Design Standard for Street Lighting

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    STREET LIGHTING

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    TABLE OF CONTENTS

    1. Scope.........................................................................................................1

    2. Definitions................................................................................................1

    3. Lighting Co!"ns....................................................................................3

    3.1. Typical forms of columns....................................................................................3

    3.2. Locations of columns...........................................................................................3

    3.3. Base of columns...................................................................................................4

    3.4. Projection and tilt angle.......................................................................................5

    3.5. Earthing and fuses................................................................................................5

    3.. !onduits...............................................................................................................

    #. $o!nting Height......................................................................................%

    4.1. "eneral.................................................................................................................#

    4.2. $ mounting height or less than........................................................................#

    4.3. % $ mounting height............................................................................................#

    4.4. 1& $ mounting height..........................................................................................%

    4.5. 12 $ mounting height..........................................................................................%

    4.. 1%$ mounting height or more than.....................................................................%

    &. Lighting A''(nge"ent............................................................................)

    5.1. 'traight roads.......................................................................................................(

    5.2. 'ingle)le*el road junctions..................................................................................(

    5.2.1. T junction...................................................................................................(

    5.2.2. 'taggered junction....................................................................................1&

    5.2.3. !ross roads...............................................................................................11

    5.2.4. + junction.................................................................................................12

    5.3. Bridges...............................................................................................................13

    5.4. Pedestrian crossings...........................................................................................13

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    5.5. Par, and garden areas........................................................................................15

    5.5.1. Typical forms of columns.........................................................................15

    5.5.2. $ounting height and -ase of columns.....................................................15

    5.5.3. Lamps and lighting le*els........................................................................1

    %. Sp(cing f'o" L!"en $etho*...............................................................1%

    .1. $ounting height and spacing -y luminaires......................................................1#

    .2. $aimum spacing -et/een poles......................................................................1%

    +. Lighting So!'ces....................................................................................1)

    #.1. Lamps.................................................................................................................1%

    #.2. Lighting le*els...................................................................................................1(

    #.3. Lighting control.................................................................................................2&

    ). $(inten(nce (n* Ope'(ting ti"es.......................................................2,

    %.1. $aintenance.......................................................................................................2&

    %.2. 0ours of operation.............................................................................................2&

    -. Dist'i!tion Bo/....................................................................................21

    (.1. Locations of distri-ution -oes..........................................................................21(.2. !ircuit -rea,ers..................................................................................................22

    (.3. 'ie and installation of ca-les............................................................................23

    1,. High $(st Lighting.............................................................................2#

    1&.1. Location of 0igh mast lighting........................................................................24

    1&.2. Lighting source................................................................................................25

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    LIST OF TABLES

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    LIST OF FIG0RES

    Fig!'e , Tpic( fo'"s of st'eet ighting.................................................3

    Fig!'e , B(se of ighting co!"n.............................................................&

    Fig!'e , Geo"et' in ee4(tion of st'eet ighting.................................+

    Fig!'e , T 5!nction.................................................................................1,

    Fig!'e , St(gge'e* 5!nction...................................................................11

    Fig!'e , C'oss 'o(*s...............................................................................12

    Fig!'e , 6 5!nctions................................................................................12

    Fig!'e , Tpic( (o!t (t T 5!nction 7ith pe*est'i(n c'ossing.........13

    Fig!'e , Tpic( (o!t (t c'oss'o(*s 7ith pe*est'i(n c'ossing.........13

    Fig!'e , St(gge'e* (''(nge"ent (*5(cent (t pe*est'i(n c'ossing.....1#

    Fig!'e , Opposite (''(nge"ent (*5(cent (t pe*est'i(n c'ossing.......1#

    Fig!'e , Tpic( fo'"s of p('8 o' g('*en ighting..............................1&

    Fig!'e , Ro(*7( !"in(i'e c(ssific(tions.........................................1+

