Design of Water Treatment Plant
description
Transcript of Design of Water Treatment Plant
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING .Sardar VallabhbhaiRegionalCollege of 1
Engineering c" Technology i=I Surat-395007. [Gujarat) .=.~18I1IIJ.1I""""IIIIIIIIJ.~II111IIih.Ila8l11l1l111111bDml1odDballll"'CllldlllblldllllJb.
CIVIL ENQINEERING STUDIES
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
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PROJECT REPORT ON
",DESIGN OF
WATER TREATMENT PLANTJ
8
,~ACULTY ADVISOR
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
SARDAR VALLABHBHAI REGIONAL COLLEGE
.OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
SURAT - 395007
CERTIFICA TE
This is to certify that the project,entitled "Design of Water Treatment Plant",
hasbeenpreparedby $-,./A. IJC~~./;/. 71. Roll. No 26. a final year student of
Civil Engineering, during the year 1998-99, as a partial fulfillment of the requirement for
the award of Bachelor of Engineering Degree in Civil Engineering of
SOUTH GUJARAT UNIVERSITY, SURAT. His work has been found to be satisfactory.
.
GUIDED BY:
---------.~~'-'
. of B. K. Samtani) ( Dr. B. K. K'atti)
Acknowledgment
Right from the procurement of material to the cleaning of conceptual difficulties,
we cannot withhold our sincerest thanks to Prof. B.K.Samtani, Civil Engineering
department, SVRCET, Surat, without whose invaluable guidance and
cooperation the project would not have been accomplished.
we would also like to thank Dr. B. K. Katti, Prof. and Head, Civil Engg.
Department, whose support and encouragement are transparent in the work it
self.
Lastly, we would like to thank Mr. SUNIL MISTRY (Navsari) for preparing the
report.
DEEPAK V.M. (15)I"
DESAI DHARMESHM. (16)
DHAMI VIJAY M. (17)
DINTYALA SRINADH (18)
DIWANJI NIBHRVTA R. (19)
G. CHANDRAMOHAN (20)
GAJJAR TEJAL S. (21)
GAlJRAV PARASHAR (22)
GHADIYALI MINESH S. (23)
GHOSH lITPAL (24)
GOPALAKRISHNANR. (25)
JAIN NIKHIL R. (26)
JAJlJ PRADEEPR. (27)
CONTENTS
Sr.No. Title
1.0 INTRODUCTION
2.0 BASIC DATA FOR THE DESIGN OF WATER SUPPLY
SYSTEM
3.0 SALIENT FEATURES OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT
4.0 POPULATION FORECASTING
5.0 CALCULATION OF WATER DEMAND
5.1 Calculation of different drafts
5.2 Design capacity of various components5.3 Physical and chemical standards of water
5.4 Comparison of given data and standard data
5.5 Suggested units of treatment plant
6.0 DESIGN OF UNITS
6.1 Collection units
6.1.1 Design of intake well
6.1.2 Design of pen stock
6.1.3 Design of gravity main
6.1.4 Design of jack well
6.1.5 Design of pumping system
6.1.6 Design of rising main
6.2 Treatment units
6.2.1 Design of aeration unit
6.2.2 Design of chemical house and calculation of chemical dose
6.2.3 Design of mechanical rapid mix unit
6.2.4 Design of cIarifiocculator
6.2.5 Design of rapid gravity filter
6.2.6 Disinfection unit
6.3 Storage tank
7.0 CONCLUSION
REFERENCES:
lUG-.=
(fr INTRODUCTION
Water, undubiously is a basic human need. Providing safe and adequate
quantities of the same for all rural and urban communities, is perhaps one
of the most important undertaking, for the public works Dept. Indeed, the
well planned water supply scheme, is a prime and vital element of a
country's social infrastructures as on this peg hangs the health and
wellbeing of it's people.
The population in India is likely to be Hundred crores by the turn of this
century, with an estimated 40% of urban population. This goes on to say
that a very large demand of water supply; for Domestic, Industrial, Fire-
fighting, Public uses, etc.; will have to be in accordance with the rising
population. Hence, identification of sources of water supply, there
conservation and optimum utilization is of paramount importance. The
water supplied should be 'Potable' and 'Wholesome'. Absolute pure water
is never found in nature, but invariable contains certain suspended,
colloidal, and dissolved impurities (organic and inorganic in nature,
generally called solids), in varying degree of concentration depending.
upon the source. Hence treatment of water to mitigate and lor absolute
removal of these impurities (which could be; solids, pathogenic micro-organisms, odour and taste generators, toxic substances, etc.) become
indispensable. Untreated or improperly treated water, becomes unfit for
intended use proves to be detrimental for life.
The designed water treatment plant has a perennial river as the basic
source of water the type of treatment to be given depends upon the given
quality of water available and the quality of water to be served. However
such an extensive survey being not possible in the designed water
treatment plant. It is assumed that all kinds of treatment processors are
necessary and an elaborate design.
1
The design of water treatment plant for Mandvi situated in district Surat of
Gujarat has been done. Mandvi is located on the bank of river Tapti. The
latitude and longitude of the town corresponding 21.61N, 73.118E
respectively. The population of the given year 2031 will be 61400. There
are many industries like diamond industries and chemical industries in the
town so, treated water supply for domestic and industrial uses are very
essential.
...
"
[I_(ir BASIC DATA FOR THE DESIGN OF
WATER SUPPL V SVSTEEM
The given problem includes the design of water treatment plant and
distribution system and also the preparation of its Technical Report and
Engg. Drawings showing the required details of collection and treatment
units. The following Table gives the basic necessary data required for the
design of water treatment plant.
(Table No. 2.1)
No.
1. Name of the place
2. District
3. Location
(a) About 27 mile (43.2 kms) away from Kim railway
station of western railway.
(b) Nearest railway station is Mandvi station (9 mile, 14.4
kms) on Tapti valley railway
(c) On the right bank of Tapti.
4. Latitude (Lat.) 21.61 N
5. Longitude (Lon) 73.18 E
Description
- Mandvi
- Surat
(Table No. 2.2)
Sr.No. Design Considerations
1. Design period (years)
2. Average rate of water supply (Ipcd)
3. Industrial demand (MLD)
4. Quality of raw water
Values
30
135
0.6
I) Ph 7.5
..
3
II) Turbidity (mg/L) 50
III) Total Hardness (mg/L) [as CaC03] 550
IV) Chlorides (mg/L) 200
V) Iron (mg/L) 2.5
VI) Manganese (mg/L) 3.5
VII) Carbonates (mg/L) 110
VIII ) M.P.N. (No.l100ml) 3.5
5. I Population of past four decades (In thousand)
Year 1961 07Year 1971 12Year 1981 15Year 1991 22
6. I F.S.L. of river (R.L. in mts.) 27
7. I Ground level at ; (R.L. in mts.)
a) Jack well site 28
b) Location of aeration unit 29
8. I Invert level of raw material gravity intake pipe
(R.L. in mts. ) 24-
9. I Length of raw water rising main (mts.) 200
10. I Source supply:
A river with sufficient perennial flow to satisfy the
required demand.
