Design of Hydraulic Jack

8/19/2019 Design of Hydraulic Jack

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M.L.Institute of

Diploma

Studies,Bhandu

A Project Report On

DESI! O" #$DRA%LI& 'A&( ) A!AL$SIS

Su*mitted +o

ujarat +echnoloical %ni-ersit

Su*mitted B

RA!A #I+E!DRASI!# (. /0123/2404/5

PA+EL SA+IS# #. /0123/240/67

8A!9ARA RA!#OD M. /0123/24044:

RA+#OD #I+ES# M. /0123/240/1/

uided B

"acult !ame ; Mr.M. (. PA+EL

Mechanical Enineerin Department

UNDEFINED PROBLEM

The student information

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Name of student

(In Capital Letters) urname Name

Father!s Name

Enro""ment

Num#er

$ontact Num#ers Mo#% Land"ine%

Emai" ID

$o""ege Name $o""ege $ode%

Branch emester%

tudent Team Name%

&.

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Enro""ment

Num#ers

tudent

ignature

%'ARA+ +E!OLOI&AL %!I8ERSI+$

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M.L. I!S+I+%+E O" DIPLOMA S+%DIES

B#A!D%

$ERTIFI$*TE

This is to certify that

Mr./Ms

from College having Enrolment No:

has completed UDP/ Semester Pro!ect "eport

having title

#n a gro$p consisting of persons $nder the g$idance of the %ac$lty &$ide

#nstit$te &$ide'UDP (ead of Department

*$+NO,LED-EMENT

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I am deeply indebted to my revered supervisor

M.. P!"#L $or inspiring% en&ouraging and guiding me in

my pro'e&t or it*out *is suggestion timely guidan&e

and &o+operation. I &on$ess% I ould not *ave &ompletedmy Pro'e&t ,or *e *as been &onstantly a sour&e o$

motivation $or &omplete t*is t*esis and model.

I am very mu&* t*an$ul to -. . /0,!MI% *ead

o$ Me&*ani&al department M.L.I... !45 6 .-.

P!"#L I-% $or providing me all t*e ne&essary $a&ility $or

my pro'e&t or.

I oe a orld o$ gratitude to t*e aut*orities o$

M.L.I... !45 t*ey granted me permission *enever

I re7uested not only t*at t*ey also provided me e8&ellent

$a&ility o$ my or.

I ould lie to e8press my t*ans to my pro$. -.M. /0/# 6 pro$. -. M. P!"#L *o *ave assisted me at

various stages o$ my ,or.

I is* to e8press my *eart le$t gratitude to my

$riends. 9or t*eir &easeless *elp and &o+operation all

t*roug*out t*is onerous tas.

Last but not list I oe *ave a ord o$ gratitude

to t*e almig*ty $or providing me *idden strengt* and

inspiration. I also t*an all *o *ave supported me a lot

in my pro'e&t or.

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!"-!C":

Now a day, infrastructure development is very fast growing, for that the use of

R.C.C construction machinery is very widely used, but in any R.C.C construction machinery

proper Mixing of raw material for Concrete is major problem. Proper mixing of raw material is

important tas in any construction, for that we are use latest e!uipments which are mechanically

and hydraulically combined operated mostly. DEI-N OF OPEN /DR*ULI$ 0*$+ 1

*N*L/E is one of them which are operated by two prime movers one prime mover is usefor hydraulic system operation for operating the hoper and other for operating drum for proper

mixing of concret"he wor presented herein is mainly divided into the three chapters. "he first

chapter introduces the concrete benching mixing machine with problem formulation and

provides motivation for the project. "he second chapter presents the current state of mixing

machine research as presented in the form of scientific literature review.

P-0;#C" #9I4!"I04:

# hydraulic jac is a device used to lift

heavy loads. "he device itself is light, compact and portable, but is capable of exerting great

force. "he device pushes li!uid against a piston$ pressure is built in the jac%s container. "he jac

is based on Pascal%s law that the pressure of a li!uid in a container is the same at all point

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TABLE OF CONTENTSNo. Titles Page no.

#cnowledgement 1

#bstract 8

"ables &f Contents 9

'ist &f (igure

Nomenclature

Ch.1 Introduction )*

).) +efinition &f ydraulic -ac )

).* /ntroduction )

). Pascal0s 'aw )

).1 istory )1

).2 (eatures )1

).3 Classification &f -ac )1

).3.) Mechanical -ac )2

).3.* ydraulic -ac )2

).3. Pneumatic -ac )3

).3.1 4trand -ac )5

).5 6oring Principal78 )9

).9 6oring &f ydraulic -ac )9

).: #dvantages *)

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).); #pplications *

Ch.2 Design O !"draulic S"ste# *1

*.) ydraulic R >#+78 ;

*..* Piston Rod78 ;

*..*.) Piston Rod Construction ;

*..*.).) 8Metallic Coatings78 ;

*..*.).* C>R#M/C C"/N?478 )

*..*.). 'ength78 )

*..*. ?land @>nd CapA78 )

Ch.$ C#'CB'#"/&N (&R +>4/?N *

Ch.% '/"R>#C>R R//>6 5

Ch.& R>(>R>NC>4 19

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C*apter 1

Introdu&tion

Cha'ter 1 Introduction

1.1(Deination O !"draulic )ac*+( # hydraulic jac is a device used to lift

heavy loads. "he device itself is light, compact and portable, but is capable of

exerting great force. "he device pushes li!uid against a piston$ pressure is built in

the jac%s container. "he jac is based on Pascal%s law that the pressure of a li!uid

in a container is the same at all points.