    Fig!'e , Tpic( fo'"s of *ist'i!tion o/..........................................22

    Fig!'e , Inte'n( *i(g'(" of *ist'i!tion o/.....................................2#

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    LIST OF A99ENDI:

    A eferences

    24

    B Eample of calculating design spacing

    25

    C tiliation factor of lamps

    2

    D !alculation of concrete -ase load

    2%

    E !ommunication net/or, for controlling street lighting

    32

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    1. Scope

    This standard specifies the general reuirements for lighting columns6 mounting height6

    arrangement6 spacing6 lighting sources and distri-ution -o of street lighting. 7t also co*ers

    the type of ca-le and feeder lengths recommended for the street lighting distri-ution.

    2. Definitions

    A''(nge"ent

    The pattern according to /hich luminaires are sited in plan for instance staggered6opposite6 single side and t/in central.

    A4e'(ge i!"in(nce

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    The ratio of minimum illuminance to a*erage or maimum illuminance. The closer this

    figure is to 16 the more e*en the illuminance.

    L!"in(nce I;A

    The physical uantity corresponding to the -rightness of a surface ote. ?or installation purposes6 the centre of a lamp or lamps may -e regarded as the

    photometric centre of a luminaire.

    Set (c8

    The shortest distance from the for/ard face of a column to the edge of a carriage/ay.

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    Tit (nge

    The angle -y /hich the ais of the fiing spigot entry is tilted a-o*e the horiontal /hen

    the luminaire is installed.

    3. Lighting Co!"ns

    3.1. Tpic( fo'"s of co!"ns

    ?igure 1 sho/s the eterior appearances of typical street lighting /ith one and t/o arms.

    The one arm columns may -e installed for lighting side/al,s.

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    5& &.%

    %& 8-solute minimum 1.&

    ecommended minimum 1.5

    1&& 8-solute minimum 1.5

    12& 8-solute minimum 1.5

    3.3. B(se of co!"ns

    Fhere the column -ase is set up for rag -olted mounting6 the mounting -ase shall

    consist of a cast concrete -ase. The -ase shall pro*ide four $24 gal*anied -olts e*enly

    set out on a 35& mm pitch circle for fiing and aligning the columns.7t is recommended

    that the planting depth of the column in the ground shall -e as sho/n in ta-le 2.

    C Ta-le & D !oncrete -ase

    Type of pole $ounting height Base dimensions in mm

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    ground le*el. The designer can *erify the suita-ility of these depths for the site conditions6

    and can arrange for other depths in the ground /here necessary. The minimum depth of

    underground ca-les (f) shall -e && mm. 7n addition6 the height a-o*e ground of any

    portion of the anchor -olts

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    affiing /ith a suita-le gal*anied nut and -olt6 /ith a crimped terminal fitting on the earth

    ca-le.The rated current of a fuse shall -e at least t/ice the normal full load current of the

    maimum num-er of lights to -e simultaneously s/itched. The ampere rating of the fuse

    /hich is installed in each column shall -e not less than a 1& amp fuse to ensure protection

    against electric shoc, and o*er current.

    3.%. Con*!its

    !onduits shall -e reuired in road/ay crossings and also -e installed in footpaths /here

    access roads6 dri*e/ays and footpath crossings are 2.5 m and o*er in /idth. !onduits shall

    -e not less than 4& mm internal diameter6 and laid as nearly perpendicular to the street as

    practica-le. They shall -e eca*ated to a minimum depth of && mm from finished groundle*el and a 1&& mm -ed of clean sand shall -e spread along the -ase of the trench prior to

    laying the ca-le and a PI! duct shall -e laid in the trench. $ar,er tape shall -e 15& mm

    /ide colored yello/ and printed along its entire length in 1&& mm high -lac, lettering /ith

    the legend J!aution K 'treet Lighting !a-le -elo/.