11. I Highest G. L. in (m) 34
12. I Lowest G. M. in (m) 28
13. I Bed level of river (m) I 22
14. I H.F.L. of river (m) I 32
~-r::tr SALIENT FEATURESOF
WATER TREATMENT PLANT
3.1. General
~ Populationof the town (In thousand)Year 1991 :22
Year 2031 : 61.4
2. Average daily draft (M.L.D.) : 8.89
Maximum daily draft (M.L.D.) : 13.33
3. Design period (Years) : 30
3.2 Collection Works
Intake Works
Intake Well
: 1
: 5.5
:4
: 24
: 28
:10
Penstock
~ No.of penstockwell
2. Dia. Of penstock (mm)
:2
: 400
Bell mouth strainer
01 No. of bell mouth strainer : 2
2. Dia. (m) : 0.9
4
No. of units
2. Dia. Of well (m)
3. Ht of intake well
. R.L. of bottom well (m)
5 R. L. of top of well (m)
... Detention time (min)
Gravity main
No. of units
'" Dia. (mm)
3 Invert level (m)
~ slope
Jack well
No. of units
Dia. (m)
3 Depth of water
. Detention time (min)
Rising main and pumping units
Rising :
~ Dia.(m)
2 Velocity of flow (m/s)
Pumping unit:
Capacity of eachpump(HP)
2. No.of pumps
Aeration unit
~ R.L. of aeration unit (m) (top)
(Bottom)
2. Dia. Of top tray (m)
3. Dia. Of bottom tray (m)
4 Dia.of each tray decreasing by(m)
5. Rise of each tray (m)
6. Tread of each tray (m)
Dia.of central rising main pipe (m)
8 No. of trays
: 1
: 550
: 23.88
: 1:862
: 1
: 6.15
: 3.12
: 10
: 0.45
: 1
: 60
: 1
: 31.40
:29.40
: 1
:5
: 1
: 0.4
: 0.5
: 1.0
:5
5
- I
3.3 Treatment works
Chemical storage house
1. Length (m)
2. Breadth (m)
3. Height (m)
: 20
: 12
: 3.0
Chemical Dissolving Tank
1. No. of Tank
2. Length (m)
3. Breadth (m)
4. Depth (m)
: 1
:3
:2
: 1.5
Flash Mixer
Flocculator :
1. No. of units
2. Dia. (m)
3. Dia. of Inlet pipes (m)
4. Depth of water flow (m)
5. Velocity of flow (m/s)
: 1
: 10.16
:0.45
: 3.5
: 1.0
6
1 No. of units : 1
2. Dia. (m) : 1.6
3. Detention time (min) : 0.5
4. Height (m) : 2.6
5. Depth of water (m) : 2.37
Clariflocculatoi
Disinfection House
1. ChlorinerequiredIday (kg)
2. CylinderrequiredIday (no.)
: 18.662
:2
3.4 Storage Units
Underground Reservoir1. No. of units
2. Length (m)
1
14-
7
.>
Clarifire :
1. No. of units : 1
2. Dia. (m) : 23
3. Depth of water (m) : 4.4
4. Overall depth of tank (m) : 4.7
5. Slope of bottom :8%
Rapid Sand Filter
1. No. of units :2
2. Surface area (Sq. m) :58.48
3. Dimension of unit (m x m) : 8.6 x 6.8
4. Thickness of sand bed (m) : 0.6
5. Thickness of gravel bed (m) : 0.5
6. Dia. of manifold (m) : 1
7. Laterals:
(a) No's : 86
(b) Dia. (mm) : 90
(c) Length (cm) : 2.9
(d) Spacing (cm) : 20
8. No. of orifices :16
9. Dia. of orifice (mm) : 13
10.Wash water tank : 1
8
..;
3. Breadth (m) -14
4. Depth (m) : 4.5
Elevated Service Reservoir
1. No. of units : 1
2. Dia. (m) : 12
3. Height (m) : 4.3
4. Capacity (Cu. m) : 450
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(ir POPULATION FORECASTING
4.1 Desian Period
.. ,'a:er supply project may be designed normally to meet the requirements
: .6'" a 30 years period after there completion. The time lag between
:esgn and completion should be also taken into account. It should not
:'"C'1arily exceed 2 years and 5 years even in exceptional circumstances.
-~e 30 years period may however be modified in regard to specific
:C"'lponents of the project particularly the conveying mains and trunk
~a "'ISof the distribution system depending on their useful life or the facility
;::~carrying out extension when required, so that expenditure far ahead of
_:. ty is avoided. However in our case the design period has been
~"'1sideredas 30 years per given data.
4.2 POlJulation Forecast
General Considerations
~e population to be served during such period will have to be estimated
.,:..t.~due regard to all the factors governing the future growth and
:e/elopment of the city in the industrial, commercial, educational, social
a"d administrative spheres. Special factors causing sudden immigration or
~ux of population should also be foreseen to the extent possible.
9
Calculation Of Population With Different Methods
(TableNO.4. 1)
Arithmetical Increase Method
Using the relation
Po = Pn + nc
Where,
Po = Initial population;
Pn = Population in dh decade;
n = No. of decades;
c = Average increase (refer table 2.1, col. 4)
P2031 = 36521+ 4840.33
= 41361.33
Geometrical Increase Method
Using the relation
Where,
Pn =Po(1+IG/100)n
Pn = Population in the dh decade;
Pn = Population any decade ;
IG = Percentage increase ( Ref. Table 4.1, col. 5 )
N = No. of decade
P2031= 65744.86 + ( 44.04 /100 x 65744.86)= 94698.17
10
Sr. Year Population Increase Increase Increament DecreasNo. (thousand) (thousand) % al increase ein%
(thousand) increase1 2 3 4 5 6 71. 1961 7.48 - - - -2. 1971 12 4.52 60.45 - -3. 1981 15 03 25 -1.52 35.454. 1991 22 07 46.67 4.0 -21.67
Total 14.52 132.12 2.48 13.78Average 4.84 44.04 1.24 6.89
Incremental Increase Method
Using the relation
Where,
Pn = Po + ( r + i )n
r = Average rate of increase in population per
decade (Ref. Table 4.1, Col. 5) ;
= Average rate of incremental increase per
decade
(Ref. Table 4.1, Col. 6) ;
Po = Populationin anydecade;
Pn = Populationin n decade;
P2031 = 40239.49+ ( 4840.33+ 1239.5)= 46319.32
Decrease Rate Of Growth Method
Year Expected population
22000 + 39.78/100 x 22000 = 30751
30751 + 32.39/100 x 30751 = 40865
40865 + 26/100 x 40865 = 51490
51490 + 19.11/100 x 51490 = 61330
2001
2011
2021
2031
4.3 Description Of The VariousMethodsArithmetic Increase Method
~'"'lSmethodis basedupon assumptionthat the populationincreasesat a
~stant rate and rate of growth slowly decreases. In our case also
:;opulationis increasingat a constantrate with slight decreasein growth~e_
-=-.so this method is more suitable for.very big and older cities whereas in
= case it is relatively smaller and new town.
S: results by this method is although good but not as accurate as desired.
11
...-
Geometrical Increase Method
In this method the per decade growth rate is assumed to be constant and
which is average of earlier growth rate. The forecasting is done on the
basis that the percentage increases per decade willremain same.
This method would apply to cities with unlimitedscope for expansion.
Incremental Increase Method
This method is an improvement over the above two methods. The average
increase in the population is determined by the arithmetical increase
method and to this is added the average of the net incremental increase,
once for each future decade.
This method would apply to cities, likely to grow with a progressively
i,creasing or decreasing rate rather than constant rate.
Decreasing Rate Of Growth Method
As in our case the city is reaching towards saturation as obvious from the
graph and it can be seen that rate of growth is also decreasing. Thus this
."ethod which makes use of the decrease in the percentage increases is
"lore suitable. This method consists of deduction of average decrease in
percentage increase from the latest percentage increase.
""'lus this gives weightage to the previous data as well as the latest trends.
Decrease in percentage increase is worked out average thus giving
...,portanceto whole data.
12
Logical Curve Method
This is suitable in cases where the rate of increase of decrease of
population with the time and the population growth is likely to reach a
saturation limit ultimately because of special local factors.
The city shall grow as per the logistic curve, which will plot as a straight
line on the arithmetic paper with the time intervals plotted against
population in percentage of solution.
Simple Graphical Method
Since the result obtained by this method is dependent upon the
'1telligence of the designer, this method is of empirical nature and not
"'luch reliable.
Also this method gives very approximate results. Thus this method is
useful only to verify the data obtained by some other method.
Graphical Comparison Method
~is involves the extension of the population time curve into the future
:)ased on a comparison of a similar curve for comparable cities and
~odified to the extent dictated by the factors governing such predictions.
13
Logical Curve Method
This is suitable in cases where the rate of increase of decrease of
population with the time and the population growth is likely to reach a
saturation limit ultimately because of special local factors.
The city shall grow as per the logistic curve, which will plot as a straight
line on the arithmetic paper with the time intervals plotted against
population in percentage of solution.
Simple Graphical Method
Since the result obtained by this method is dependent upon the
'r'1telligenceof the designer, this method is of empirical nature and not
"'luch reliable.
Also this method gives very approximate results. Thus this method is
...sefulonly to verify the data obtained by some other method.