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1.2(Introduction+(

# hydraulic jac is a jac that uses a li!uid to push against a

piston. "his is based on Pascal0s Principle. "he principle states that pressure in a

closed container is the same at all points. /f there are two cylinders connected,

applying force to the smaller cylinder will result in the same amount of pressure in

the larger cylinder. owever, since the larger cylinder has more area, the resulting

force will be greater. /n other words, an increase in area leads to an increase in

force. "he greater the difference in siDe between the two cylinders, the greater the

increase in the force will be. # hydraulic jac operates based on this two cylinder

system.

1.$(Pascal,s la- +(

Pressure on a confined fluid is transmitted undiminished and

acts with e!ual force on e!ual areas and at :; degrees to the container wall.

# fluid, such as oil, is displaced when either piston is pushed

inward. "he small piston, for a given distance of movement, displaces a smaller

amount of volume than the large piston, which is proportional to the ratio of areasof the heads of the pistons. "herefore, the small piston must be moved a large

distance to get the large piston to move significantly. "he distance the large piston

will move is the distance that the small piston is moved divided by the ratio of the

areas of the heads of the pistons. "his is how energy, in the form of wor in this

case, is conserved and the 'aw of Conservation of >nergy is satisfied. 6or is

force times distance, and since the force is increased on the larger piston, the

distance the force is applied over must be decreased.

1.%(!istor"+(

"he &rigin &f ydraulic -acs Can


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+rove (rom is #bode "o is Place &f 6or /n # 4team Carriage. /t Produced #

ery 6eird Noise "hat +isturbed "he orses #nd 4o /ts Bsage 6as 'imited "o #

4ingle 4treet. Richard Made # Claim "hat is /nvention ad "he Power "o Carry

Near #bout ); People &n # 4ingle xpanders, (ilter Press -acs, Pulling -acs,

eavy Plate ydraulic ole Punches #nd arious Einds &f 'ifting -acs.

1.&(Features+(

"he jac uses compressible fluid, which is forced into a cylinder by

a plunger. &il is usually used for the li!uid because it is self8lubricating and hasstability compared with other li!uids. 6hen the plunger comes up, it pulls the

li!uid through a chec valve suction pump. 6hen the plunger is lowered again, it

sends li!uid through another valve into a cylinder. # ball used for suction in the

cylinder shuts the cylinder and pressure builds up in the cylinder. "he suction valve

present in the jac opens at each draw of the plunger. "he discharge valve, which is

outside the jac, opens when oil is pushed into the cylinder. "he pressure of the

li!uid enables the device to lift heavy loads.

1.(Classiication O )ac*+(

1..1(/echanical 0ac*+(

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Fig 1.1 /echanical 0ac*

-acscrews are integral to the 4cissor -ac, one of the simplest inds of car jacs

still used.

# mechanical jac is a device which lifts heavy e!uipment. "he

most common form is a car jac, floor jac or garage jac which lifts vehicles so

that maintenance can be performed. Car jacs usually use Mechanical advantage to

allow a human to lift a vehicle by manual force alone. More powerful jacs use

hydraulic power to provide more lift over greater distances. Mechanical jacs are

usually rated for a maximum lifting capacity @for example, ).2 tons or tonsA. "he

jac shown at the right is made for a modern vehicle and the notch fits into a hard

point on a unibody. >arlier versions have a platform to lift on the vehicles% frame or

axle.

1..2(!"draulic 0ac*+(

ydraulic jacs are typically used for shop wor, rather

than as an emergency jac to be carried with the vehicle. Bse of jacs not designed

for a specific vehicle re!uires more than the usual care in selecting ground

conditions, the jacing point on the vehicle, and to ensure stability when the jac is

extended. ydraulic jacs are often used to lift elevators in low and medium rise

buildings.

# hydraulic jac uses a fluid, which is incompressible, that

is forced into a cylinder by a pump plunger. &il is used since it is self lubricating

and stable. 6hen the plunger pulls bac, it draws oil out of the reservoir through a

suction chec valve into the pump chamber. 6hen the plunger moves forward, it

pushes the oil through a discharge chec valve into the cylinder. "he suction valve

ball is within the chamber and opens with each draw of the plunger. "he discharge

valve ball is outside the chamber and opens when the oil is pushed into the

cylinder. #t this point the suction ball within the chamber is forced shut and oil

pressure builds in the cylinder.