    #. $o!nting Height

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    #.1. Gene'(

    A?igure & "eometry in ele*ation of street lighting

    Fhen a mounting height is generally higher6 a glare is decreasing and o*erall uality of

    surrounding circumstances is impro*ing6 -ut a capital cost is higher and o*erall efficiency

    is lo/er. The same mounting height shall -e ,ept not only in the same /idth of road/ays6

    -ut also at road junctions. 8s far as possi-le6 mounting heights shall -e ,ept at or -elo/ the

    height of adjacent -uildings. This is particularly important in conser*ation areas.

    Therefore6 -efore a mounting height is determined6 luminance distri-ution6 o*erall

    lighting effect and economic efficacy shall -e considered and compared.

    #.2. 6 M"o!nting height o' ess th(n

    6 Mor less than shall -e installed at some locations as follo/s 9

    M the majority of side streets or alleys6 or

    M lighting for pu-lic gardens and par,ing lots to ma,e people feel safe.

    #.3. 8 M"o!nting height

    8 Mshall -e installed at some locations as follo/s 9

    Tilt angle

    @*erhang

    Fidth of carriage/ay

    'et)-ac,

    Edge ofcarriage/ay

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    M ur-an traffic route /here6 o/ing to the multiplicity of road junctions6 no reduction in

    the num-er of lighting points is to -e gained -y the use of a higher mounting

    height6 or

    M traffic routes /here higher mounting heights /ould -e out of scale /ith the adjacent

    -uildings6 or

    M relati*ely narro/ roads such as local distri-utor and access roads to residential areas

    in /hich a mounting height -et/een 1& $ or 12 $ and 5 $ or $ is desira-le.

    #.#. 10 M"o!nting height

    10 Mshall -e installed at some locations as follo/s 9

    M the majority of ur-an traffic routes6 orM lighting for traffic routes in /hich a mounting height of 12 $ /ould -e an

    undesira-le appearance6 or

    M lighting for /ide hea*ily used routes /here a large num-er of intersection6 -ends6

    etc6 could lead to a short spacing ma,ing the use of 12 $ mounting height

    uneconomical.

    #.&. 12 M"o!nting height

    12 Mshall -e installed at the location of /ide or hea*ily used routes /here ad*antage

    can -e ta,en of a longer spacing of luminaires.

    #.%. 18M"o!nting height o' "o'e th(n

    0igh mast lighting poles shall -e installed at large)scale area such as airports6 doc,yards6

    large industrial areas6 sports areas and road intersections.

    &. Lighting A''(nge"ent

    Poles for t/o and three lane roads shall -e installed in the /ay of staggered or single

    side arrangement for reasons of economy. ?or more than four lane roads6 poles shall -e

    installed in the /ay of opposite or t/in central arrangement or -oth.

    C Ta-le & D $ethods of pole arrangement

    >um-ers of lane 2 N 3 lanes @*er 4 lanes

    8rrangement 'taggered or single side @pposite or t/in central

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    &.1. St'(ight 'o(*s

    M 'taggered arrangement

    M 'ingle side arrangement

    M @pposite arrangement

    M T/in central arrangement on dual road/ays

    &.2. Singe?e4e 'o(* 5!nctions

    The lighting at a junction shall -e related to the need of dri*ers approaching the junction

    to see *ehicles approaching from other directions. The illuminance6 on the carriage/ay6

    throughout a junction shall -e not less than the illuminance pro*ided on the main roads

    leading to the junction.

    5.2.1. T junction

    To achie*e the reuired luminance on the T junction6 typical lighting positions shall -e

    as sho/n in figure 4.

    'pacing

    Oer-

    'pacing

    Oer-

    Oer-

    'pacing

    Oer-

    'pacing

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    A?igure & T junction

    Luminaire 8 on the major road shall -e sited in line /ith centre line of the approachlanes of the minor road to re*eal the end of the minor road to traffic approaching along it

    and to re*eal pedestrians crossing its mouth.

