Design of a tomographic hard X-ray spectrometer for suprathermal electron studies with ECRH
1
S. Gnesin and S. Coda École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Centre de Recherches en Physique des Plasmas (CRPP) Association Euratom - Confédération Suisse, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland International Workshop on Burning Plasma Diagnostics Varenna, Italy, September 24-28 2007 Line of sight Upper spread border line Lower spread border line Collimator metal foil Detector Design of a tomographic hard X-ray spectrometer for suprathermal electron studies with ECRH Tomographic reconstruction and diagnostic validation Conclusions Overview of experimental results Proposed hard X-ray spectrometric system The ECCD and ECRH system in TCV Introduction and motivations Electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) and current drive (ECCD) [1], disruptive instability events and sawtooth activity have been demonstrated to produce suprathermal electrons in fusion devices[2]. The importance of these phenomena for fusion reactors renders suprathermal electron generation and dynamics a key topic in the physics of burning plasmas[3]. Here some significant results from the TCV tokamak[4] are briefly reviewed and a preliminary design of a novel tomographic hard X-ray spectrometer proposed for TCV is discussed. The design is aided by simulations of tomographic reconstruction. Spectrometer: main parameters Detectors[10]: CdTe (or CZT) Dimensions: 1mm X 1mm area X 2mm thickness Detector per camera : ~ 35-40 Number of cameras : from 2 to 9 (trade-off between benefits for tomographic reconstruction and costs) Collimator design: Divergent Soller collimator[11] with radial detector array Tungsten metal foil enables good photon stopping power with compact size. The design of the collimator aperture can be adjusted for each single detector in order to control the étendue and its relative line spread in the plasma region. The spatial resolution of the system is related to the typical chord separation in the plasma region that is ~2cm. The extreme compactness and flexibility of this design enable it to be adapted to other fusion devices. X2 heating: 6 steerable launchers Power : 0.5 MW each Frequency : 82.7 GHz Density limits : 4X10 19 m -3 Pulse length : 2s X3 heating: 1 upper steerable launcher Power: 1.5 MW (3 gyrotrons) Frequency: 118 GHz Density limits: 1.1X10 20 m -3 Pulse length : 2s TCV main parameters[4]: R =0.88m; a=0.23m; B0tor=1.45T; Ip<1MA; k≤3; -0.7≤δ ≤0.7 Local RF Power density achievable in TCV > 20 MW/m^3 RF field-particle resonance interaction (ECRH; ECCD) Suprathermal electron population is generated Bremsstrahlung emission (hard X-rays) due to electron-ion collisions. ECE emission due to the Larmor motion predominantly from suprathermals on HFS Fast electron broadening from transport observed in many ECRH discharges (resulting in ECCD profile broadening) [6] X2 generates suprathermal electrons and contributes to enhance the X3 power absorption [5] The HXR camera on loan from TORE SUPRA [8] Now definitively reclaimed Clearly evidenced the LFS-HFS asymmetry of the poloidal bremsstrahlung distribution (possibly related to trapped particles) Other diagnostics used: high-field-side electron cyclotron emission (ECE) radiometer [9] oblique ECE diamagnetic loop coil New diagnostics being installed: •Tangential HXR camera •Vertical ECE Tomography and poloidal mode number (m) m=0 axial symmetry (One camera) m=1 axial asymmetry (Two cameras) m=2 doublet structure (Three cameras) Camera #1 Tomographic reconstruction enables to visualize and determine quantitatively the detailed evolution of the 2D shape of the emitting structure in the plasma as a result of diffusion phenomena, instabilities or other perturbations as well as of ECRH and ECCD deposition. Spatial resolution : 2 cm Time resolution : down to 1 ms Energy resolution : ~ 5keV at 60keV of photon energy Energy range : 20-200 keV Compact and flexible camera design, wide coverage for plasmas at different vertical locations The power emitted by the plasma along the chord L(ρ,φ) is: , , 2 , cos cos (,) 4 i ap d ap dp da L A A dP gRzdL d The chord brightnes s: , i i L f g R zdL is independent of the particulars of detector area, aperture size, etc. and is therefore a convenient quantity to express chord-integrated data in. Δs toroid al Δs x Detect or (A d ) Collimato r Slit aperture (A ap ) L(ρ, φ) dΩ θ a,p d d,a θ d,p 1) 3D Geometric integration 2) Thin chord approximation 3) Pixel Grid and T matrix generation 4) Chord Signal integration Chord brightness [a.u.] 5) Tomographic inversion and reconstruction Several tomographic reconstructions have been performed in order