/n a bottle jac the piston is vertical and directly supports a

bearing pad that contacts the object being lifted. 6ith a single action piston the lift

is somewhat less than twice the collapsed height of the jac, maing it suitable

only for vehicles with a relatively high clearance. (or lifting structures such as

houses the hydraulic interconnection of multiple vertical jacs through valves

enables the even distribution of forces while enabling close control of the lift.

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/n a floor jac @aa %trolley jac%A a horiDontal piston pushes on

the short end of a bellcran with the long arm providing the vertical motion to a

lifting pad, ept horiDontal with a horiDontal linage. (loor jacs usually include

castors and wheels, allowing compensation for the arc taen by the lifting pad.

"his mechanism provide a low profile when collapsed, for easy maneuvering

underneath the vehicle, while allowing considerable extension.

1..$( Pneu#atic 0ac*+(

# pneumatic jac is a hydraulic jac that is actuated by

compressed air 8 for example, air from a compressor instead of human wor. "his

eliminates the need for the user to actuate the hydraulic mechanism, saving effort

and potentially increasing speed. 4ometimes, such jacs are also able to beoperated by the normal hydraulic actuation method, thereby retaining functionality,

even if a source of compressed air is not available.

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1..$( Pneu#atic 0ac*+(

Fig 1.2 Threaded rod ull" e3tended

Fig 1.$ 2.& ton house 0ac* that stands 2% inches ro# to' to 4otto# ull"

threaded out.

# house jac, also called a screw jac is a mechanical

device primarily used to lift houses from their foundation. # series of jacs are

used and then wood cribbing temporarily supports the structure. "his process is

repeated until the desired height is reached. "he house jac can be used for jacing

carrying beams that have settled or for installing new structural beams. &n the top

of the jac is a cast iron circular pad that the 1F G 1F post is resting on. "his pad

moves independently of the house jac so that it does not turn as the acme8

threaded rod is turned up with a metal rod. "his piece tilts very slightly but not

enough to render the post dangerously out of plumb

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1..%8 Strand 0ac*+(

# strand jac is a specialiDed hydraulic jac that grips steel

cables often used in concert, strand jacs can lift hundreds of tons and are used in

engineering and construction.

1.(5or*ing Princi'al+(

"he hydraulic jac is a device used for lifting heavy loads by

the application of much smaller force. /t is based on Pascal0s law, which states that

intensity of pressure is transmitted e!ually in all directions through a mass of fluid

at rest.

"he woring principle of a hydraulic jac may be explained

with the help of (ig. Consider a ram and plunger, operating in two cylinders of

different diameters, which are interconnected at the bottom, through a chamber,

which is filled with some li!uid.

Fig 1.% Consider a ra# and 'lunger6

1.7(5or*ing O !"draulic )ac*+(

ydraulic jacs and many other technological advancements such as

automobile braes and dental chairs wor on the basis of Pascal%s Principle, named

for


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cylinders connected together, a small one and a large one, and apply a small (orce

to the small cylinder, this would result in a given pressure.


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4o we can apply ) lbs. to the small piston and get ); lbs. of force to lift a heavy

object with the large piston. /s this %getting something for nothing%J Bnfortunately,

no. -ust as a lever provides more force near the fulcrum in exchange for more

distance further away, the hydraulic lift merely converts wor @force x distanceA at

the smaller piston for the 4#M> wor at the larger one. /n the example, when the

smaller piston moves a distance of ); inches it displaces ); cubic inch of fluid.

"hat ); cubic inch displaced at the ); s!uare inch piston moves it only ) inch, so a

small force and larger distance has been exchanged for a large force through a

smaller distance.

ydraulic jacs have six main parts. "hese are the reservoir, pump,

chec valve, main cylinder, piston, and release valve. "he reservoir holds hydraulic

fluid. # pump will draw the fluid up and then create pressure on the down stroe as

it pushes the fluid through the chec valve. "his valve allows the fluid to leave the

reservoir and enter the main cylinder. /n the main cylinder, the piston is forced up

as the cylinder is filled with the fluid. 6hen it is time to release the pressure and

allow the piston to return to its starting position, the release valve is opened. "his

allows the fluid to return to the reservoir.

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Sho- In Figure8(

1.9(Ad:antages+(

Saet" First+(

ydraulic jacing 4ystem is one of the most safest mode to erect

storage tan, complete wor is executed on ground level preventing riss of

accidents. (or decades, there has been not a single report that proves its credibility

in being the safest and most liely method for the storage tan construction. "he

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hydraulic jac systems has now gained a lot of popularity.

Easier Ins'ection+(

&ur efficient hydraulic jacing systems needs various

scaffolding and attachments to offer comfortable access for welding heights.

No Scaolding ;e


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1.1=(A''lications+(

• +ismantling of old tans

• Repair to tan foundation

• rection of other circular structures such as reactor shields in nuclear power

stations, etc.

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Chapter *

+esign of ydraulic -ac

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Cha'ter 2 Design o !"draulic )ac*

2.1 !"draulic Basics+-

ydraulics is the science of transmitting force andIor motion

through the medium of a confined li!uid. /n a hydraulic device, power is

transmitted by pushing on a confined li!uid.(igure )8) shows a simple hydraulic

device. "he transfer of energy taes place because !uantity of li!uid is subject to

pressure. "o operate li!uid8powered systems, the operator should have a

nowledge of the basic nature of li!uids. "his chapter covers the properties of

li!uids and how they act under different conditions.

2.1.1+( Pressure and Force.+(

Pressure is force exerted against a specific area @force

per unit areaA expressed in pounds per s!uare inch @psiA. Pressure can cause an

expansion, or resistance to compression, of a fluid that is being s!ueeDed. # fluid is

any li!uid or gas @vaporA. (orce is anything that tends to produce or modify @push

or pullA motion and is expressed in pounds a. Pressure. #n example of pressure is

the air @gasA that fills an automobile tire. #s a tire is inflated, more air is s!ueeDed

into it than it can hold. "he air inside a tire resists the s!ueeDing by pushing

outward on the casing of the tire. "he outward push of the air is pressure.

>!ual pressure throughout a confined area is a characteristic of any pressuriDed

fluid.

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Figure 2.1 Basic h"draulic de:ices

(or example, in an inflated tire, the outward push of the air is uniform throughout.

/f it were not, a tire would be pushed into odd shapes because of its elasticity.

"here is a major difference between a gas and a li!uid. 'i!uids are slightly

compressible @(igure *.)A. 6hen a confined li!uid is pushed on, pressure builds

up. "he pressure is still transmitted e!ually throughout the container. "he fluid%s

behavior maes it possible to transmit a push through pipes,

around corners, and up and down.

+*H()K+)I(*

6here

() H force of the small piston, in pounds

+) H distance the small piston moves, in

inches

+* H distance the larger piston moves, in inches

(* H force of the larger piston, in pounds

2.2(Basic S"ste#s+(

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ConBned li7uid is

sub'e&t to pressure


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"he advantages of hydraulic systems over other methods of power transmission are

L 4impler design. /n most cases, a few pre8engineered components will replace

complicated mechanical linages.

L (lexibility. ydraulic components can be located with considerable flexibility.

Pipes and hoses in place of mechanical elements virtually eliminate location

problems.

L 4moothness. ydraulic systems are smooth and !uiet in operation. ibration is

ept to a minimum.

L Control. Control of a wide range of speed and forces is easily possible.

L Cost. igh efficiency with minimum friction loss eeps the cost of a power

transmission at a minimum.

L &verload protection. #utomatic valves guard the system against a breadown

from overloading.

"he main disadvantage of a hydraulic system is maintaining the precision parts

when they are exposed to bad climates and dirty atmospheres. Protection against

rust, corrosion, dirt, oil deterioration, and other adverse environment is very

important. "he following paragraphs discuss several basic hydraulic systems.

A8 !"draulic )ac*+(

/n this system a reservoir and a system of valves has been

added to Pascal%s hydraulic lever to stroe a small cylinder or pump continuously

and raise a large piston or an actuator a notch with each stroe. +iagram # shows

an intae stroe. #n outlet chec valve closes by pressure under a load, and an inlet

chec valve opens so that li!uid from the reservoir fills the pumping chamber.

+iagram < shows the pump stroing downward. #n inlet chec valve closes by

pressure and an outlet valve opens. More li!uid is pumped under a large piston to

raise it. "o lower a load, a third valve @needle valveA opens, which opens an area

under a large piston to the reservoir. "he load then pushes the piston down and

forces the li!uid into the reservoir.

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Figure 2(2. !"draulic 0ac*

B8 /otor(;e:ersing S"ste#+((igure *8*, shows a power8driven pump

operating a reversible rotary motor. # reversing valve directs fluid to either side of

the motor and bac to the reservoir. # relief valve protects the system against

excess pressure and can bypass pump output to the reservoir, if pressure rises too

high.

C8O'en(Center S"ste#+( /n this system, a control8valve spool must be open in

the center to allow pump flow to pass through the valve and return to the reservoir.

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this system in the neutral position. "o operate several functions simultaneously,

an open8center system must have the correct connections, which are discussed

below. #n open8center system is efficient on single functions but is limited with

multiple functions.

"he return from the first valve is routed to the inlet of the second, and

so on. /n neutral, the oil passes through the valves in series and returns to the

reservoir, as the arrows indicate. 6hen a control valve is operated, the incoming

oil is diverted to the cylinder that the valve serves. Return li!uid from the cylinder

is directed through the return line and on to the next valve. "his system is

satisfactory as long as only one valve is operating at a time. 6hen this happens, the

full output of the pump at full system pressure is available to that function.

owever, if more than one valve is operating, the total of the pressures re!uired for

each function cannot exceed the system0s relief setting.