    Luminaire B on the major road shall -e sited at a distance from the ,er- of the minor

    road approimately eual to one)third of the design spacing for the major road and

    prefera-ly not greater than 12m along the major road. This luminaire re*eals -oth the

    junction /ith the minor road to traffic in the major

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    A?igure & 'taggered junction

    5.2.3. !ross roads

    Typical light positions for a cross roads are sho/n in figure . @n each road6 there shall

    -e a luminaire 8 on the nearside for traffic lea*ing the junction at a distance from the ,er-

    of the cross roads approimately eual to one)third of the design spacing for the majorroad. These four luminaires shall -e of the same type and mounted at the same height. This

    distance may ha*e to -e reduced if the cross roads are /ide or if there is a pedestrian

    crossing. Luminaire 8 ser*e to re*eal crossing and turning traffic. The net luminaire B6 on

    each road6 on the offside for traffic lea*ing the junction6 shall -e at not more than t/o)

    thirds of the design spacing for the major road6 from luminaire 8.

    8pproimately 1;2 '

    81

    B1

    1;3 '

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    A?igure & !ross roads

    5.2.4. + junction

    ?or a + junction6 the general arrangement of the luminaire in the major road shall -e

    continued across the junction6 -ut /ith the spacing shortened to site the luminaire /here

    they are needed and to increase the amount of light in the *icinity of the junction.

    ot greaterthan '

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    road.

    Luminaire 8 shall -e conspicuous and shall emit adeuate light to re*eal road layout and

    traffic mo*ement along the minor road. Luminaire B6 ! and shall pro*ide no less light

    than those on any of the approach roads their positions are more critical than that of

    luminaire 8.

    &.3. B'i*ges

    Fhen street lighting is installed at -ridges6 staggered arrangements can produce an

    irregular appearance /hen seen o-liuely. The appearance of opposite arrangements is

    preferred particularly as this may ma,e possi-le a lo/er mounting height. 8 central

    arrangement appears as a regularly spaced array of columns from any *ie/point and needsfe/er columns than an opposite arrangement. 8ll luminaires shall -e at the same mounting

    height at -ridges. 8nd rag -olt mounted columns shall -e used.

    &.#. 9e*est'i(n c'ossings

    A?igure & Typical layout at T junction /ith pedestrian crossing

    A?igure & Typical layout at crossroads /ith pedestrian crossing

    8t crossings in the immediate *icinity of junction6 the arrangement shall -e on the

    principles sho/n in figures % and (6 although indi*idual junction dimension /ill *ary

    Pedestrian crossing

    Pedestrian crossing

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    /idely.

    Lighting is most effecti*e in re*ealing pedestrians using the crossing /hen it is

    symmetrical from -oth directions along the road. The lighting6 therefore6 shall -e so

    arranged that the crossing is at the mid)point of a span. This may in*ol*e the use of one

    span of shorter spacing than that calculated. Particularly6 a column shall not -e placed

    adjacent to a pedestrian crossing.

    7n a staggered arrangement6 the optimum is to pro*ide t/o columns at eual distances of

    not more than 1&m from the centre of the crossing. The column on the left)hand side of the

    road shall -e -eyond the crossing as seen -y an approaching dri*er

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    &.&. 9('8 (n* g('*en ('e(s

    5.5.1. Typical forms of columns

    The follo/ing figures are some of typical forms of columns installed in par, and garden

    areas.

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    H

    B

    A

    1 0 0 m m 1 0 0 m m

    5.5.3. Lamps and lighting le*elsFhen lighting poles in par, or garden places are installed6 installing metal halide lamps

    are -etter than using high pressure sodium lamps -ecause of their high color rendering

    inde

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    light losses as uoted -y the manufacturer.

    N is the total num-er of lamps

    M is the maintenance factor /hich is the product of the lamp flu maintenance factor

    and the luminaire maintenance factor. Ialues for the latter are gi*en in ta-le %.