to validate the camera performance in recovering the shape and the intensity of simulated 2D plasma emission patterns. The simulations indicate as expected an increasing in the quality of the tomographic reconstruction when cameras viewing the plasma from different directions are added. The tomographic algorithm that generates the reconstructed plasma emissivity uses the pixel grid method and the minimum Fisher information in order to condition the solution [12] Suprathermal density propagation in space after short ECCD pulses measured by HFS ECE [7] C1 C2 C3 C5 C4 C8 C6 C7 C9 Cameras 2,5 Cameras 1,2,3,4,,5 Simulated Emissivity m = 0 Cameras 1,4,5 Simulated Emissivity (C) Cameras 1,3,5 Cameras 1,2,4,5 Cameras 1,4,5 Cameras 2,5 Simulated Emissivity m =1 Cameras 1,2,3,4,5 Simulated Emissivity m =2 Cameras 1,4,5 Cameras 1,2,3,4,5 dL L i R y Plasma Integrated Measurements Local emissivity Inversion Methods (,) i L f gRzdl Detector (,) gRz z Suprathermal electron dynamics is a crucial element of ECRH physics and MHD phenomena important for fusion A high-resolution, spectroscopic, tomographic hard X- ray camera system is being designed for the TCV tokamak Simulations of tomographic reconstruction from varying postulated emissivity patterns underway to determine the best detector distribution and to optimize the reconstruction algorithm * F T g 1 * Np Nl Np Nl g T F Simulated Emissivity M=0 +m =2 + Gauss peak Cameras 1,4,5 Cameras 1,2,34,,5 [1].N. J. Fisch, Rev. Mod. Phys. 59, 175 (1987). [2].P. V. Savrukin et al, Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 48, B201 (2006). [3].R. J. La Haye et al, Nucl. Fusion 46, 451 (2006). [4].F. Hofmann et al, Plasma Phys. Conrol. Fusion 36, B277 (1994). [5].S. Coda et al, 28th EPS conference on Control. Fusion and Plasma Phy Funchal, 18-22 June 2001. ECA Vol.25A, 301 (2001). [6].S. Coda et al, Nucl. Fusion 43, 1361 (2003). [7].S. Coda et al, Plasma Phys. Conrol. Fusion 48, B359 (2006). [8].Y. Peysson, S. Coda, F. Imbeaux, Nucl. Inst. Meth. A 458, 269 (2001 [9]. I. Klimanov et al, Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 49, L1 (2007). [10].T. Takahashi and S. Watanabe, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 48, 950 (2001 [11].W. Soller, Phys. Rev. 24, 158 (1924). [12].M. Anton et al, Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion. 38, 1849 (1996). References:
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Camera #1. Tomography and poloidal mode number (m). TCV main parameters[4]: R =0.88m; a=0.23m; B 0tor =1.45T; Ip
Transcript of Design of a tomographic hard X-ray spectrometer for suprathermal electron studies with ECRH
S. Gnesin and S. Coda
École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Centre de Recherches en Physique des Plasmas (CRPP) Association Euratom - Confédération Suisse, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
International Workshop on Burning Plasma Diagnostics Varenna, Italy, September 24-28 2007
Line of sight
Upper spread border line
Lower spread borderline
Collimator metal foil
Detector
Design of a tomographic hard X-ray spectrometer for suprathermal electron studies with ECRH
Tomographic reconstruction and diagnostic validation
Conclusions
Overview of experimental results Proposed hard X-ray spectrometric system
The ECCD and ECRH system in TCVIntroduction and motivationsElectron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) and current drive (ECCD)[1], disruptive instability events and sawtooth activity have been demonstrated to produce suprathermal electrons in fusion devices[2]. The importance of these phenomena for fusion reactors renders suprathermal electron generation and dynamics a key topic in the physics of burning plasmas[3]. Here some significant results from the TCV tokamak[4] are briefly reviewed and a preliminary design of a novel tomographic hard X-ray spectrometer proposed for TCV is discussed. The design is aided by simulations of tomographic reconstruction.
Spectrometer: main parameters
Detectors[10]: CdTe (or CZT) Dimensions: 1mm X 1mm area X 2mm thickness
Detector per camera: ~ 35-40Number of cameras: from 2 to 9 (trade-off between benefits for tomographic reconstruction and costs)
Collimator design:Divergent Soller collimator[11] with radial detector array
Tungsten metal foil enables good photon stopping power withcompact size.
The design of the collimator aperture can be adjusted for each single detector in order to control the étendue and its relative line spread in the plasma region. The spatial resolution of the system is related to the typical chord separation in the plasma region that is ~2cm. The extreme compactness and flexibility of this design enable it to be adapted to other fusion devices.