Graphical Comparison Method
~is involves the extension of the population time curve into the future
:)ased on a comparison of a similar curve for comparable cities and
"'-'odifiedto the extent dictated by the factors governing such predictions.
13
..-.
lUe-=
(jj= CALCULATION OF WATER DEMAND
5.1 Calculation OfDifferent Drafts
Expected population after 30 years = 61400
Average rate of water supply = 135 LPCD
(Including domestic, commercial, public and wastes)
Water required for above purposes for whole town = 61400 x 135
= 8.289 MLD
Industrial demand = 0.6 MLD
Fire Requirement :
It can be assumed that city is a residential town (low rise buildings)
Water for fire = 100 P x 10-3MLD
= 100 61.4 X 10-3MLD
= 0.78 MLD
(i) Average daily draft = 8.289 + 0.6
= 8.889
(ii) Maximum daily draft = 1.5 x 8.889
= 13.33
(iii) Coincident draft = maximum daily draft + fire demand
= 13.33 + 0.78
= 14.11 MLD
(Coincident draft < maximum hourly draft)
14
....
5.2 Desian CaDacitv For Various ComDonents
(i) Intake structure daily draft = 13.33 MLD
(ii) Pipe main = maximum daily draft = 13.33 MLD
(iii) Filters and other units at treatment plant
= 2 x Average daily demand
=2x8.889
= 17.778 MLD
= 2 x average daily demand(iv) Lift pump
= 17.778 MLD
5.3 Phvsical And Chomical Standards Of Water
15
.. . . - . - .,
Sr. Characteristics Acceptable Cause forNo. Rejection1. Turbidity (units on J.T.U. scale) 2.5 10
2. Color (units on platinum cobalt scale) 5.0 25
3. Taste and odour Unobjection Unobjection
able able
4. PH 7.0 to 8.5 6.5 to 9.2
5. Total dissolved solids (mg/L) 500 1500
6. Total hardness (mg/L as CaC03) 200 600
7. Chlorides (mg/L as C1) 200 1000
8. 8ulphates (mg/L as 804) 200 400
9. Fluorides (mg/L as F) 1.0 1.5
10. Nitrates (mg/L as N03) 45 45
11. Calcium (mg/L as Capacity) 75 200
12. Magnesium (mg/L Mg) 30 150
13. Iron (mg/L Fe) 0.1 1.0
14. Manganese mg/L as MnO 0.05 0.5
15. Copper (mg/L Cu) 0.05 1.5
16. Zinc (mg/L as Zn) 5.0 15.0
16
Notes :
. The figures indicated under the column 'Acceptable' are the limits upon
which water is generally acceptable to the consumers.
. Figures in excess of those mentioned under 'Acceptable' render the
water not acceptable, but still may be tolerated in the absence of
alternative and better source upon the limits indicated under column
'Cause for Rejection' above which the supply will have to be rejected.
. It is possible that some mine and spring waters may exceed these
radioactivity limits and in such cases it is necessary to analyze the
individual radio nuclides in order to assess the acceptability for public
consumption.
17. Phenolic Compounds (mg/L as phenol) 0.001 0.002
18. Anionic Detergents (mg/L as MBAS) 0.2 1.0
19. Mineral oil (mg/L) 0.01 0.3
TOXIC MATERIALS20. Arsenic (mg/L as As) 0.05 0.05
21. Cadmium (mg/L as Cd) 0.01 0.01
22. Chromium (mg/L as Hexavalent Cr) 0.05 0.05
23. Cyanides (mg/L as Cn) 0.05 0.05
24. Lead (mg/L as Pb) 0.1 0.1
25. Selenium (mg/L as Se) 0.01 0.01
26. Mercury (mg/L as Hg) 0.001 0.001
27. Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons 0.2 0.2
(mg/L)
RADIO ACTIVITY28. GROSS Alpha Activity in pico Curie 3 3
(pCi/L)
29. Gross Beta Activity (pCi/L) 30 30
5.4 ComDarison Of Given Data And Standard Data
(Table No. 5.2)
17
Sr. Particulars Actual Standard Difference Means for
No. Treatment
1. pH 705 7 to 8.5 O.K. Not
necessary
2. Turbidity 50 2.5 47.5 Clarifier &
rapid sandfilter
3. Total Hardness 550 200 350 Softening
(mg/L)
4. Chlorides(mg/L) 200 200 50
5. Iron (mg/L) 2.5 0.1 2.4 Aeration
60 Manganese (mg/L) 3.5 0.05 3.45 Aeration
70 Carbonate (mg/L) 110 - - Softening
8. MPN (no.100) 3.5 0.0 3.5 Chlorination
5.5 Suaaested Units Of Treatment Plant
J ue to previous analysis following units are required to be designed for
,',Iatertreatment plant.
~) Intake Structure :
(a) Intake well
(b) Gravity main
(c) Jack well
(d) Rising main
(e) Pump
2 I Treatment unit:
(a) Aeration unit
(b) Coagulant dose
(c) Lime soda dose
(d) Chemical dissolving tank
(e) Chemical house
'f) Flash mixer
(g) Clariflocculator
(h) Rapid sand filter
(i) Chlorination unit
.. Storage unit:
fa) Underground storage tank
b) Elevated storage
,.:.. ~ematic diagram of each of the unit is shown.
18
....-.
lu0-=
~ DESIGN OF UNITS
6.1 Collection units
6.1.1 Design Of Intake Well
(a) Intake Well
Intakes consists of the opening, strainer or grating through which the
water enters, and the conduct conveying the water, usually by gravity to a
well or sump. From the well, the water is pumped to the mains or
treatment plants. Intakes should also be so located and designed that
possibility of interference with the supply is minimized and where
uncertainty of continuous serviceability exists, intakes should be
duplicated. The following must be considered in designing and locating theintakes.
19
The source of supply, whether impounding reservoir, lake or river
(including the possibility of wide fluctuation in water level).
The character of the intake surrounding, depth of water, character of
bottom, navigation requirements, the effect of currents, floods and storms
upon the structure and in scouring the bottom.
The location with respect to the sources of pollution.
The prevalence of floating materials, such as ice, logs and vegetation.
Types of Intakes :
· Wet Intakes: Water is up to source of supply.
· Dry Intakes: No water inside it other than in the intake pipe.
· Submerged Intakes: Entirely under the water.
· Movable and Floating Intakes: Used where wide variation in surface
elevation with sloping blanks.
Location Of Intakes :
. The location of the best quality of water available.
. Currents that might threaten the safety of the intake structure.
. Navigation channels should be avoided.
. Ice flows and other difficulties.
. Formation of shoals and bars.
. Fetch of the wing and other conditions affection the weight of waves.
. Ice storm.
. Floods.
. Power availability and reliability.
. Accessibility.
. Distance from pumping station.
. Possibilities of damage by moving objects and hazards.
The intake structure used intake our design is wet-type.
20
(b) Design Criteria
(c) Design Assumptions
Given F.S.L.
Minimum R.L.
=27m
=28m
Given invert level of gravity main = 24 m
Detention time = 10 min.
1. Detention time 5 to 10 min.
2. Diameter 5 to10 m(maximum
15m)
3. Depth 4 to 10m
4. Velocity of flow 0.6 to 0.9 m/s
5. Number of units 1 to 3 (maximum 4)
6. Free board 5m
Design Calculation
Flowof waterrequired
Volume of well
= 13.33 MLD 13600 x 24
= 0.1543 m3/sec.
= 0.1543 x 0 x 60
= 92.57 m3
= 92.57 14
= 23.14 m2
= ...J4x 23.14 In
= 5.42 < 10 m (O.K.)
provide 1 intake well of diameter 5.42 m ==5.5 m
Cross-sectional area of intake well
diameter of intake well (d)
(e) Summary
6.1.2 Design Of Pen stock And Bell Mouth Strainer
(a) Pen stock
This are the pipes provided in intake well to allow water from water body
to intake well. These pen stocks are provided at different levels, so as to
take account of seasonal variation in water level (as H.F.L., W.L., L.W.L.).
Trash racks of screens are provided to protect the entry sizeable things
which can create trouble in the pen stock. At each level more than one
pen stock is provided to take account of any obstruction during its
operations. These pen stocks are regulated by valves provided at the top
of intake wells.