2.$(Parts O !"draulic )ac*+(

?land @>nd CapA

Piston Road

Cylinder


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2.$.1.$(C"linder !ead+( "he cylinder head is sometimes connected to the barrel

with a sort of a simple loc. /n general, however, the connection is screwed or

flanged. (lange connections are the best, but also the most expensive. # flange has

to be welded to the pipe before machining. "he advantage is that the connection is bolted and always simple to remove. (or larger cylinder siDes, the disconnection of

a screw with a diameter of ;; to 3;; mm is a huge problem as well as the

alignment during mounting.

2.$.2(Piston ;od+(

"he piston rod is typically a hard chrome8plated piece of cold8

rolled steel which attaches to the piston and extends from the cylinder through the

rod8end head. /n double rod8end cylinders, the actuator has a rod extending from both sides of the piston and out both ends of the barrel. "he piston rod connects the

hydraulic actuator to the machine component doing the wor. "his connection can

be in the form of a machine thread or a mounting attachment, such as a rod8clevis

or rod8eye. "hese mounting attachments can be threaded or welded to the piston

rod or, in some cases, they are a machined part of the rod8end.

2.$.2.1+(Piston ;od Construction+( "he piston rod of an hydraulic cylinder

operates both inside and outside the barrel, and conse!uently both in and out of thehydraulic fluid and surrounding atmosphere.

2.$.2.1.1+(/etallic Coatings+(

4mooth and hard surfaces are desirable on the outer

diameter of the piston rod and slide rings for proper sealing. Corrosion resistance is

also advantageous. # chromium layer may often be applied on the outer surfaces of

these parts. owever, chromium layers may be porous, thereby attracting moisture

and eventually causing oxidation. /n harsh marine environments, the steel is often

treated with both a nicel layer and a chromium layer. &ften 1; to )2; micrometer

thic layers are applied. 4ometimes solid stainless steel rods are used. igh !uality

stainless steel such as #/4/ )3 may be used for low stress applications. &ther

stainless steels such as #/4/ 1) may also be used where there are higher stresses,

but lower corrosion concerns.

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2.$.2.1.2+(Cera#ic Coatings+( +ue to shortcomings of metallic materials,

ceramic coatings were developed. /nitially ceramic protection schemes seemed

ideal, but porosity was higher than projected. Recently the corrosion resistant semi

ceramic 'unac* coatings were introduced. "hese hard coatings are non porousand do not suffer from high brittleness.

2.$.2.1.$+(Length+( Piston rods are generally available in lengths which are cut

to suit the application. #s the common rods have a soft or mild steel core, their

ends can be welded or machined for a screw thread.

2.$.2.$+(>land ?End Ca'@+(

"he cylinder head is fitted with seals to prevent the

pressuriDed oil from leaing past the interface between the rod and the head. "his

area is called the rod gland. /t often has another seal called a rod wiper which

prevents contaminants from entering the cylinder when the extended rod retracts

bac into the cylinder. "he rod gland also has a rod wear ring. "his wear ring acts

as a liner bearing to support the weight of the piston rod and guides it as it passes

bac and forth through the rod gland. /n some cases, especially in small hydraulic

cylinders, the rod gland and the rod wear ring are made from a single integral

machined part.

C*apter 3Page no:2?


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Cal&ulation 9or

design

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CALCLATIONS+(

+istance the larger piston moves

+*H()K+)I(*

6here

() H force of the small piston, in pounds

+) H distance the small piston moves, in

inches

+* H distance the larger piston moves, in

inches

(* H force of the larger piston, in pounds

"he definition of fluid pressure is a force per unit area, or in

e!uation form,

P H ( I A

where P H pressure @NIm*, psiA,

( H force @N, lbf A, and

# H area @m*, in*A.

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T) %#ND #NNE" D#*METE" )% C+,#NDE" TU-E:'

p here P 0 total press$re

D 0 #nner diameter

p 0 or1ing press$re

2 34555 0 5.678 9 D 9 255

02555/5.6783255

D 0 4.6;

D 0 ;CM 0 ;5MM.

T) %#ND )UTE" D#*METE" )% C+,#NDE" TU-E:'

?e have already a e@$ation 0

?here 0 or1ing stress

P 0 or1ing press$re

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0 o$ter diameter of cylinder t$=e

0 inner diameter of cylinder t$=e

0 ?or1ing stress 0 A55/A0 4585 B&/CM

1050 = 300 ×

1A?AAAA3AAdo D1A?AAAA

>AAAAA

do 2>AAAAAE>


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062';5/

0;.8mm

DES#&N )% P#ST)N

?e 1no that cylinders inner diameter is e@$al to pistons o$ter diameter so piston o$ter

diameter is ;5mm . &enerally pistons are maded from M#,D STEE, SU#T*-,E

M*TE"#*,

DES#&N )% P#ST)N ")D

Material strength ENF 0 4685 1g/cm

255505.6783;53;534685

25550AFA88551g/mm

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Chapter 1

'/">R#"BR> R>/>6

LITE;AT;E ;EIE5

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/f the word hydraulics is understood to mean the use of water for the

benefit of manind, then its practice must be considered to be even older than

recorded history itself. "races of irrigation canals from prehistoric times still exist

in >gypt and Mesopotamia$ the Nile is nown to have been dammed at Memphis

some six thousand years ago to provide the necessary water supply, and the>uphrates River was diverted into the "igris even earlier for the same purpose.

