DESIGN DESIGN

OF AN ELECTRONIC DEVICE OF AN ELECTRONIC DEVICE

FORFOR

SURVEILLANCE OF DRY-EYE SURVEILLANCE OF DRY-EYE

PROBLEM IN SCREEN ADDICTSPROBLEM IN SCREEN ADDICTS

MOHAMMED WAQIALLA MOHAMMED WAQIALLA 9950270 9950270BASIM AHMED BASIM AHMED 9950729 9950729AHMAD AL-SHOMAR 0052131AHMAD AL-SHOMAR 0052131ALA’A ABDUL JABBAR 0051591ALA’A ABDUL JABBAR 0051591

Supervised bySupervised byDR. BAHATTİN KARAGÖZOĞLUDR. BAHATTİN KARAGÖZOĞLU

What is your choice ?What is your choice ?

A normal eye suffering from dry eye

Normal eye

The Five Building Blocks of the The Five Building Blocks of the Problem Solving Heuristic Problem Solving Heuristic

Problem Definition Problem Definition Generating SolutionsGenerating SolutionsDeciding the Course of Actions Deciding the Course of Actions Implementation of the Solution Implementation of the Solution Evaluation Evaluation

Problem Definition Problem Definition

Collecting and gathering the information Collecting and gathering the information and data and data

Talking with people familiar with problem Talking with people familiar with problem

What is dry eye ? What is dry eye ?

• Dry eye is the decline of the quantity of Dry eye is the decline of the quantity of

tears bathing the eye. tears bathing the eye.

• Tears flow into the eye from two separate Tears flow into the eye from two separate

glands. The lacrimal glands and the tarsal glands. The lacrimal glands and the tarsal

glands.glands.

Dry Eye Symptoms Dry Eye Symptoms

Itching Itching Burning Burning Irritation Irritation Redness Redness

Diagnosis of Dry EyeDiagnosis of Dry Eye

A dry-eye is often diagnosed with a dye A dry-eye is often diagnosed with a dye test or simple eye examination which test or simple eye examination which called the Schirmer Test.called the Schirmer Test.

Causes of Dry EyeCauses of Dry Eye

Dry eye may occur as a result of the following:Dry eye may occur as a result of the following: Absence of lacrimal glandAbsence of lacrimal gland Deep anesthesia Deep anesthesia Drugs and medications that reduce the tear Drugs and medications that reduce the tear

secretion secretion The insufficient lubrication in the eye which The insufficient lubrication in the eye which

cause as a result of the reduction in the normal cause as a result of the reduction in the normal rate of blinking during some activities which rate of blinking during some activities which need from the person to stare at something for a need from the person to stare at something for a long period of time like : reading, watching TV, long period of time like : reading, watching TV, or working on a computeror working on a computer

Problem DefinitionProblem Definition

The Daily Spent Time in Watching TV

25%

25%25%

25%

0 - 1 Hour

1 - 2 Hour

2 - 3 Hour

More

Doing All The Reading And Writing Work Using The Computer

70%

30%

YES

NO

Some Symptoms That Could Not Allow The Person To Complete Doing Some

Activities Like Reading, Watching TV And Using The Computer

35%

15%15%

35%HEADACHE

EYE BURNING

BOTH

I CONTINUE

Some Symptoms That Could Happen After Doing Activities Like Reading, Watching TV

And Using The Computer

20%

40%15%

25% Headache

Eye Burning

Both

Nothing

The Daily Spent Time in Reading Books and Mmagazines

50%

20%

15%

15%

0 - 1 Hour

1 - 2 Hour

2 - 3 Hour

More

The Daily Spent Time in Staying in Front of The Computer Screen

10%

40%30%

20%0 - 1 Hour

1 - 2 Hour

2 - 3 Hour

More

ExploringExploring the Problem the Problem

Problem Definition Problem Definition

Many users of computer Many users of computer suffer from Dry eye symptoms suffer from Dry eye symptoms as a result of there staring at as a result of there staring at the monitor during their workthe monitor during their work

protect the users of computer protect the users of computer from suffering these from suffering these

symptoms during their work symptoms during their work

Present state Desire state

Statement – Restatement TechniqueStatement – Restatement Technique

User suffer during their work in computer

User suffer from the staring at the monitor

User suffer because their eye are dry

User suffer because their normal rate of blinking decline

The aim of project The aim of project

protecting the users of the computer, protecting the users of the computer, specially the screen addicts, from suffering specially the screen addicts, from suffering the dry-eye syndrome during or after their the dry-eye syndrome during or after their working hours working hours