(b) Design Criteria
Velocity through pen stock
Diameter of each pen stock
Number of pen stock for each intake well
=0.6 t01.0 m/sec.
= lessthan 1 m
=2
21
1. Number of intake wells 1 unit
2. Diameter of intake well 5.5m
3. Height of well 4.0m
4. R.L. of bottom of well 24m
.~
MANHOLE
., . - . ."..-. R. L. .2B MT
F.S.L..-I.-,.R.L.(J:N M1".--------.-------..---:0=-
. ..'
Lw.L. --
- )3MT
.. ,.-GRJ\VIIY MAIN (0..55)'17 MT
. . -.;----.."... . ...
.....
:NT!-\I-<C\VrLL
(c) Design Calculation
Number of intake well
Number of pen stocks at each level
Velocity
CIS area of each pen stock
Diameter
= 1
=2
= 0.75 m/sec. (assumed)
= 0.1543/0.75 x 2
= 0.1029 m2
= 0.3619 m ==0.4 m
(d) Summary
Design Of Bell Mouth Strainer:
(a) Design Criteria
Velocity of flow = 0.2 to 0.3 m/s
Hole diameter = 6 to 12 mm
Area of strainer = 2 x diameter of holes
(b) Assumptions
Velocity of flow
Hole diameter
= 0.25 m/s
= 10 mm
(c) Calculation
1t d2
Area of each hole = - = 0.7853cm24
Area of collection = Area of pen stock
0.1543= 0.7853 x N
0.25 x 2N = 3929.7
Area of Bell mouth strainer= 2 x area holes
22
1. Number of pen stock 1well 2 units
2. At each level 1 m
3. Diameter of pen stock 0.4 m
Diameter
= 1
=2
= 0.75 m/sec. (assumed)
=0.1543/0.75x2
= 0.1029 m2
= 0.3619 m ==0.4 m
(c) Design Calculation
Number of intake well
Number of pen stocks at each level
Velocity
C / S area of each pen stock
(d) Summary
Design Of Bell Mouth Strainer:
(a) Design Criteria
Velocity of flow
Hole diameter
= 0.2 to 0.3 m/s
= 6 to 12 mm
Area of strainer = 2 x diameter of holes
(b) Assumptions
Velocity of flow
Hole diameter
= 0.25 m/s
= 10 mm
(c) Calculation
1t d2
Area of each hole = - = 0.7853cm24
Area of collection = Area of pen stock
0.1543= 0.7853 x N
0.25 x 2
Area of Bell mouth strainer = 2 x area holes
22
1. Number of pen stock / well 2 units
2. At each level 1 m
3. Diameter of pen stock 0.4 m
(b) Design Criteria
Diameters of gravity main
Velocity of water
Number of gravity main = number of intake well
Assumption velocity
= 0.3 to 1 m
= 0.6 to 0.9 m/s
= 1
= 0.7 m/s
= 2 x 3929.7 x 0.7853
= 6171.98
Diameter of Bell-mouth strainer = 88.64
Provide diameter of 0.9 m for bell mouth strainer.
6.1.3 Design Of Gravity Main
(a) Gravity Main
The gravity main connects the intake well to the jack well and water flows
though it by gravity. To secure the greatest economy, the diameter of a
single pipe through which water flows by gravity should be such that all
the head available to cause flow is consumed by friction. The available fall
from the intake well to the jack well and the ground profile in between
should generally help to decide if a free flow conduit is feasible. Once this
is decided the material of the conduit is to be selected keeping in view the
local cost and the nature of the terrain to be traversed. Even when a fall is
available, a pumping or force main, independently or in combination with a
gravity main could also be considered. Gravity pipelines should be laid
below the hydraulic gradient.
(c) Design Calculation
R.C.C. Circular pipe is used.
Conduit velocity = 0.7 m/s (assumed)
Area of conduit required = 0.1543 I (0.7)
= 0.2204 m2
Diameter of the conduit = 0.5297 m ==0.55 m
23
Using Manning's formula,
1V = R 2138112-
n
n2V28 - -- -
R413
= 1.59 x 10-4
8 = 1 : 862
(0.013)2 X (0.7)2
(0.55/4)413
= 100 / 862
= 0.116
= 27 - 3
=24m
R.L. of gravity main at jack well = 24 - 0.116
Headloss
R.L. of gravity main
= 23.88 m
(d) Summary
6.1.4 Design Of Jack Well
(a) Jack Well
This structure serves as a collection of the sump well for the incoming
water from the intake well from where the water is pumped through the
rising main to the various treatment units.
This unit is more useful when number of intake wells are more than one.,
so that water is collected in one unit and then effected.
The jack well is generally located away from the shore line, so that the
installation of pumps, inspection maintenance is made easy.
24
1. Number of gravity intake 1 unit
2. Diameter of gravity intake 0.55m
3. Invert level at intake well 24m
4. Invert level at jack well 23.88 m
Design Criteria
Detentiontime = 0.5 x detention time of intake well.(3 to 15 min.}.
=0.5)( 10
=5min.
Suction head < 10m.
Diameter of well < 20m.
Design Calculation
Detention time =5m.
Assumingsuctionhead = 8 m.Bottomclearance = 1.0 m.
Top clearance = 0.5 m.
Maximumdepth of water that can be stored in condition when
water is minimumin rive
26 - 22.88Capacity of well
=3.12 m=0.1543x10x60
= 92.58 m3
= 92.58/3.12
= 29.67 m2
= 6.14 m
= 22.88 m
= 22.88 + 7
= 29.88 m
C / S area of well
Diameter of well
R.l. of bottom of jack well
R.l. of bottom of jack wellwhen full
Summary
Diameter of jack well
R.l. of bottom of jack well
R.l. top of jack well
Suction depth
Top clearance
Bottom clearance
6.15m
22.88 m
29.88 m
2.12m
O.5m
1m
.25
(b)
.
.
.
(c)
(d)
r:c-
3.4.
tE6.
-
-
REGULAI\NG'VALVE~
:'-1'. I ..:.-'Ii :: :: ~,.:;>-~-r'- _._l~:,,.._.to.._I_~"",I_J _ _'." _ 4'"_"_... :
" : _" I.. .. --
PIAn
,.~.:~ :'~~;
;I1l'. . . " ~...: .".: -", ..
~{
RISING MAIN ( 0- 45)_ "iT- . _. ,s R.L. ...0':~"',: .:., ','j: 4.2,q. €>BV" ,. ,', . , " ,." TI~ .
!iG ,co MT
R!:G ULATt"'GVALVE
GRAVITYMAt/'oJ
-. ...' ~-:--;":1. .
~. ~'L.'
li.iY~
cu\VrLL AND PUMPJ-JOU£f
/....k'..
.'I - ..--...
; I :0:J'I .....
I .I I'I. .
-
5.1.5 Design Of Pumping System
(a) Pumps
. in the water treatmentplant, pumpsare used to boost the water from
thejack well to theaerationunits.
. The followingpointsareto be stressedupon.
. The suction pumpingshould be as short and straight as possible. It
shouldnot be greaterthan 10m,for centrifugalpump. If head is more+han 10 m ..v... ter is converted in+n ""' po' 'r ~ +h, ,... in"'pite n~ , n at
.lngL I I, V g I , ILV yg U g, '''' LIIU,", I ''"' I VI LA v
water head, vapour head is created and pump ceases to function.
. The suction pipe should be of such size that the velocity should be
about 2m / sec.
. The delivery pipe should be of such size that the velocity should be
about 2.5m./sec.
The fonowing four to/pes of pumps are generally used.
. Buoyancy operated pumps
. impuise operated pumps
. Positive displac.ementpumps
. Velocity adoptions pumps
The following criteria govern pump selection.
. Type of duty required.
· Present and projected demand and pattern and change in demand.
. The details of head and flow rate required.
· Selecting the operating speed of the pump and suitable drive.
o The efficiency of the pumps and consequent influence on power
consumption and the running costs.
(b) Diameter Of Rising Main
Q = 0.1543m3/sec.
Economical diameter = 0.97 --.fato 1.22 --.fa
-
Provide D
= 0.97 "';0.1543to 1.22 .../0.1543
=0.38 to 0.48 m
= 0.45 m
(c) . Design Criteria
Suction head should not be greater than 10m.
Velocityof flow length = 0.7 to 1.5 mts
Top clearance =0.5 mBottomclearance = 1 m
(d) Design Calculation
Frictional losses in rising main
Assumingvelocity = 0.9 mtsec.
F = 0.02
0.02 x -190x (0.9)2FPv2hf=-
2gd
=
Head loss
2 x 9.81 x 0.45= 0.348
=0.35
Total head of pumping = hs + hd + hf + minor losses
= 2.12+4.88+.35+1
=8.35
Assuming two pumps in parallel
W.O.H. 1000 x 0.1543 x 8.35W.H.P. = . = =17.17HP
75 75W.H.P. 17.17
S.H.P. = = - =22.90HPn 0.75
(e) Summary
: Provide 1 - 25 HP pump in parallel
, Diameter of pipe I0.45 m
2.7
--y:
6.1.6 Design Of Rising Main
(a) General
These are the pressure pipes used to convey the water from the jack well
to the treatment units.
The design of rising main is dependent on resistance to flow, available
head, allowable velocities of flow, sediment transport, quality of water and
relative cost.
Various types of pipes used are cast iron, steel, reinforced cement
concrete, pre stressed concrete, asbestos cement, polyethylene rigid
PVC, ductile iron fibre glass pipe, glass reinforced plastic, fibre reinforced
plastic.
The determination of the suitability in all respects of the pipe of joints for
any work is a matter of decision by the engineer concerned on the basis of
requirements for the scheme.
(b) Design Criteria
Velocity =0.9 to 1.5 m/sec.
Diameter < 0.9 m.
(c) Design Calculation
Economical diameter, D = 0.97Ja to 1.22.[0= 0.38 to 0.48 m
Provide diameter = 0.45 m
V = alA = 0.97 m/sec.
Summary
Diameter of pipe I 0.45 m
28
6.2 Treatment Units
The aim of water treatment is to produce and maintain water that is
hygienically safe, aesthetically attractive and palatable; in an economical
manner. Albeit the treatment of water would achieve the desired quality,
the evaluation of its quality should not be confined to the end of the
treatment facilities but should be extended to the point of consumer's use.
The method of treatment to be employed depends on the characteristics
of the raw water and the desired standards of water quality. The unit
operations and unit processes in water treatment constitute aeration
flocculation (rapid and slow mixing) and clarification, filtration, softening,
defloridization, water conditioning and disinfection and may take many
different combinations to suit the above requirements.
In the case of ground water and surface water storage which are well
protected, where the water has turbidity below 10 JTU (Jackson Candle
Turbidity Units) and is free from odour and color, only disinfection by
chlorination is adopted before supply.
Where ground water contains excessive dissolved carbon dioxide and
odorous gases, aeration followed by flocculation and sedimentation, rapid
gravity or pressure filtration and chlorination may be necessary.
Conventional treatment including prechlorination, aeration, flocculation
and sedimentation, rapid gravity filtration and postchlorination are adopted
for highly polluted surface waters laden with algae or microscopic
organisms.
Based on the data given in second chapter, the following treatment units
and accessory units are designed to meet the quality and quantity
requirement of the project:
29
--
Aeration unit
Coagulant dose
Lime soda dose
Chemical dissolving tank
Chemical house
Flash mixer
Clariflocculator
Rapid sand filter
Chlorination unit
The detail design of the above units are discussed in subsequent sections.
6.2.1 Design Of Aeration UnitAeration Unit
Aeration is necessary to promote the exchange of gases between the
water and the atmosphere. In water treatment, aeration is practiced for
three purposes :
To add oxygen to water for imparting freshness, e.g. water from
underground sources devoid of or deficient in oxygen.
Expulsion of C02, H2S and other volatile substances causing taste and
odour, e.g. water from deeper layers of an impounding reservoir.
To precipitate impurities like iron and manganese, in certain forms, e.g.
water from some underground sources.
The limitation of aeration are that the water is rendered more corrosive
after aeration when the dissolved oxygen contents is increased though in
earlier circumstances it may otherwise due to removal of aggressive C02.
Also for taste and odour removal, aeration is not largely effective but can
be used in combination with chlorine or activated carbon to reduce their
doses.
30
The concentration of gases in a liquid generally obeys Henry's Law which
states that the concentration of each gas in water is directly proportional to
the partial pressure, or concentration of gas in the atmosphere in contact
with water. The saturation concentration of a gas decreases with
temperature and dissolved salts in water. Aeration tends to accelerate the
gas exchange.
The three types of aerators are :
Waterfall or multiple tray aerators.
Cascade aerators.
Diffused air aerators.
Design Criteria For Cascade Aerators
Number of trays = 4 to 9
Spacing of trays = 0.3 to 0.75 m c/c
Height of the structure = 2 m
Space requirement = 0.015 - 0.045 m2/m3/hr
Design Calculation
Qmax
Provide area at tray
Diameter of bottom most tray
Rise of each tray
Tread of each tray
= 0.1543 m3/sec.
= 17 m2
=5m
= 0.4 m
=50cm
31
CASCADE. i. (A. ~>
CA~CA[)E ~.Ct ~
CASC.AbE 3.
. (3qSJ,C-ASCADE ~
f4 .~)
~
<:'ASCI'obE
~(5#
, .
PIA M ETE-R Of:
CAse ADt; ~r<J MT5
1NLE'T =--
~
-.-1"R. L.{Jt.OO)
- R.'L(30t'c.:)
Rl SING MAIN (0..1.,;:)MT
G: I: I
AERA\IQ\J UN\-r
-R..L., :roe ~C.)
~"
R.l(,2(h8~ ,-,
R'L:(29; It 0)
2Cf -OD
,r
R..L. IN MTS
~
Summary
R.L. of ground at site = 29.00 m
Design Of Chemical House And Calculation Of Chemical Dose
The space for storing the chemicals required for the subsequent treatment
of water consists of determining space required for storing the most
commonly used coagulant alum, lime, chlorine, etc. for the minimum
period of three months and generally for six months.
The size of unit also depends upon the location, transport facilities,
weather conditions, distance of production units and availability of
chemicals. Chemical house should be designed to be free from moisture,
sap, etc. These should be sufficient space for handling and measuring
chemicals and other related operations.
It should be located near to the treatment plant and chemicals should be
stored in such size of bags that can be handled easily.
Alum Dose:
Coagulation
The terms coagulation and flocculation are used rather indiscriminately to
describe the process of removal of turbidity caused by fine suspension
colloids and organic colors.
32
Sr. Cascade Diameter R.L. (m)
No. of tray (m)
1. First 1 31.00
2. Second 2 30.60
3. Third 3 30.20
4. Fourth 4 29.80
5. Fifth 5 29.40
Coagulation describes the effect produced by the addition of a chemical to
a colloidal dispersion, resulting in particle destabilization. Operationally,
this is achieved by the addition of appropriate chemical and rapid intense
mixing for obtaining uniform dispersion of the chemical.
The coagulant dose in the field should be judiciously controlled in the light
of the jar test values. Alum is used as coagulant.
Design Criteria For Alum Dose
Alum required in particular season is given below:
Monsoon = 50 mg/L
Winter = 20 mg/L
Summer = 5 mg/L
Alum required
Let the average dose of alum required be 50 mg/L, 20mg/L, 5 mg/L in
monsoon, winter and summer, respectively.
Per day alum required for worst season for intermediate stage
= 50 x 10-6x 555.48 X 103x 24
= 666.58 kg/day
For six months (180 days) = 666.58 x 180
= 119984.40 kg
Number of bags whence 1 bag is containing 50 kg = 2400
If 15 days in each heap = 160 heaps
If area of one heap be 0.2 m2,then total area required = 80 m2.
Lime-Soda Process:
Softening
A water is said to be hard, when it does not form leather readily with soap.
The hardness of water is due to the presence of calcium and magnesium
ions in most of the cases. The method generally used are lime-soda
33
process. Softening with these chemicals is used particularly for water with
high initial hardness ( > 500 mg/L) and suitable for water containing
turbidity, color and iron salts. Lime-soda softening cannot, however,
reduce the hardness to values less then40 mg/L.
Design Criteria For Lime-Soda Process
It should be possible to remove 30 mg/L carbonate hardness and 200
mg/L total hardness by this process.
