Design Reports

Due date: October 24th, Monday

Motivation & the Design of Instruction

What is motivation?

What is motivation? a motive, inducement, or incentive to take some action

how do we recognize motivation (or lack of)?

what is the responsibility of good instruction…to create…to increase…or to prevent reducing what already exists?

Role of motivation

MotivationKnowledge/

Skills

Opportunity

PerformancePerformanceInternal

Environmental

Keller, J.M. (1999). Motivational Systems. In Handbook of Human Performance Technology. Eds. H. Stolovitch & E.J.Keeps.

Internal or Environmental Motivation?

Thought activity?

Thought activity

In the past, I have been motivated to learn/perform when: I / my instructor / my environment / ? …

?

Thought activity #2

In the past, I have been DE-motivated to learn/perform when: I / my instructor / my environment / ? …

?

Motivation Theories

Malone’s Theory Curiosity Challenge Control Fantasy

Keller’s Theory ARCS

The ARCS Model (Keller, 1987)

>> Attention

>> Relevance

>> Confidence

>> Satisfaction

(1987)

Attention

Humans need stimulation and variety

Gaining AND sustaining

SubcategoryPerceptual arousal >

Inquiry arousal >

Variety >

TacticNovelty, anecdotesQuestions, paradoxAnalogies, concrete examples

ARCS

Especially very critical if you work with children

Relevance

“Why do I need to learn this?” Competition or Cooperation

SubcategoryGoal orientation >Motive/value matching >Familiarity (Real life) >

TacticStress utility of instructionMultiple teaching strategiesAnalogies, concrete ex.

ARCS

Confidence/Control

People want to feel competent, in control

Success alone ≠ confidence

SubcategoryPerformance requirements >

Success opportunities >

Personal control >

TacticCriteria for successFrequent and varied…Decision-making

ARCS

Satisfaction

Desire to feel good about yourself and your accomplishments

Intrinsic and extrinsic opportunities

SubcategoryNatural consequences >

Positive consequences >

Equity >

TacticHave them use new skills

Praise & + feedbackAuthentic, fair testing

ARCS

Some basic concepts

1. People’s motivation can be influenced by external events.

2. Motivation of performance is a means, not an end.

3. Systematic design can predictably and measurably influence motivation.

Keller, J.M. (1999). Motivational Systems. In Handbook of Human Performance Technology. Eds. H. Stolovitch & E.J.Keeps.

Designer’s challenge

1. “How is the learning valuable and stimulating to my students? (ARcs)

2. “How can I (via instruction) help students succeed and allow them to control their outcomes?” (arCS)

Keller, J.M. (1987). Strategies for Stimulatingthe Motivation to Learn. Performance & Instruction.

Designer’s challenge

3. To determine your learners’ initial motivation for your training/instruction

4. Decide which is most critical…• Motivating your learners?• Not DEMOTIVATING your learners?

Remember…

“It is better to struggle with a stallion when the problem is how to hold it back, than to urge on a bull which refuses to budge.”

General Moshe Dayan

Design Reports

Executive Summary

Description of the instruction Setting / Context Major components

Motivation components of the instruction Feedback components of the instruction Assessment components of the instruction Sequencing the instruction (Match with Inst.St.)

Design Reports

Visual Design Sketches

Learning Objects and Interconnections

Development process supporting the instructional approach

Expected maintenance and distribution requirements

References

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