The Idea of project The Idea of project

when the eyes stare at an object such as a when the eyes stare at an object such as a book or a screen, the blink rate decreases book or a screen, the blink rate decreases below the normal rate. Therefore, by below the normal rate. Therefore, by keeping the rate of blinking at the normal keeping the rate of blinking at the normal level, we actually, reduce the period of level, we actually, reduce the period of staring, which means that obviating the staring, which means that obviating the happening of the dry-eye problems.happening of the dry-eye problems.

Generating Solutions Generating Solutions

Electromyogram (EMG)Electromyogram (EMG)Laser transmission and detectionLaser transmission and detectionMagnetic sensorsMagnetic sensorsVideo-based detectorsVideo-based detectors Infrared reflectionInfrared reflection

Electromyogram (EMG)Electromyogram (EMG)

Advantages of the technique Advantages of the technique include:include:

Determining exact timing of the Determining exact timing of the eyelid motion,eyelid motion,

Signal processing required is Signal processing required is not complicated,not complicated,

No eyeglass and/or a device No eyeglass and/or a device focusing on the eye are focusing on the eye are required.required.

Electromyogram (EMGElectromyogram (EMG((

Disadvantages can be counted as:Disadvantages can be counted as: Invasive (requires electrodes to be Invasive (requires electrodes to be

inserted into the tissue),inserted into the tissue), It can be applied only in a limited number It can be applied only in a limited number

of people in a research setting.of people in a research setting.

Laser transmission and detectionLaser transmission and detection

Disadvantages of this method are: Disadvantages of this method are: Risk of damaging the eye and,Risk of damaging the eye and,Skin acts as a depth diffuser leading to the Skin acts as a depth diffuser leading to the

possibility of erroneously detecting blood possibility of erroneously detecting blood flow under the skin. flow under the skin.

Magnetic sensorsMagnetic sensors

Advantages of this Advantages of this method are:method are:

Highly accurate and Highly accurate and reliable and,reliable and,

Sensitivity to the small Sensitivity to the small movements.movements.

Magnetic sensorsMagnetic sensors

Disadvantages such as:Disadvantages such as:Semi-invasive, Semi-invasive, Requires calibration and accurate Requires calibration and accurate

positioning of magnets, positioning of magnets, Expensive and Expensive and May interfere with other equipmentMay interfere with other equipment

Video-based detectorsVideo-based detectors

Advantages of this method can be stated as:Advantages of this method can be stated as: Non-invasive,Non-invasive, Equipment opens up allows for development of Equipment opens up allows for development of

further applications in the future,further applications in the future, Automatic calibration.Automatic calibration.

Video-based detectorsVideo-based detectors

Disadvantages of such as:Disadvantages of such as:The detector occupies slightly more space The detector occupies slightly more space

around the eyes than other methods,around the eyes than other methods,The speed of detection is limited by The speed of detection is limited by

equipment, andequipment, and It requires complicated signal processing.It requires complicated signal processing.

Infrared reflectionInfrared reflection

Advantages of this technique are:Advantages of this technique are: It is non-invasive and safe to operate,It is non-invasive and safe to operate, It can work under ambient light since the detection It can work under ambient light since the detection

is in the infrared region,is in the infrared region, Components needed for the development of the Components needed for the development of the

project are easily available,project are easily available, Electronic hardware and software, and mechanical Electronic hardware and software, and mechanical

implementations of components of the project are implementations of components of the project are within the capabilities of the team members.within the capabilities of the team members.

Infrared reflectionInfrared reflection

Disadvantages are:Disadvantages are: It requires a special eyeglass,It requires a special eyeglass, It needs careful adjustment of the IR It needs careful adjustment of the IR

transmitter-receiver pairs,transmitter-receiver pairs,The instrumented eyeglass may interfere The instrumented eyeglass may interfere

with the normal vision.with the normal vision.