Lime And Soda Required
Lime required for alkalinity
Molecular weight of
CaC03 = 40 + 12+ 48= 100
= 40 + 16
= 56.
CaO
100 mg/L of CaC03alkalinity requires
110 mg/L of CaC03 requires
Lime Required For Magnesium
24 mg/L of magnesium requires
1 mg/L of magnesium requires
3.5 mg/L of magnesium requires
= 56 mg/L of CaO
= (56/100) x 110
= 61.6 mg/L of CaO
= 56 mg/L of CaO.
= 56/24 mg/L of CaO.
= (56/24) x 3.5
= 8.2 mg/L of CaO.
= 61.6 + 8.2
= 69.8 mg/L
Also 56 kg of pure lime (CaO) is equivalent to 74 kg of hydrated lime.
Hence, hydrated lime required = (69.8 x 74)/56
=92.23 mg/L.
Hence, the total pure lime required
Soda (Na2C03) :
Soda is required fir non-carbonate hardness, as follows.
3+
100 mg/L of NCH requires
161.6 mg/L of NCH requires
Total quantity of lime
= 106 mg/L of Na2C03
= ( 106/100) x 161.6
=65.59 mg/L of Na2C03
=(92.23 x 555.5 x 180 x 24 x 103)
=221329.86 kg
One bag contains 50 kg.
Number of bags required
If 15 bags in each heap, number of heaps
If area of one heap is 0.2 m2.
Total quantity of soda required
= 4426
= 295
= 295xO.2
= 59 m2
= 65.59x 10-6x 555.5x103x 24 x 180
= 157400.25 kg.
= 3148
= 209.86 heaps.
= 0.2 x 209.86
= 41.97 m2
= 80 + 59 + 41.97
= 180.97 m2
Add 30 % for chlorine storage, chlorine cylinders etc.
Total area = 235.26 m2
Number of bags
If 15 bags in each heap
Total area of heap
Total area for all chemicals
Provide room dimension = 20 x 12
= 240 m2
= 20mx 12mprovide dimension
Chemical Dissolving Tanks :
Total quantity of alum, lime and soda
Area required
Dimensions
= 119984.4 +221329.86 +157400
= 498714.26/180
=19394.44 day
=387 bags
=25.8 heaps
= 5.16 m2
= 3.0 m x 3.0 m
35
Chemical Solution tanks:
Total quantity of alum, lime and soda required per day
= 2770.63 kg/day
Hence solution required per day = 2770.63 x 20
=55412 Lit/day
= 38.48 Lit/min
Quantity of solution for 8 hours = 38.48 x 8 x 60= 18470 Lit
= 18.47 m3
Assuming depth of tank (1.2m) and 0.3m free board
Dimension of solution tank = 4.5 x 3.5 x 1.5
Summary
Design Of Mechanical Rapid Mix Unit
Flash Mixer
Rapid mixing is and operation by which the coagulant is rapidly and
uniformly dispersed throughout the volume of water to create a more or
less homogeneous single or multiphase system.
This helps in the formation of micro floes and results in proper utilization of
chemical coagulant preventing localization of connection and premature
formation of hydroxides which lead to less effective utilization of the
coagulant. The chemical coagulant is normally introduced at some point of
36
1. Per day alum required 666.58 k/j2. Hydrated lime required 92.23 mql3. Soda required 65.59 'M/A.-4. Size of chemical dissolving 3x3
tanks
5. Size of chemical solution tanks 4.5 x 3.5 x 1.5
.high .. ,..hu1ence "n +h" ..vater T he S" u"c" Of P"u,,,.. f".. ..~
pl.d mivl
'
ng toII U..l11.I I I LIIO Y' . II V 10 I vnol IVI IQ iliA
create the desired intense turbulence are gravitational and pneumatic.
T h" I' n+ens ~' "f I.vi n,.. is d" pendent UpO'" th e t" "
, m" an ""' OCi+u110 LILY VI III All ~ I 0 I I II LII vllll-'VIQ Iv I YOI ILY
gradient 'G'. This is defined as the rate of change of velocity per unit
distance normal to a section. The turbulence and resultant intensity of
mixingis based on the rate of power input to the water.
Flash mixture is one of the most popular methods in which the chemicals
are dispersed. They are mixed by the impeller rotating at high speeds.
Detention time =30 to 60 sec.
Design Criteria For Mechanical Rapid Mix Unit
Velocity of flow = 4 to 9 m/sec.
Depth
Power Required
Imeeller 8eeed. .
Loss of head
= 1 to 3 m
= 0.041 'r<J/vi"1000cu.m/day
=100 to 250 rpm
=O.4to;.O
Mixing device be capable of creating a velocity gradient
= 300m/sec/m depth
Ratio of impeller diameter to tank diameter
= 0.2 to 0.4 : 1D a+in nf tank hO !
.g t to rfi amo tor - -I +0 ':! . -II' uv VI .. I , "" I I \..II '"' ". - J" v. I
(C) Design Calculation
Design flow
Detention time
Ratio of tank height to diameter
Ratio of impeller diameter to tank diameter
Rotational speed of impeller
Assume temperature
= 13331.52 m3/day
= 30 sec.
= 1.5:1
= 0.3:1
= 120rem.=200
1. Dimension of tank:
Volume = 4.629 m3
D = 1.6m
Height = 2.37 + (0.23 m free board)
Total height of tank = 2.6 m
2. Power Requirement:
Power spend =5.47 KW
3. Dimensions of flat blade and impeller:
Diameterof impeller = 0.65m
Velocity of tip impeller = 4.08 m/sec.
Area of blade = As
Power spent =:h x CDx rox As x VR3
Let CD = 1.8 (Flat blade); VR = % XVT
5.47 x i 03 = % x 1.8 x i 000 XAs x % x 4.08
As = 1.99 m2
Provide 8 blades of 0.5 x 0.5 m = 2m2
Provide 4 numbers of length 1.5 m and projecting 0.2 m from the wall.
4. Provide inlet and outlet pipes of 250 mm diameter.
Summary
38
- ---
11.Detention Time 30 sec.
2. Speed of Impeller 120 rpm
3. IHeight of Tank (0.23 m free board) 2.6mI
4. PowerRequired 5.47 t<JN
5. Numberof Blade(0.5mx 0.5m) 8 I
16. Number of baffles (length 1.5 m) 4
7. Diameter of inlet and outlet 250
Design Of Clariflocculator
Clariflocculator
The coagulation and sedimentation processes are effectively incorporated
in a single unit in the clariflocculator. Sometimes clarifier and
clariflocculator are designed as separate units.
All these units consists of 2 or 4 flocculating paddles placed equidistantly.
These paddles rotate on their vertical axis. The flocculating paddles may
be of rotor-stator type. Rotating in opposite direction above the vertical
axis. The clarification unit outside the flocculation compartment is served
by inwardly raking rotating blades. The water mixed with chemical is fed in
the flocculator compartment fitted with paddles rotating at low speeds thus
forming floes.
The flocculated water passes out from the bottom of the flocculation tank
to the clarifying zone through a wide opening. The area of the opening
being large enough to maintain a very low velocity. Under quiescent
conditions, in the annular setting zone the floc embedding the suspended
particles settle to the bottom and the clear effluent overflows into the
peripheral launder.
(b) Design Criteria: (Flocculator)
Depth of tank = 3 to 4.5 m
Detention time = 30 to 60 min.
Velocity of flow = 0.2 to 0.8 m/sec.
Total area of paddles = 10 to 25 % of cis of tank
Range of peripheral velocities of blades = 0.2 to 0.6 m/s
Velocity gradient (G) = 10 to 75
Dimension less factor Gt = 104to 105
Power consumption
Outlet velocity
= 10 to 36 KW/mld
= 0.15 to 0.25 m/sec.
39
-- -
Design Criteria: (Clarifier)
Surface overflow rate =40 m3/m2/day
Depth of water = 3 to 4.5 m
Weir loading =300 m3/m2/day
Storage of sludge = 25 %
Floor slope = 1 in 12 or 8% for mechanically cleaned tank.
Slope for sludge hopper = 1.2:1 (v:h)
Scraper velocity = 1 revolution in 45 to 80 minutes
Velocity of water at outlet chamber = not more than 40 m/sec.