    E is the maintained a*erage illuminance on street

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    ote 9 F : /idth of road/ay

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    a-out %& lm;F /ith ecellent color rendering gi*ing /hite light. Therefore6 the preferred

    sources6 on grounds of efficacy and life6 are high pressure sodium lamps and metal)halide

    lamps. ?or main roads or some important places6 metal)halide lamps can -e prefera-le6 and

    for other cases6 mercury *apour and high pressure sodium lamps can -e used. Po/er factor

    shall -e corrected to a *alue greater than &.(.

    C Ta-le & D !haracteristics of lamps

    Type of lamp !apacity

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    +.3. Lighting cont'o

    There are three types of lighting control methods such as6 timer control6 photocell

    control and /ireless remote control. $ost of main streets shall -e controlled -y the

    /ireless remote control system /hich consists of a central controller and a recei*er

    installed at a distri-ution -o6 if necessary a pole recei*er. 7n case of controlling the range

    of streetlights6 for instances -y each -ranch circuit or column6 the /ay of controlling each

    -ranch circuit must -e more economical6 suita-le than controlling each column. 7n rural

    areas6 a timer control or photocell control shall -e applied as a control /ay of street

    lighting.

    ). $(inten(nce (n* Ope'(ting ti"es

    ).1. $(inten(nce

    7t is essential that cleaning and lamp replacement routines shall -e regularly carried out

    to maintain suita-le conditions. $aintenance program shall include lamp replacement6

    luminaire cleaning6 rene/al of failed parts6 chec,ing of gas,ets and night inspections.

    The *alues of the luminaire maintenance factor gi*en in ta-le ( are typical and ta,e into

    account the en*ironmental pollution and the freuency of cleaning. The reduction in lamp

    output /ith age is allo/ed for -y multiplying the initial luminous flu of the lamp -y the

    appropriate lamp flu maintenance factor.

    C Ta-le & D $aintenance factors

    !leaning inter*als

    ote 9

    1= 0igh pollution occurs in the centre of large ur-an areas and in hea*y industrial areas.

    2= $edium pollution occurs in semi)ur-an6 residential and light industrial areas.

    3= Lo/ pollution occurs in rural areas.

    ).2. Ho!'s of ope'(tion

    'treet lighting is reuired during all the hours of dar,ness6 independently of traffic flo/6

    and shall normally -e in full operation from a-out 1& min after sunset to a-out 2& min

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    prior to sunrise in any controlling /ay. The practice of etinguishing certain luminaire

    /hen the traffic flo/ is small does not fulfill the lighting needs of *ehicular traffic and

    may increase the li,elihood of collision /ith columns.

    C Ta-le & D @perating times

    !ategory '/itch on '/itch off

    Time 1& min after sunset 2& min prior to sunrise

    -. Dist'i!tion Bo/

    -.1. Loc(tions of *ist'i!tion o/esistri-ution -oes shall -e of sheet steel construction6 gal*anied after fa-rication6 of

    /eatherproof construction and shall -e large enough to afford easy access to the control

    euipment. 8ll fiings6 hinges and loc,s shall -e of non)ferrous metal. They shall -e

    pro*ided /ith a concrete foundation6 -e free standing /ith necessary ducts for incoming

    and outgoing ca-les and istri-ution -oes shall not -e sited in indentations in landscaping

    features /here /ater is li,ely to collect6 or in position *ulnera-le to impact from *ehicles

    and shall normally -e positioned a minimum of %&& mm from the edge of carriage/ays.

    "round electrodes shall -e installed at e*ery distri-ution -o.

    c

    -

    a

    c

    -

    a

    ecei*er

    Fatt)hour

    meter

    'teel pole

    ecei*er

    !oncrete

    Fatt)hour

    meter

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    drops.

