Design of Work Systems

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McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 7 Design of Work Systems

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7. Design of Work Systems. Learning Objectives. Explain the importance of work design. Briefly describe the two basic approaches to job design. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of specialization. Explain the term knowledge-based pay. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transcript of Design of Work Systems

Page 1: Design of  Work Systems

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Design of Work Systems

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Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives Explain the importance of work design. Briefly describe the two basic approaches to job

design. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of

specialization. Explain the term knowledge-based pay. Explain the purpose of methods analysis and

describe how methods studies are performed. Describe four commonly used techniques for

motion study.

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Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives Discuss the impact of working conditions on

job design. Define a standard time. Describe and compare time study methods

and perform calculations. Describe work sampling and perform

calculations. Compare stopwatch time study and work

sampling. Contrast time and output pay systems.

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Job design involves specifying the content and methods of job What will be done Who will do the job How the job will bob will be done Where the job will be done Ergonomics: Incorporation of human factors

in the design of the workplace

Job DesignJob Design

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Design of Work SystemsDesign of Work Systems

Specialization Behavioral Approaches to Job Design Teams Methods Analysis Motions Study Working conditions

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Job Design SuccessJob Design Success

Successful Job Design must be: Carried out by experienced personnel

with the necessary training and background

Consistent with the goals of the organization

In written form Understood and agreed to by both

management and employees

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Specialization in Business: AdvantagesSpecialization in Business: Advantages

For Management:1. Simplifies training2. High productivity3. Low wage costs

For Labor:

1. Low education andskill requirements

2. Minimumresponsibilities

3. Little mental effortneeded

Table 7.1

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DisadvantagesDisadvantages

For Management:1. Difficult to motivate

quality 2. Worker dissatisfaction,

possibly resulting inabsenteeism, highturnover, disruptivetactics, poor attentionto quality

For Labor:1. Monotonous work2. Limited opportunities

for advancement3. Little control over work4. Little opportunity for

self-fulfillment

Table 7.1

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Behavioral Approaches to Job Behavioral Approaches to Job DesignDesign

Job Enlargement Giving a worker a larger portion of the total

task by horizontal loading Job Rotation

Workers periodically exchange jobs Job Enrichment

Increasing responsibility for planning and coordination tasks, by vertical loading

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Motivation and TrustMotivation and Trust Motivation

Influences quality and productivity Contributes to work environment

Trust Influences productivity and employee-

management relations

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TeamsTeams Benefits of teams

Higher quality Higher productivity Greater worker satisfaction

Self-directed teams Groups of empowered to make certain

changes in their work process

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Methods AnalysisMethods Analysis Methods analysis

Analyzing how a job gets done Begins with overall analysis Moves to specific details

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Methods AnalysisMethods Analysis

Changes in tools and equipmentChanges in product design

or new productsChanges in materials or proceduresOther factors (e.g. accidents, quality

problems)

The need for methods analysis can come from a number of different sources:

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Methods Analysis ProcedureMethods Analysis Procedure

1.Identify the operation to be studied2.Get employee input3.Study and document current

method4.Analyze the job5.Propose new methods6.Install new methods7.Follow-up to ensure improvements

have been achieved

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Selecting an OperationSelecting an Operation

Selecting a job to study consider: High labor content Done frequently Unsafe Tiring Unpleasant Noisy Designated problem

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Analyzing the JobAnalyzing the Job Flow process chart

Chart used to examine the overall sequence of an operation by focusing on movements of the operator or flow of materials

Worker-machine chart Chart used to determine portions of a

work cycle during which an operator and equipment are busy or idle

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FLOW PROCESS CHARTJob Requisition of petty cash

Details of Method

ANALYST D. Kolb

PAGE1 of 2

Ope

ratio

n

Mov

emen

t

Insp

ectio

nDe

lay

Stor

age

Requisition made by department headPut in “pick-up” basketTo accounting departmentAccount and signature verifiedAmount approved by treasurerAmount counted by cashierAmount recorded by bookkeeperPetty cash sealed in envelopePetty cash carried to departmentPetty cash checked against requisitionReceipt signedPetty cash stored in safety box

Figure 7-2

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Motion StudyMotion Study

Motion study is the systematic study of the human motions used

to perform an operation.

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Motion Study TechniquesMotion Study Techniques Motion study principles - guidelines for

designing motion-efficient work procedures Analysis of therbligs - basic elemental

motions into which a job can be broken down Micromotion study - use of motion pictures

and slow motion to study motions that otherwise would be too rapid to analyze

Charts Therbligs

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1. Eliminate unnecessary motions2. Combine activities3. Reduce fatigue4. Improve the arrangement of the

workplace5. Improve the design of tools and

equipment

Developing Work MethodsDeveloping Work Methods

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TherbligsTherbligs

Therbligs: Basic elemental motions that make up a job. Search Select Grasp Hold Transport load Release load

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Working ConditionsWorking ConditionsT e m p e r a t u r e &H u m i d i t y

V e n t i l a t i o n

I l l u m i n a t i o n C o l o r

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Working Conditions (cont’d)Working Conditions (cont’d)

Noise & Vibration

Causes of AccidentsSafety

Work Breaks

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Work MeasurementWork Measurement Work measurement: Determining how

long it should take to do a job. Standard time

Stopwatch time study

Historical times

Predetermined data

Work Sampling

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Standard timeStandard time

Standard time: Standard time: The amount of time it should take a qualified The amount of time it should take a qualified worker to complete a specific task, working at a worker to complete a specific task, working at a sustainable rate, using given methods, tools and sustainable rate, using given methods, tools and equipment, raw materials, and workplace equipment, raw materials, and workplace arrangement.arrangement.

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Stopwatch Time StudyStopwatch Time Study

Stopwatch Time Study: Development of a time standard based on observations of one worker taken over a number of cycles.

The basic steps in a time study:1. Define the task to be studied2. Determine the number of cycles to observe3. Time the job4. Compute the standard time

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Standard Elemental TimesStandard Elemental Times

Standard elemental times: Time standards derived from a firm’s historical data.

Steps for standard elemental times1. Analyze the job2. Check file for historical times3. Modify file times if necessary4. Sum elemental times to get normal time

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Predetermined Time StandardsPredetermined Time Standards

Predetermined time standards: Published data based on extensive research to determine standard elemental times.

Advantages:1. Based on large number of workers under

controlled conditions2. Analyst not requires to rate performance3. No disruption of the operation4. Standards can be established

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Work SamplingWork Sampling

Work sampling: technique for estimating the proportion of time that a worker or machine spends on various activities and idle time.

Work sampling involves making brief observations of a worker or machine at random intervals

Work sampling does not require timing an activity continuous observation of an activity

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CompensationCompensation Time-based system

Compensation based on time an employee has worked during a pay period

Output-based (incentive) system Compensation based on the amount of

output an employee produces during a pay period

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Form of Incentive PlanForm of Incentive Plan

Accurate Easy to apply Consistent Easy to understand Fair

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CompensationCompensation

Individual Incentive Plans

Group Incentive Plans

Knowledge-Based Pay System

Management Compensation