(c) Assumptions
Average outflow from clariflocculator
Water lost in desludging
Design average period
Detention period
Average value of velocity wadient
=2%
= 566.82 m3/hr
= 30 min.
= 30 S-1
Design Of Influent Pipe
Assuming V = 1 m/sec.
Dia = 0.447 m
Provide an influent pipes of 450 diameter.
Design Of Flocculator : wall
Volume of flocculator = 566.82 x 30 160
= 283.41 m3
Providing a water depth = 3.5 m
Plan area of flocculator = 283.41/3.5
= 80.97 m2
D = diameter of flocculator = 10.16m
Dp = diameter of inlet pipes = 0.45 m
D =10.2m
Provides a tank diameter of 10.2 m
40
Dimension Of Paddles:
= G2X !l v x vol
= 302x 0.89 x 10-3X (1tf4x 10.22x 3.5)
= 229.08
Power input = % (Cd x Px Ap X(V-U)3
Cd = 1.8
P = 995 kg/m3(25°c)
V = Velocity of tip of blade = 0.4 m/sec.
v = Velocity of water tip of blade = 0.25 x 0.4
= 0.1 m/sec.
= % x 1.8 x 995 x Ap x (0.4-0.1)3
= 9.47 m2
229.08
.. Ap
Ratio of paddles to cis of flocculator
[9.47/ P (10.2 - 0.75) 3.5] x 100
Provide Ap
= 9.11 % <10 to 25 %
= 10.5 m2
Ap = [10.5ht (10.2-0.75) 3.5] x 100 = 10.1% ok
Which is acceptable (within 10 to 25 %)
Provide 5 no of paddles of 3 m height and 0.7 m width
One shaft will support 5 paddles
The paddles will rotate at an rpm of 4
V = 2 x x x r x x/60
0.4 = 2 x x x r x 4/60
r = 0.96m ==1m
r = distance of paddle from C1. Of vertical shaft
Let velocity of water below the partition wall between the flocculator and
clarifier be 0.3 m/sec.
Area = 555.48/0.3 x 60 x 60 = 0.51m2
Depth below partition wall = 0.51/x x 10.2
= 0.016m
Provide 25% for storage of sludge = 0.25 x 35
= 0.875m
41
-----
Provide 8% slope for bottom
Total depth of tank at partition wall = 0.3 + 3.5 + 0.016 + 0.875
= 4.69m ==4.7m
Design Of Clarifier
Assuming a surface overflow rate of 40m3/m2/day
Surface of clariflocculator = 555.48 x 24/40
= 333.29m2
Oct= Dia. of Clariflocculator
P/4 [Oct2 - (10.2)2] = 333.29
Oct = 22.99m ==23m
Length of weir = 1tX Oct
= 1tx 23 = 72.26m
Weir loading = 555.48 x 24/72.26
= 184.49m3/day/m
According to manual of Govt. of India. If it is a well clarifier. It can exceed
upto 1500m3/day/m.
Summary (Clariflocculator)
1. Detention Period 30min
2. Diameter of influent pipes 450mm
3. Overall depth of flocculator 3.5m
4. Diameter of tank 10.2m
5. No. of paddles (3 m height and 0.7 m width) 5
6. Distance of shaft from C.L. of flocculator 1m
7. Paddles rotation (RPM) 4
8. Distance of paddle from C.L. of vertical shaft 1m
9. Slope of bottom (%) 8
10. Total depth of partition wall 4.7m
11. Diameter of clariflocculator 23m
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6.2.5 Design Of Rapid Gravity Filter
(a) Rapid Sand Filter
The rapid sand filter comprises of a bed of sand serving as a single
medium granular matrix supported on gravel overlying an under drainage
system, the distinctive features of rapiq sand filtration as compared to slow
sand filtration include careful pre-treatment of raw water to effective
flocculate the colloidal particles, use of higher filtration rates and coarser
but more uniform filter media to utilize greater depths of filter media to trap
influent solids without excessive head loss and back washing of filter bed
by reversing the flow direction to clear the entire depth of river.. .
The removal of particles within a deep granular medium filter such as
rapid sand filter, occurs primarily within the filter bed and is referred to as
depth filtration. Conceptually the removal of particles takes place in two
distinct slips as transport and as attachment step. In the first step the
impurity particles must be brought from the bulkof the liquid within the
pores close to the surface of the medium of the previously deposited
solids on the medium. Once the particles come closer to the surface an
attachment step is required to retain it on the surface instead of letting itflow down the filter.
The transport step may be accomplished by straining gravity, setting,
impaction interception, hydrodynamics and diffusion and it may be aided
by flocculation in the interstices of the filter.
(a) Design Criteria: (Rapid Sand Filter)
. Rate of filtration = 5 to 7.5m3/m2/hr
. Max surface area of one bed = 100m2
· Min. overall depth of filter unit including a free board of 0.5m = 2.6m
· Effective size of sand = 0.45 to 0.7
· Uniformityco-efficientfor sand = 1.3 to 1.7
43
. Ignition loss should not exceed 0.7 percent by weight
. Silica content should not be less than 90%
. Specific gravity = 2.55 to 2.65
. Wearing loss is not greater than 3%
. Minimum number of units = 2
. Depth of sand = 0.6 to 0.75
. Standing depth of water over the filter = 1 to 2m
. Free board is not less than 0.5m
(b) Problem Statement
Net filtered water
Quantity of backwash water used
Time lost during backwash
Design rate of filtration
Length - width ratio
Under drainage system
Size of perforations
(c) Design Calculation
Solution: required flow of water
Design flow for filter
Plan area for filter
Using 2 units,
Plan area
Length x width
L
= 555.48m3/hr
=2%
= 30min.
= 5m3/m2/hr
= 1.25 to 1.33:1
= central manifold with laterals.
= 13mm
= 555.48m3/hr
= 555.48 x (1 + 0.02) x 24/23.5
= 578.65m3/hr
= 578.65/5
= 115.73m2 ==116
= 58m2
= L x 1.25L
= 58
=6.8m
Provide 2 filter units, each with a dimension 8.6m x 6.8m.
44
Estimation Of Sand Depth :
It is checked against breakthrough of floc.
Using Hudson Formula:
Q x d x h/L = 8 x 293223 11
Where, Q, d, hand 1 are in m3/m2/hr,mm, m and m, respectively.
Assume, 8 = 4 X 10-4(poor response) < average degree of pre-treatment
h = 2.5m (terminal head loss)
Q = 5 x 2m3/m2/hr(assuming 100% overload of filter)
d = 0.6mm(meandia.)
10 x (0.6)3x 2.5/1 = 4 x 10-4x 293223
L>46m
provide depth of sand bed = 60cm
Estimation Of Gravel And Size Gradation:
Assuming size gradation of 2 mm at to 40 mm at bottom using empirical
formula :
P = 2.54 R (log d)
Where, R = 12 (10 to 14)
The units of Land dare cm and mm, respectively.
Provide 50 cm depth of gravel.
Design Of Under Drainage System :
Plan area of each filter = 8.6 x 6.8
= 58.48m2
Total area of perforation = 3 x 10-3 x 58.48
= 0.17544m2
= 1754.4cm2
45
J
Size 2 5 10 20 40
Depth(cm) 9.2 21.3 30.5 40 49
Increment 9.2 12.1 9.2 9.5 9
--
Total cross section area of laterals = 3 x area of perforation
= 3 x 1754.4
= 5263.2cm2
= 2 x area of lateral
= 2 x 5263.2
= 10526.4cm2
= ..J10526.4 x 4hc
= 115.76cm
Providing a commercially available diameter of 100 cm.
Assuming spacing for laterals = 20cm
Number of laterals = 8.6 x 100/20
Area of central manifold
Diameter of central manifold
= 43 on either side
D = ..J61.2 X 4ht
= 8.83cm ==90mm
Number of perforations /Iaterals = 86 units
Length of one lateral = % width of filter - % dia. of manifold
= %x6.8-%x 1
= 2.90 m
Let n be total no. of perforation of 13mm dia.
.. Total areaof perforation = n x 1t/4 x (1.3)2
= 1754.4
= 1321.76 ==1322
No. of perforation /Iateral = 1322/86
= 15.37 ==16
Spacing of perforations = 2.90x 100/1.6
= 181.25cm clc
.. n
Provide 16 perforations of 13 mm diameter at 180 cm clc.
46
-
Computation of wash water Troughs:
Wash water rate = 36m3/m2/hr
= 36 x 58.48
= 2105.28m3/hr
= 0.5848m3/sec.
Assuming a spacing of 1.8 m for wash water trough which will run parallel
to the longer dimension of the filter unit.
No. of trough = 6.8/1.8
=3.78=:4
discharge per unit trough = 0.5848/4
= 0.1462m3/sec.
Wash water discharge for one filter
For a width of 0.4 m the water depth at upper end is given by
Q = 1.376 b h312
0.1462 = 1.376 x 0.4(h)312
h = 0.41
Freeboard = 0.1m
Provide 4 troughs of 0.4 m wide x 0.5 deep in each filter.
Total Depth Of Filter Box:
Depth of filter box = depth of under drain + gravel + sand + water depth
+ free board
= 900 + 500 + 600 + 2200 + 300
= 4500mm
Design Of Filter Air Wash :
Assume rate at which air is supplied
Duration of air wash
= 1.5m3/m2/min.
=3min.
Total quantity of air required per unit bed = 1.5 x 3 x 8.6 x 6.8
= 263. 16m3
47
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(d) Summary
6.2.6 Disinfection Unit
(a) Chlorination
Treatment method such as aeration, plain sedimentation, coagulation,
sedimentation, filtration, would render the water chemically and
aesthetically acceptable with some reduction in the pathogenic bacterial
content. However, the foregoing treatment methods do not ensure 100%
removal of pathogenic bacteria, and hence it becomes necessary to
'disinfect' the water to kill the pathogenic bacteria.
Disinfection should not only remove the existing bacteria from water but
also ensure their immediate killing even afterwards, in the distribution
system. The chemical which is used as a disinfectant must, therefore be
able to give the "residual sterilising effect" for a long period, thus affording
some protection against recontamination. In addition to this, it should be
48
1. Number of units 2
2. Size of unit 8.6 x 6.8m
3. Depth of sand bed 60cm
4. Depth of gravel SOcm
5. Diameter of perforation 13mm
6. Diameter of central manifold 100cm
7. Spacing for laterals 20cm
8. Number of laterals 86
9. Diameter of laterals 90mm
10. Number of perforations 16
11. Number of troughs 4
12. Size of trough 0.4 x 0.5m
13. Total depth of filter box 4500mm
14. Duration of air wash 3min.
15. Total quantity of air required per unit bed 263. 16m;:!
- CHLORINE GAS
cI.oI--(~-~o..J1tJ
$\-IUT oP'f: YALVE
SC.HeCK VALliE~ ~
L.IQUID C1.1c. YLINCEP-
TO CI~TRI~IJTIONMAIN
WEIGHING.sCALE
Pl1~p
OVER r:/..f:)/N
To t:>AA/fIJ
..STRoNG CJ.,). SOLUTION
IWATeR 70 13€TflEAT EJ>
LINE DIAGRAM OF A. 'YPICAl .5oLUTION
FEED CHLORINA70R INSTALJ..ATloN
II
II
I
harmless, unobjectionable to taste,
simple tests. 'Chlorine' satisfies the
disinfectant and hence is widely used.
ecomomical and measurable by
above said more than any other
(b) Design Criteria (chlorination)
. Chlorine dose = 1.4mg/L (rainy season)
= 1mg/L (winter season)
= 0.6mg/L (summer season)
· Residual chlorine = 0.1 to 0.2 mg/L (minimum)
· Contact period = 20 to 30min.
(c) Design Caculations
Rate of chlorine required, to disinfect water be 2 p.p.m.
Chlorine required. Per day = 13.33 x 106x 1.4 x 10-6
= 18.662kg
= 18.662 x 180
= 3359.16kg
Number of cylinder (one cylinder contain 16 kg)
For 6 months
= 3359.16 x 2/16
= 419.895
Number of cylinders used per day =2 cylinders of 16kg
(d) Summary
6.3 Storaae Tank
General
Distribution reservoirs also called service reservoirs are the storage
"eservoirs which store the treated water for supplying the same during
emergencies and also help in absorbing the hourly fluctuations in water
demand. Depending upon their elevation with respect to the ground they
49
1 Chlorine required per day 18.662kg2 Number of cylinder required per day 2 of 16kg
-
are classified as under ground reservoir and elevated reservoir both of
these reservoirs designed for this project.
Storage Capacity
Ideally the total storage capacity of a distribution reservoir is the
summation of (i) balancing reserve (ii) breakdown reserve and (iii) fire
reserve. The balancing storage capacity of a reservoir can be worked out
from the data of hourly consumption of water for the town/city by either the
mass curve method or analytical method. In absence of availability of the
data of hourly demand of \AJaterthe capacity of reservoir is usually 114to 1/3
of the daily average supply.
Underground Storage Reservoir (U.S.R.) :
(a) General
The reservoir is used for storing the filtered water which is now fit for
drinking. From this, the water is pumped to E.S.R. normally the capacity of
this type of reservoir depends upon the capacity of the pumps and hours
of pumping during a day. If the pumps work for 24 minutes then the
capacity of this reservoir may be between 30 minutes to 1 hour.
(b) Design Criteria (U.S.R.)
(i) Detention time
(ii) Freeboard
(c) Design Calculations
Assuming that all pumps are working for.hours
Capacity of underground reservoir = 6hr capacity of average demand
= Qavg.x detentiontime= 18 MLD x 4 x 106x 10-3/24
= 4500 m3
= 1 to 4hr
= 0.4 to 0.6m
50
.........
-.
Assuming 6 compartments
Let depth = 4m
Area = 1125 m2
Area of each compartment = 190 m2
Dimension = 14 m x 14 mFree board = 0.5m
Provide 6 compartments of 14 m x 14 m x 4.5 m
(d) Summary
Elevated Service Reservoir (ESR) :
(a) General
Where the areas to be supplied with treated water are at higher elevations
than the treatment plant site, the pressure requirements of the distribution
system necessitates the construction of ESR. The treated water from the
underground reservoirs is pumped to the ESR and than supplied to the
consumers.
(b) Design Calculations
Assumingcapacityof ESR= 1/10 of underground storage
= 450 m3
Free board
Overall depth
Diameter
.. d
=0.3m
=4m
= "450x 4 In X4
= 11.96m
Provide 1 ESR of overall height = 4.3m and Diameter = 11.96m
51
1. Capacity of reservoir 4500 m;1
2. Total depth 4.5m
3. Compartments 6
4. Size 14 m x 14 m x 4.5 m
5. Detention time 4 hr
..
(b) Summary
52
1. Number of tanks 1
2. Depth of tank 4.3m
3. Diameter of tank 11.96m
_0_-
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COLUMN BERMS
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(iF CONCLUSION
The designed project deals with the design of a conventional water
treatment plant having a perennial river as the source. The design has
been done for a predicated population of 61400 expected after 30 (2001 to
2031) years. Although this project and its data is totally hypothetical, this
exercise will help us when we may come across some such design infuture.
The above treatment of the water makes it possible to safe guard the
health of the people.
53
rJfr REFERENCES
1. A.G.Bhole.
2. Birdie J.S.
3. FairG.M.
4. Garg S.K.
5. Govt. of India.
6. Hudson H.E. Jr.
7. Steel E.W. &
Mcggee T.J.
TwartA.C.8.
"Low cost package water treatment plant
for rural areas"l.E. (I) Journal - EN 1995.
"Water supply and sanitary engineering",
Pub.: Dhanpat Rai & Sons, New Delhi, 1994.
"Water and waste water engineering"
(vol.1&2) john Wiley & sons, inc. New York,
1967.
"Water supply engineering" Khanna pub.,
New Delhi, 1994.
"Manual on Water Supply & Treatment",
Ministry of works & housing, New Delhi, 1984.
l'Water Clarification process: Practical
Design & Evaluation" Van Norstrand
Reinhold Co., New York, 1981.
l'Water Supply & Sewerage" McGraw Hill
Ltd., New York, 1981.
l'Water Supply" Arnold International Student
Edition (AISE), Great Britain, 1985.
54
pr
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