    -.3. Si@e (n* inst((tion of c(es

    The incoming ca-le for the main -rea,er of distri-ution -oes shall -e a minimum sie

    of 3.5! G35 mm2RLPE insulated PI! sheathed copper ca-le or eui*alent to meet the

    load and the outgoing ca-le for a group of streetlights shall -e a minimum sie of 2! G1

    mm2RLPE insulated PI! sheathed copper ca-le or eui*alent.

    The ca-le for internal /iring of columns shall -e a minimum sie of 2! G 2.5 mm 2PI!

    insulated copper ca-le. 'treet lighting loads shall -e -alanced o*er the three phases.

    Therefore6 lighting designers shall indicate on the street lighting plan the phase to /hich

    each luminaire is to -e connected.C Ta-le & D $inimum sie of ca-les

    !ategory 7ncoming ca-le @utgoing ca-le 7nternal /iring

    !a-le sie 35 mm2 1 mm2 2.5 mm2

    8ll underground supplying ca-les shall -e laid directly6 ecept they run -eneath road/ay

    or path/ay crossings. 7n that case6 ca-les shall -e laid in duct and ducts shall -e installed

    as nearly perpendicular to the street as practical and terminate one meter -ehind the ,er-

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    A?igure & 7nternal diagram of distri-ution -o

    1,. High $(st Lighting

    1,.1. Loc(tion of High "(st ighting

    0igh mast lighting consists of se*eral luminaires mounted on a single luminaire support.

    This type of system shall -e installed at the locations that need large)area illumination6

    such as par,ing lots6 interchanges and air)ports in order to pro*ide the greatest degree of

    roadside safety and night *isions. sually there are t/o ,inds of poles6 such as stationary

    and automatically ele*ated 0$L. 7t is recommended that the automatically ele*ated 0$L

    -e installed due to the easy maintenance of replacing -ro,en lamps. The height of 0$L

    shall -e 1% m6 2& m and 25 m6 -ut its height can -e changed due to the conditions of

    installation areas. 0$L shall not -e placed in narro/ medians if possi-le. 0$L placed

    /ithin the clear one shall need protection such as guardrail. The height a-o*e ground of

    any portion of the anchor -olts or foundation shall not eceed 1&& mm in order to pre*ent

    the -ottom of a *ehicle from snagging the foundation or -ase.

    8fter re*ie/ing the num-er of luminaires per mast and potential mast locations6

    R S T N

    $!!B 4P

    $! 4

    1P 3& 8

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    designers shall contact manufactures of high mast lighting to see their assistance in

    determining eact luminaires selection and final mast location.

    8 grounding electrode shall -e installed at each high)mast lighting poles. Each high mast

    lighting pole has a minimum of anchor -olts in a concrete -ase.

    1,.2. Lighting so!'ce

    0igh pressure sodium lamps shall -e typically6 -ecause 0P' lamps pro*ide ecellent

    luminous efficacy6 good lumen)maintenance6 long life6 and *ery accepta-le color. 7f the

    designers /ant to -etter night *isions6 metal halide lamps shall -e considered to -e used.

    1&&& Fatts are suita-le for the capacity of lamps. The tilt angle shall -e ,ept from 15S to

    3&S to pre*ent glare.C Ta-le & D !haracteristics of lamps for high mast lighting

    Types of lamp !apacity

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    Appen*i/ A Refe'ences

    B' 54%( oad lighting

    Part 1 "uide to the general principles

    Part 2 !ode of practice for lighting for traffic routes

    Part 4 !ode of practice for lighting for single)le*el road junctions

    including rounda-outs

    Part !ode of practice for lighting for -rides and ele*ated roads

    Part ( !ode of practice for lighting for ur-an centres and pu-lic amenity areas

    B' #54 'ingle)phase street lighting fuses' &11( 'pecification for street lighting design and installation

    O' ! %&1& Luminaires for road lighting

    O' ! %321 $olded case circuit -rea,ers

    7E! &5(% Luminaies

    Part 1 "eneral reuirements and tests

    Part 2)3 Particular reuirements luminaires for road and street lighting

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    Appen*i/ B E/("pe of c(c!(ting *esign sp(cing

    There is four dri*ing lane in ur-an area. !onditions needing to decide design spacing-et/een poles are as follo/s.