#ncient wells still in existence reach to surprisingly great depths$ and underground

a!ueducts were bored considerable distances, even through bedroc. /n what is

now Paistan, houses were provided with ceramic conduits for water supply and

drainage some five thousand years ago$ and legend tells of vast flood8control

projects in China barely a millenium later. #ll of this clearly demonstrates that men

must have begun to deal with the flow of water countless millenia before these

times.

"hough both the art and the science of hydraulics treat of such flows,

they obviously differ significantly in time and substance. ydraulic practice

necessarily originated as an art, for the principles involved could be formulated

only after long experience with science in general and water in particular. owever

necessary the conduct of the art thus was to the eventual development of the

science, it is almost exclusively with the science of hydraulics that the present

article will deal. #s a matter of fact, the subiect matter of the traditional college

course in hydraulics 88 particularly as it was taught in the not8too8recent past 88

provides a framewor on which the history of the science can conveniently be

based.

4uch a course usually began with the topic of hydrostatics 88 the

characteristics of li!uids at rest. /nstructors then proceeded to the principle of

continuity @the conservation of fluid massA and a form of the wor8energy principle

nown as the


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fact that many such principles were first clarified by men lie /saac Newton whose

interests extended far beyond hydraulics itself.

"his scienceactually had its origins some two millenia ago in the

course of ?ree civiliDation. /t must be granted, however, that ?ree physics wasof such a hypothetical nature that with one exception it had little positive influence

in the millenia to follow. "he part that concerns us here is the then8prevailing belief

that the universe consists of four elements @fire, air, water, and earthA, that each is

displaced by the next in order of increasing weight, and that the space around us

must be occupied by one element or another. FNature,F in other words, Fabhors a

vacuum.F /n due time the concept of a fifth element, ether, came into being, for

want of something to fill outer space. "o the ?rees, the abhorrence of a vacuum

served to explain free flight, a body in motion presumedly being driven by the fluid

closing in behind. Enown as the medium theory of motion, this was one of the

teachings of #ristotle @918**


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must progress, his teachings eventually came to be crystalliDed, so to spea, and in

the time of 4aint "homas #!uinas @)**2851A, they were even adopted as gospel

truth by the church. /n the same period, on the other hand, researchers in the early

universities particularly Paris, &xford, and Cambridge gradually began to establish

simple mechanical relationships such as that between velocity and acceleration.

6hereas the ?rees tended to reason without recourse to observation,

it was the /talian genius 'eonardo da inci @)12*8)2):A who first emphasiDed the

direct study of nature in its many aspects. 'eonardo%s hydraulic observations

extended to the detailed characteristics of jets, waves, aud eddies, not to mention

the flight of birds and comparable facets of essential/y every other field of

nowledge. /n particular, it was 'eonardo who first correctly formulated the basic

principle of hvdraulics nown as continuity7 the velocity of flow varies inversely

with the cross8sectional area of a stream. Bnfortunately, not only were his copious

notes writteu in mirror image @probably for reasons of secrecyA, but, in addition,

most of them were lost for several centuries after his death. "hus his discoveries

had little effect on the growth of the science.

"he second essential coutribution to hydrostatics was made by the

+utch hydraulic engineer 4imon 4tevin @)2198)3*;A in )293, nearly two millenia

after the time of #rchimedes. 4tevin showed that the force exerted by a li!uid on

the base of a vessel is e!ual to the weight of a li!uid column extending from the base to the free surface. "hat this force does not depend on the shape of the vessel

became nown as the hydrostatic paradox.

/f 'eonardo was the first scientific observer of note, it was ?alileo

@)2318)31*A who added experimentation to observation, thereby throwing initial

light on the problem of gravitational acceleration. /n his study of the phenomenon,

he noted that a body sliding freely down an inclined plane attained a certain speed

after a certain vertical descent regardless of the slope$ it is said that he hence

advised an engineer that there was no point in eliminating river bends, as the

resulting increase in slope would have no effect 6hereas 'eonardo was a loner,

?allleo gathered a small school around him. &ne of his students, the #bbe


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younger colleague >vangelista "orricelli @)3;9815A applied his mentor%s analysis of

parabolic free8fall trajectories to the geometry of li!uid jets. "orricelli also

experimented with the li!uid barometer, the vacuum above the li!uid column being

comparable to the void that ?alileo found to develop in a pump whose suction pipe

exceeded a certain length$ in other words, nature abhorred a vacuum only up to acertain point

"he (rench scientist >dme Mariotte @)3*;891A is often called the

father of (rench hydraulics because of the breadth of his experimentation$ this

included such matters as wind and water pressure and the elasticity of the air, a

!uality which we usually associate with the name of the >nglishman Robert


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even conducted a variety of experiments on the resistance @due to fluid tenacity,

elasticity, want of lubricity, and inertiaA encountered by bodies in motion to prove

that nothing of the sort occurred in space. /n the course of these studies, he

formulated the speed of sound in air @except for the adiabatic constantA, the basis of

viscous shear, and the e!uation of what we now call form drag @except that hemistaenly considered shape itself to be of no importanceA. e also invented what

he termed the theory of fluxions, now nown as the calculus.