Deciding the Course of Action Deciding the Course of Action

The requirement The requirement EMGEMG

LaserLaser

DetectorDetector

MagneticMagnetic

SensorsSensors

Video Video Based Based

DetectorDetector

Infrared Infrared reflection reflection

Does not affect Does not affect

the blinking itselfthe blinking itself √√ √√ xx √√ √√

Safe and convenienceSafe and convenience xx xx xx √√ √√

Synchronizing with theSynchronizing with the

speed of the blinkingspeed of the blinking √√ √√ √√ xx √√

Consisting of available Consisting of available and inexpensive and inexpensive

componentscomponents√√ √√ xx xx √√

Decision analyzes table for monitoring the dry-eye syndromeDecision analyzes table for monitoring the dry-eye syndrome

Implementation of the SolutionImplementation of the Solution

Detection Unit Detection Unit

The function of this block is the detection of the The function of this block is the detection of the eye blinks by sensing the differential of the eye blinks by sensing the differential of the amount of infrared reflected. The transmitter will amount of infrared reflected. The transmitter will be an infrared led and the receiver will be a be an infrared led and the receiver will be a photo-diode or a phototransistor. photo-diode or a phototransistor.

Tone signal generator

Signal Processing UnitSignal Processing Unit

Audio AmplifierThe The audio amplifieraudio amplifier (LM386) has control (LM386) has control

the gain with minimum external parts to the gain with minimum external parts to increase the gain to any value up to 200) increase the gain to any value up to 200)

AlsoAlso used as a comparator since the used as a comparator since the detection of the blink can be determined detection of the blink can be determined by comparing the variation of the reflected by comparing the variation of the reflected signal to a certain reference.signal to a certain reference.

Changing of this reference,Changing of this reference,

play an important role play an important role

in controlling the sensitivityin controlling the sensitivity

of the system of the system

Also using the optocoupler as a buffer between Also using the optocoupler as a buffer between the stages of our project, help us in reducing the stages of our project, help us in reducing the distortion in the original signal. Moreover, the distortion in the original signal. Moreover, the optocoupler increases the switching speed the optocoupler increases the switching speed due to two transistors as switches after the due to two transistors as switches after the rectification rectification

Analog to Digital Converter Analog to Digital Converter

we preferred using simple digital IC’s such we preferred using simple digital IC’s such as: NAND gates and decade counter to as: NAND gates and decade counter to convert our signal from analog to digitalconvert our signal from analog to digital

The conversion process consists from two stagesThe conversion process consists from two stages

The set stage :when the input analog signal is The set stage :when the input analog signal is (high) , the out put of the compensation of the (high) , the out put of the compensation of the NAND gates 1,2 and 3 is (low ), which leads to NAND gates 1,2 and 3 is (low ), which leads to enable the decade counter (7490) to start enable the decade counter (7490) to start counting. When the counter reaches to number counting. When the counter reaches to number 3, the two inputs for the NAND gate 4 are (high) 3, the two inputs for the NAND gate 4 are (high) which means the output is low. And in order to which means the output is low. And in order to drive the optocoupler 3 that controlling the drive the optocoupler 3 that controlling the wireless sending for the pulses that represent wireless sending for the pulses that represent the eye blinks, we use the NAND gate 6 as an the eye blinks, we use the NAND gate 6 as an inverter for the zero state of the signal.inverter for the zero state of the signal.

The reset stage : When the counter reaches to The reset stage : When the counter reaches to number 5, the two inputs for the NAND gate 5 are number 5, the two inputs for the NAND gate 5 are (high) and the output is (low), which leads to disable (high) and the output is (low), which leads to disable the decade counter (7490) and stop counting even if the decade counter (7490) and stop counting even if the input analog signal changes to (low) in order to the input analog signal changes to (low) in order to prepare the counter for receipting another high signalprepare the counter for receipting another high signal

After the analog signal has been converted to the After the analog signal has been converted to the

digital form, and since this digital Signal represents the digital form, and since this digital Signal represents the eye blinks, so that we can easily count them and eye blinks, so that we can easily count them and display the results using any type of display units. Also display the results using any type of display units. Also by interfacing the digital signal to the computer, the by interfacing the digital signal to the computer, the blinking of eyes can be monitored in order to prevent blinking of eyes can be monitored in order to prevent the dryness to take place during the work on the the dryness to take place during the work on the computer. computer.

Software programSoftware program

A program has been written in VISUAL A program has been written in VISUAL BASIC to receive, detect and count the BASIC to receive, detect and count the signals that sent by the wireless keyboard signals that sent by the wireless keyboard and which represent the eye blinks, the and which represent the eye blinks, the program also gives alarm to the user when program also gives alarm to the user when his blink rate drops below the normal rate his blink rate drops below the normal rate and shows him numbers of exercises for and shows him numbers of exercises for relaxing the eyes relaxing the eyes

EvaluationEvaluation

Problems and suggested solutionProblems and suggested solution

The problemThe problem Our suggested Our suggested solution solution

The resultThe result

The tone The tone generator for the generator for the

transmitter transmitter

Design and Design and implement the implement the

circuitcircuit

Cheap but It will Cheap but It will take a time (X)take a time (X)

Buy a tone Buy a tone generator kit generator kit

from the market from the market

Expensive but it Expensive but it will save our will save our time and it is time and it is reliable (√) reliable (√)

The problem The problem Our suggested Our suggested solution solution

The result The result

Making common

supply for the project

Design special Design special circuit for this circuit for this

purposepurpose

It will reduce the It will reduce the size and the cost size and the cost of the batteries of the batteries

but it will cause a but it will cause a conflict between conflict between some units in the some units in the

project (X)project (X)

Keep the Keep the different different suppliessupplies

The system will The system will works works

successfully but successfully but the size and the the size and the

cost of the cost of the project will project will increase (√)increase (√)

The problem The problem Our suggested Our suggested solution solution

The result The result

Choosing the suitable

place for the IR pair to detect the blink signal

Design a special glasses that contain the IR pair and provides a mechanical alignment

for the IR pair

The required martial for this design is not

available in the markets (X)

Buy a normal glasses and fix the IR pair

through it

The problem solved but the IR will

aligned manually so that we will face a difficulty to find the ideal position for

detection (√)

Physical CharacteristicsPhysical Characteristics

PerformancePerformance: : The performance of the system in The performance of the system in counting the number of eye blinks was very counting the number of eye blinks was very acceptable.acceptable.

Safety:Safety: The optical safety was taken in The optical safety was taken in consideration since we selected a harmless type of consideration since we selected a harmless type of infrared transmitter and receiver.infrared transmitter and receiver.

SizeSize: : It is a small box, which is portableIt is a small box, which is portable..WeightWeight: : The overall weight is around 1 kg so that The overall weight is around 1 kg so that

it is light enough to carry and use.it is light enough to carry and use.

MaterialsMaterials: : The outer casing is plastic. Electrical The outer casing is plastic. Electrical connections are through grade wires. The glasses connections are through grade wires. The glasses made of plastic which make it comfortable to wear.made of plastic which make it comfortable to wear.

Electrical Aspects of the DesignElectrical Aspects of the Design Accuracy and reliabilityAccuracy and reliability The device counts the eye blinks with an The device counts the eye blinks with an

accuracy of 2 % .accuracy of 2 % .There is 1% error in the counting result There is 1% error in the counting result

that displayed on the LCD and the one that displayed on the LCD and the one that displayed on the computer as a result that displayed on the computer as a result of the time delay that happens during the of the time delay that happens during the wireless connection.wireless connection.

PowerPower In order to be easy to change and replace In order to be easy to change and replace

the batteries that consist these sources the batteries that consist these sources which are: 9 volt DC for supplying the tone which are: 9 volt DC for supplying the tone generator circuit, 6 volt DC for supplying generator circuit, 6 volt DC for supplying the signal processing unit, 6 volt DC for the signal processing unit, 6 volt DC for supplying the microcontroller and the LCD supplying the microcontroller and the LCD and finally, 3 volt DC for supplying the and finally, 3 volt DC for supplying the wireless connection circuit. wireless connection circuit.

RecommendationRecommendation Glasses DesignGlasses Design We prefer to make the lenses of the our glasses antireflection in order We prefer to make the lenses of the our glasses antireflection in order

to protect the user from the rays that produced from the screen to protect the user from the rays that produced from the screen

Uniting the Sources of PowerUniting the Sources of Power The cost and size of this device will be reduced if some of the The cost and size of this device will be reduced if some of the

subsystems of the device are redesigned in order to eliminate the subsystems of the device are redesigned in order to eliminate the electrical conflict between them and make a source that can supply electrical conflict between them and make a source that can supply the power to the all sections of the device.the power to the all sections of the device.

Recommendations for Computer UsersRecommendations for Computer Users

It is preferable making most of the working on the computer- if it is It is preferable making most of the working on the computer- if it is possible- during the periods between the prays specially . possible- during the periods between the prays specially .