    1= The /idth of each lane 9 3 m.

    2= !haracteristics of lamps installed 9 4&& F 0igh pressure sodium lamp

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    Appen*i/ C 0tii@(tion f(cto' of ("ps

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    0 . 5 0

    0 . 4 5

    0 . 4 0

    0 . 3 5

    0 . 3 0

    0 . 2 5

    0 . 2 0

    0 . 1 5

    0 . 1 0

    0 . 0 5

    1 . 0 2 . 0 3 . 0

    1 . 02 . 03 . 0

    0 . 3 0

    0 . 2 5

    0 . 2 0

    0 . 1 5

    0 . 1 0

    0 . 0 5

    A?igure1 Eample of curse sign of utiliation

    >ote. Fhen it comes to actual design6 it needs to refer to the utiliation factor of rele*ant

    lamps.

    !ut off

    'emi cutoff

    H

    W1

    H

    W2

    !ut off

    'emi cutoff

    01

    02

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    Appen*i/ D C(c!(tion of conc'ete (se o(*

    1. Con*itions of *esign

    1.1 Find load

    !ategory !ircular @ctagonal Tetragonal Luminaire

    Find load

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    3.3 Luminaire

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    +. St'ength

    #.1 0oriontal moment

    0oriontal load

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    E 9 areas of /ea, field

    ! 9 ground /hich has lo/ resistance /ith high le*el of underground /ater

    E 9 areas of normal paddy field

    9 ground /hich has no resistance /ith *ery high le*el of underground /ater

    -. 9e'"issie p'ess!'e e('ing po7e' of conc'ete (se

    MMR 1 and

    A

    Wqa

    Fhere6

    $19 resistance moment for flan, of main plate

    =2(.1

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    Appen*i/ E Co""!nic(tion net7o'8 fo' cont'oing st'eet ighting

    1= Types of /ireless remote control systems

    a= !ontrol of each distri-ution -o -y -ranch circuit

    @ne)/ay control

    ) "i*ing only an on;off signal to the recei*er of each distri-ution -o /hich is connected

    /ith some street lighting in order to turn on;off street lamps -y -ranch circuit line.

    T/o)/ay control

    ) "i*ing not only an on;off signal to the recei*er of each distri-ution -o6 -ut also

    recei*ing the indi*idual information of distri-ution -oes -y -ranch circuit line /hich isgrouped /ith a-out 1&N15 street lightings to chec, the present condition of indi*idual

    distri-ution -oes.

    -= !ontrol of each street lighting

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    T/o)/ay 9 8 control center can not only turn on and off group lightings just li,e the

    one)/ay control6 -ut also recei*e and chec, the collecti*e information of group lightings.

    -= !ontrol of each street lighting

    By communicating /ith each lighting6 a control center can not only turn it on and off6

    -ut also recei*e and chec, useful information from them such as their positions6 lea,age

    current and year of installation.

    3= $erits and demerits of each control system

    !ategory !ontrol of istri-ution -oes !ontrol of street lightings

    $erits Z Economical in*estment

    Z !ontrol some lamps connected

    -y -ranch circuit

    Z Possi-le to chec, and control

    each street lighting

    Z Easy to find out faulty points

    emerits Z 7mpossi-le to control each street

    lighting

    Z 0uge initial in*estment

    Z $ore than 1& times epensi*e

    !omponents Z !entral controller

    Z istri-ution -o controller

    Z !entral controller

    Z istri-ution -o controller

    Z Lamp post controller

    Cont'o Cente'

    ata-ase

    eport

    Se'4e'istri-ution Bo

    Lighting

    "ate/ay

    $odem