Newton%s ?erman contemporary ?ottfried 6ilhelm von 'eibniD

@)3138)5)3A conceived the principle of energy, though without the fraction one8

half in the inetic8energy term, and as a result his principle gave different results

from Newton%s momentum principle when used to describe the same phenomenon.

'eibniD also developed a form of the calculus, and his colleagues and Newton%s

soon began to accuse the other of plagiarism, a dispute which, though largely

unjustified, produced a considerable rift between the >nglish and the ?erman

scientists.

&ne of the earliest mathematicians to apply 'eibniD%s calculus @and

even to contribute some of the nomenclature still used todayA was the 4wiss -ohann


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and inetic terms, so too did the uler also deserved credit for a

number of e!uations of hydraulics and for inventing at least on paper a worable

hydraulic turbine. 6orthy of mention in the same breath as >uler and the


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through air for its drag determination was developed bv the >nglishman uler e!uations of

acceleration to include the flow of a viscous fluid. "hough he did not comprehend

the essential mechanism of viscous action, his results were mathematically correct.

"he same e!uations were developed with groater comprehension somewhat later

by the mathematician


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not only to the laminar phase of viscous flow bnt also to that nown as fluid

turbulence

/n the first half of the nineteenth century, the ?erman ?otthilf 'udwig

agen @)5:58)991A condncted in )9: some very meticu lous measurements of theflow of water in small8diameter tubes, utiliDing the water temperature instead of

the viscosity as one of the parameters. # few years later the (rench physician -ean

'ouis Poiseuille @)5::8)93:A repeated the experiments independently using even

liner tubes to simulate blood vessels, and oil and mercury in addition to water.

>xcept in ?ermany, the phenomenon is nown as Poiseuille flow, even though

neither Poiseuille nor agen really understood the mathematics of the

phenomenon. agen, however, had remared in an )921 paper that the flow was

not always laminar, the efflux jet sometimes being clear and sometimes frosty$

similarly, sawdust suspended in the water sometimes moved in straight lines and

sometimes very irregularly$ in the latter instances he noted that his resistance

e!uation no longer applied.

"hough countless contributors to hydraulic science of this period are

to be found in the ever8growing literature, only a few can be mentioned at this

point. "hese include the /talian ?iovanni ytelwein @)5318)919A and -ulius 6eisbach @)9;385)A./n

addition to nglishmen who lived in the latter part of the last century. &ne was the

Manchester professor &sborne Reynolds @)91*8):)*A, who in )95 also

experimented with flow through tubes, introducing the viscosity to form a

parameter maring the borderline between laminar and turbulent flow. now nown

as the Reynolds number. Reynolds also showed bv the injection of dye the

difference be tween the two states of motion, for which he is given the credit really

due agen for his wor *; years earlier.

6illiam (roude @)9);85:A was a somewhat older contemporary of Reynolds whose

interests lay in the field of naval architecture. (roude built himself a towing tan

on his own property and in part with his own funds, for the operation of which he

had formulated a similarity law for flows under the influence of gravity. "his law

has come to be nown under (roude%s name, although it had actually been

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announced at least *; years earlier by (erdinand Reech @)9;2 9;A, an #lsatian

teaching in a naval college at Paris. uler and d%#lembert, the practice was continued

by such e!ually famous men as 'agrange @)538)9)A, 'aplace @)51:8)9*5A,

elmholtD @)9*)8:1A, Eelvin @)9*18):;5A, and Rayleigh @)91*8):):A, as recorded

in the many editions of the treatise ydrodymimic by the Manchester professor

orace 'amb @)91:8):1A. owever, although presumably dealing with the same

fluids, the two subjects were far apart, for hydraulics still laced mathematical

rigor, and hydrodynamics, sufficient contact with reality. "hus, when human flight

became a lielihood, neither hydraulics nor hydrodynamics could provide a useful

scientific basis for the understanding of aerodynamic lift if not of drag.

(ortunately, a new science, the mechanics of fluids, came into being at

the hands of 'udwig Prandtl @)9528):2A, a ?erman mechanical engineer teachingat the Bniversity of ?ottingen. e reasoned as early as ):;1 that relative motion

between a fluid and a streamlined boundary could be analyDed in two parts7 a thin

layer at the boundary providing the viscous resistance to motion, and the fluid

outside the boundary layer providing, in accordance with the principles of

irrotational flow, the normal forces producing lift. Prandtl, and the many students

who passed through his hands, proceeded to formulate the essential principles of

airfoil and propeller operation. #t the same time, the general principles of fluid

mechanics became the basis of related fields, including hydraulics. /n fact, PaulRichard einrich


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Niuradse @)9:18):5:A experimented extensively on the resistance of rough pipes

as well as smooth.