X2 heating: 6 steerable launchers
Power: 0.5 MW eachFrequency: 82.7 GHzDensity limits: 4X1019 m-3
Pulse length: 2s
X3 heating: 1 upper steerable launcher
Power: 1.5 MW (3 gyrotrons)Frequency: 118 GHzDensity limits: 1.1X1020 m-3
Pulse length: 2s
TCV main parameters[4]: R =0.88m; a=0.23m; B0tor=1.45T; Ip<1MA;
k≤3; -0.7≤δ ≤0.7
Local RF Power density achievable in TCV > 20 MW/m^3
RF field-particle resonance interaction (ECRH; ECCD)
Suprathermal electron population is generated
Bremsstrahlung emission (hard X-rays) due to electron-ion collisions. ECE emission due to the Larmor motion predominantly from suprathermals on HFS
Fast electron broadening from transport observed in many ECRH discharges (resulting in ECCD profile broadening) [6]
X2 generates suprathermal electrons and contributes to enhance the X3 power absorption [5]
The HXR camera on loan from TORE SUPRA [8]Now definitively reclaimed Clearly evidenced the LFS-HFS asymmetry of the poloidal bremsstrahlung distribution (possibly related to trapped particles)
Other diagnostics used: high-field-side electron cyclotron emission
(ECE) radiometer [9] oblique ECE diamagnetic loop coil
New diagnostics being installed: •Tangential HXR camera•Vertical ECE
Tomography and poloidal mode number (m)
m=0 axial symmetry (One camera)
m=1 axial asymmetry (Two cameras)
m=2 doublet structure (Three cameras)
Camera #1
Tomographic reconstruction enables to visualize and determine quantitatively the detailed evolution of the 2D shape of the emitting structure in the plasma as a result of diffusion phenomena, instabilities or other perturbations as well as of ECRH and ECCD deposition.
Spatial resolution: 2 cmTime resolution: down to 1 msEnergy resolution: ~ 5keV at 60keV of photon energy Energy range: 20-200 keV
Compact and flexible camera design, wide coverage for plasmas at different vertical locations
The power emitted by the plasma along the chord L(ρ,φ) is:
, ,
2,
cos cos( , )
4i
ap d a p d p
d a L
A AdP g R z dL
d
The chord brightness:
,i
i
L
f g R z dLis independent of the particulars of detector area, aperture size, etc. and is therefore a convenient quantity to express chord-integrated data in.
Δstoroidal
Δsx
Detector(Ad)
CollimatorSlit aperture
(Aap)
L(ρ,φ)
dΩ
θa,p
dd,a
θd,p
1) 3D Geometric integration 2) Thin chord approximation 3) Pixel Grid and T matrix generation
4) Chord Signal integration
Chord brightness [a.u.]
5) Tomographic inversion and reconstruction
Several tomographic reconstructions have been performed in order to validate the camera performance in recovering the shape and the intensity of simulated 2D plasma emission patterns. The simulations indicate as expected an increasing in the quality of the tomographic reconstruction when cameras viewing the plasma from different directions are added.
The tomographic algorithm that generates the reconstructed plasma emissivity uses the pixel grid method and the minimum Fisher information in order to condition the solution [12]
Suprathermal density propagation in spaceafter short ECCD pulsesmeasured by HFS ECE[7]
C1 C2 C3
C5
C4
C8
C6
C7C9
Cameras 2,5 Cameras
1,2,3,4,,5
Simulated Emissivity
m = 0 Cameras 1,4,5
Simulated Emissivity
(C)
Cameras 1,3,5 Cameras
1,2,4,5
Cameras 1,4,5
Cameras 2,5
Simulated Emissivity
m =1 Cameras 1,2,3,4,5
Simulated Emissivity
m =2
Cameras 1,4,5 Cameras
1,2,3,4,5
dL
Li
R
y
Plasma
Integrated Measurements
Local emissivity
Inversion Methods
( , )i Lf g R z dlDetector
( , )g R z
z
Suprathermal electron dynamics is a crucial element of ECRH physics and MHD phenomena important for fusion
A high-resolution, spectroscopic, tomographic hard X-ray camera system is being designed for the TCV tokamak
Simulations of tomographic reconstruction from varying postulated emissivity patterns underway to determine the best detector distribution and to optimize the reconstruction algorithm
*F T g
1
*Np NlNp Nlg T F
Simulated EmissivityM=0 +m =2
+ Gauss peak
Cameras 1,4,5 Cameras
1,2,34,,5
[1].N. J. Fisch, Rev. Mod. Phys. 59, 175 (1987).[2].P. V. Savrukin et al, Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 48, B201 (2006). [3].R. J. La Haye et al, Nucl. Fusion 46, 451 (2006).[4].F. Hofmann et al, Plasma Phys. Conrol. Fusion 36, B277 (1994).[5].S. Coda et al, 28th EPS conference on Control. Fusion and Plasma Phys. Funchal, 18-22 June 2001. ECA Vol.25A, 301 (2001).[6].S. Coda et al, Nucl. Fusion 43, 1361 (2003).[7].S. Coda et al, Plasma Phys. Conrol. Fusion 48, B359 (2006).[8].Y. Peysson, S. Coda, F. Imbeaux, Nucl. Inst. Meth. A 458, 269 (2001).[9]. I. Klimanov et al, Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 49, L1 (2007). [10].T. Takahashi and S. Watanabe, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 48, 950 (2001). [11].W. Soller, Phys. Rev. 24, 158 (1924).[12].M. Anton et al, Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion. 38, 1849 (1996).
References:
