


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SZOKOLAYS BIO-CLIMATIC CHARTColombo, Sri-Lanka

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50DRY BULB TEMPERATURE (Degree C)

30%

20%

10%

100% 90 80 70% 60% 50% 40%

g/Kg Summ er Comfor t Zone

1m /s Indoor Air Veloci ty

1.5m /s Indoor Air V eloci ty

M onthly temper ature var iat ions

COMFORT ZONE

Monthly Minimum and MaximumTemperature


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TROPICAL COURTYARD FORM AS AN AIR FUNNEL

Courtyard

Colonnaded Veranda

Courtyard

+Pressure Field - Pressure Field

Shaded Veranda


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PASSIVE MODIFICATION STRATEGIES C E N T R A L C O U R TY A R D

HIGH THERMAL MASS FABRIC

WITH SHADED VERANDA

AXIAL AIR FUNNEL

Architect: Upendra Rajapaksha & Partner

E


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W

ab c

de

f

courtyardN SLongitudinal Axis

Cross Axis

Wind direction

V e r a n d a

Livinga

Bedroomb

Bedroomc

Kitchen and Pantryd

Family Livinge

CENTRAL COURTYARD RESIDENCE

Courtyard


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AXIAL WIND FIELDTHRO COURTYARD

Iteration A

IterationsB,C,D&E

Courtyard

E

Op1

Op2

Op3Op4 Cy

A

Cy

B

Op1

Op2

Cy

C

Op4 Op3Cy

D

Op1

Op2

Cy Op3

R E S E A R C H M E T H O D O L O G Y

OPEN TO SKY

COURTYARD

Op4Op2


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F

Op1

Op2

G

Op1

Op2

Op3Op4Op1

Op4

Op3

AXIAL WIND FIELD

WITH CLOSED CY.Iterations

F,G

-Atrium configurations

ENVELOPE CONFIGURATIONS

WITH CLOSED TOP OPENING

OF THE COURTYARD


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Cross Axis

ab c

def

Courtyard

Op1

Op3

Op4

Longitudinal

Axis

Longitudinal

Axis

Cross Axis

SIMULATED BUILDING MODEL

PARAMETRIC ANALYSIS

RELATIVE INDEX : T = TO - Ti

DECREMENT FACTOR :

DF = Ti (max)T0 (mean) / T0 (max)T0 (mean)


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24

26

28

30

32

34

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22

Time [hour]

Temperature[degreeC]

Internal wall

Ambient air

Courtyard air

24

26

28

30

32

34

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22

Time [hour]


Internal wall Ambient air

24

26

28

30

32

34

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22Time [hour]


Internal wall

Ambient air

Courtyard air

24

26

28

30

32

34

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22Time [hour]


Internal wall Ambient air

24

26

28

30

32

34

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22

Time [hour]


Internal wall

Indoor airAmbient air

Courtyard air

INDOOR AIR TEMPERATURE

ITERATION B ITERATION A

The Best Thermal Performance CoolCourtyard

The Worst Thermal Performance WarmCourtyard

3 Hrs. Time Lag24

26

28

30

32

34

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22Time [hour]

Temperature[d

egreeC]

Internal wall

Indoor airAmbient airCourtyard air


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OP1

OP2

UPWIND FUNNEL AIR FLOW HORIZONTAL CROSS UPWIND AIR FLOW

SIMULATED AIRFLOW PATTERNS

Computational Fluid Dynamic Analysis

Iterations B & D Iterations C & E

OP2

OP4

OP1OP3


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TOP VORTEX AIR FLOWHORIZONTAL CROSS AIR FLOW

OP4

OP3

OP2

OP1

Iterations F & G Iteration A

SIMULATED AIRFLOW PATTERNS


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I. Rajapaksha, H.Nagai and M.Okumiya,Indoor thermal modification of a ventilated courtyard house in the tropics ,

International Journal of Architectural Institute of Japan, Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering Vol.1 No.1 March

2002, pp.84-97

I.Rajapaksha, H.Nagai and M.Okumiya,A ventilated courtyard as a passive cooling strategy in warm humid tropics,

International Journal of World Renewable Energy network, Renewable Energy Vol.28, No.11 June 2003, pp. 1755-1778

Rajapaksha, I., 2004 Passive Cooling in the Tropics: A Design proposition for Natural Ventilation , Built environments and

environmental buildings: Proceedings of the 21stInternational conference Passive and Low Energy Architecture , Vol.1, M.H. de Wit

(ed), PLEA 2004, Eindhoven, The Netherlands, September 19- 21, pp. 531-536

Rajapaksha, I., Nagai, H. and Okumiya, M., 2002 Indoor airflow behavior for thermal comfort in a courtyard house in warm humid

tropics, In Indoor Air 2002: Proceedings of the 9 thConference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, Vol. IV, H. Levin (ed), Indoor Air

2002, Santa Cruz, California, June 30- July 05, pp. 1072-77.

Rajapaksha, I., Nagai, H. and Okumiya. M., 2002 A tropical courtyard building as an upwind air funnel, A computationalanalysis, In Design with the Environment: Proceedings of the 19thInternational Conference Passive and Low Energy Architecture,

Vol. 1, Gerber, M et al (eds.) PLEA 2002, Toulouse, July 22- 25, pp.631- 36.

Rajapaksha, I., Nagai, H. and Okumiya. M., 2001 Thermal influence of an enclosed courtyard in an equatorial climate dwelling,

Field investigation of the courtyard dwelling in Sri Lanka (Part I ), Summaries of the technical papers of the Tokai chapter annual

meeting of Architectural Institute of Japan, pp.505-8

Rajapaksha, I., Nagai, H. and Okumiya. M., 2001 Thermal behavior of an enclosed open courtyard house in equatorial climate,

Field investigation of cool courtyard conditions (Part II), Summaries of the technical papers of the annual meeting of Architectural

Institute of Japan, pp. 401-2

Rajapaksha, I., Nagai, H. and Okumiya. M., 2002, An Enclosed open courtyard and its thermal influence on indoor thermal

environment (Part III), Computational analysis of natural ventilation in equatorial courtyard house , Summaries of the technical

papers of the Tokai chapter annual meeting of Architectural Institute of Japan, pp. 465-8

Rajapaksha, I., Nagai, H. and Okumiya. M., 2002, An Enclosed open courtyard and its thermal influence on indoor thermal

environment (Part IV),Indoor thermal comfort assessment, Summaries of the technical papers of the annual meeting of

Architectural Institute of Japan, pp. 795-796

Rajapaksha, I, et al. 2008, Bandaragama House, Colombo, Sri Lanka, Hyde, R. (ed.) Bioclimatic Housing; Innovative Designs for

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