>xcept for uropeans. #srecounted elsewhere , #merican hydraulicians gradually became aware of >nglish,

(rench, and eventually ?erman discoveries, utiliDing their coefficients and later

repeating and extending their experiments. urope under (reeman%s auspices were in positions

of responsibility. "heir experiments ranged from torpedo cavitation to ship drag,

from the diffusion of smoe and gas by wind to fog dispersal over airplane landing

fields, from the throw of fire streams to atmospheric turbulence.

(reeman%s indirectrole in advancing the science in #merica was

directly abetted by the influence of two naturaliDed immigrants,


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an extended translation of his 4t. Petersburg dissertation on open8channel flow. #

native ungarian, von Earmfin was one of Prandtl%s earliest doctoral students and

later a very productive professor at #achen, ?ermany$ with the rise of itler, he

migrated to Cal "eeh at Pasadena, and then to 6ashington as air force consultant

during the war$ he was the first to receive from President Eennedy the new National Medal of 4cience, and his autobiography "he 6ind and


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Chapter 2

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;E

FE;ENCES

05-C# 5#

"*ese are t*e sour&es 7uoted or parap*rased in t*is

publi&ation. 4onmilitary Publi&ations ydrauli&s. eere and Company ervi&e Publi&ations% Moline%

Illinois. 1@@>. Industrial ydrauli&s Manual. Fi&ers "raining Center%

-o&*ester ills% Mi&*igan. 1@@3.

0C5M#4" 4### "*ese do&uments must be available to t*e users o$ t*is

publi&ationG epartment o$ t*e !rmy 9orms ! 9orm 2A2?. -e&ommended C*anges to Publi&ations and

lan 9orms. 9ebruary 1@>

*ttp:HH.mar&ur.&omHydrauli&s2APd$H?A+??2Aydrauli&2A;a&s

2AMar&ur2Aydrauli&s.pd$

*ttp:HH.deri'&e.&omHdlHmanual.pd$

*ttp:HH.google.&o.inHJ7*ydrauli&D'a&Dpd$DBle6*len6sa$ea&tive6pr

mdimvns6eigK#">7sM$,rKeIa3K6start2A6sa46bavon.2%or.r

g&.rp.%&$.osb6$pA$A$A&@>136sa$ea&tive

*ttp:HH.redbo8tools.&om

Page no:>

http://www.marcur.com/Hydraulics%20Pdf/80-88%20Hydraulic%20Jacks%20Marcur%20Hydraulics.pdfhttp://www.marcur.com/Hydraulics%20Pdf/80-88%20Hydraulic%20Jacks%20Marcur%20Hydraulics.pdfhttp://www.derijcke.com/dl/manual.pdfhttp://www.google.co.in/#q=hydraulic+jack+pdf+file&hl=en&safe=active&prmd=imvns&ei=gQ4ET7qsM4fWrQeI_a3QDw&start=20&sa=N&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.,cf.osb&fp=40f04f0c97159462&biw=1152&bih=773&safe=activehttp://www.google.co.in/#q=hydraulic+jack+pdf+file&hl=en&safe=active&prmd=imvns&ei=gQ4ET7qsM4fWrQeI_a3QDw&start=20&sa=N&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.,cf.osb&fp=40f04f0c97159462&biw=1152&bih=773&safe=activehttp://www.google.co.in/#q=hydraulic+jack+pdf+file&hl=en&safe=active&prmd=imvns&ei=gQ4ET7qsM4fWrQeI_a3QDw&start=20&sa=N&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.,cf.osb&fp=40f04f0c97159462&biw=1152&bih=773&safe=activehttp://www.derijcke.com/dl/manual.pdfhttp://www.google.co.in/#q=hydraulic+jack+pdf+file&hl=en&safe=active&prmd=imvns&ei=gQ4ET7qsM4fWrQeI_a3QDw&start=20&sa=N&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.,cf.osb&fp=40f04f0c97159462&biw=1152&bih=773&safe=activehttp://www.google.co.in/#q=hydraulic+jack+pdf+file&hl=en&safe=active&prmd=imvns&ei=gQ4ET7qsM4fWrQeI_a3QDw&start=20&sa=N&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.,cf.osb&fp=40f04f0c97159462&biw=1152&bih=773&safe=activehttp://www.google.co.in/#q=hydraulic+jack+pdf+file&hl=en&safe=active&prmd=imvns&ei=gQ4ET7qsM4fWrQeI_a3QDw&start=20&sa=N&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.,cf.osb&fp=40f04f0c97159462&biw=1152&bih=773&safe=activehttp://www.marcur.com/Hydraulics%20Pdf/80-88%20Hydraulic%20Jacks%20Marcur%20Hydraulics.pdfhttp://www.marcur.com/Hydraulics%20Pdf/80-88%20Hydraulic%20Jacks%20Marcur%20Hydraulics.pdf


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