Design for Reliability in Renewable Energy...
Transcript of Design for Reliability in Renewable Energy...
![Page 1: Design for Reliability in Renewable Energy Systemmarcorivera.cl/newtonpicarte/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/... · 2018-05-08 · Acknowledgments: Design for Reliability in Renewable](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042020/5e77a035d38b39160166b8b0/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Acknowledgments:
Design for Reliability in Renewable Energy
System
Frede Blaabjerg
Center of Reliable Power Electronics (CORPE)
Aalborg University, Denmark
www.corpe.et.aau.dk
![Page 2: Design for Reliability in Renewable Energy Systemmarcorivera.cl/newtonpicarte/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/... · 2018-05-08 · Acknowledgments: Design for Reliability in Renewable](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042020/5e77a035d38b39160166b8b0/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
| 12.01.2017 | SLIDECENTER OF RELIABLE POWER ELECTRONICS, AALBORG UNIVERSITY 2
• Towards Reliable Power Electronics
• Design Tool for Reliability of Power Electronic Systems
• Future Research Opportunities in Reliability of Power Electronics
• Summary
Outline
Design for Reliability in Renewable Energy
System
![Page 3: Design for Reliability in Renewable Energy Systemmarcorivera.cl/newtonpicarte/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/... · 2018-05-08 · Acknowledgments: Design for Reliability in Renewable](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042020/5e77a035d38b39160166b8b0/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
| 12.01.2017 | SLIDECENTER OF RELIABLE POWER ELECTRONICS, AALBORG UNIVERSITY 3
Aalborg University, Denmark
PBL-Aalborg Model Project-organized and
problem-based
Inaugurated in 1974
22,000+ students
2,500+ faculty
![Page 4: Design for Reliability in Renewable Energy Systemmarcorivera.cl/newtonpicarte/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/... · 2018-05-08 · Acknowledgments: Design for Reliability in Renewable](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042020/5e77a035d38b39160166b8b0/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
| 12.01.2017 | SLIDECENTER OF RELIABLE POWER ELECTRONICS, AALBORG UNIVERSITY 4 4
Renewable Electricity in Denmark
Proportion of renewable electricity in Denmark (*target value)
Key figures 2011 2015 2025 2035
Wind share of net generation in year 29.4% 51.0% 58%*
Wind share of consumption in year 28.3% 42.0% 60%*
RE share of net generation in year 41.1% 66.9% 82%* 100%*
RE share of net consumption in year 39.5% 55.2%
2015 RE Electricity Gener. in DK
2015 RE-Share
67%
Energinet.dk, Electricity Generation, http://www.energinet.dk/EN/KLIMA-OG-MILJOE/Miljoerapportering/Elproduktion-i-
Danmark/Sider/Elproduktion-i-Danmark.aspx
![Page 5: Design for Reliability in Renewable Energy Systemmarcorivera.cl/newtonpicarte/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/... · 2018-05-08 · Acknowledgments: Design for Reliability in Renewable](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042020/5e77a035d38b39160166b8b0/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
| 12.01.2017 | SLIDECENTER OF RELIABLE POWER ELECTRONICS, AALBORG UNIVERSITY 5
Very High Coverage of Distributed GenerationEnerginet.dk, Electricity Generation, http://www.energinet.dk/EN/KLIMA-OG-MILJOE/Miljoerapportering/Elproduktion-i-
Danmark/Sider/Elproduktion-i-Danmark.aspx
Energy and Power Challenge in Denmark
![Page 6: Design for Reliability in Renewable Energy Systemmarcorivera.cl/newtonpicarte/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/... · 2018-05-08 · Acknowledgments: Design for Reliability in Renewable](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042020/5e77a035d38b39160166b8b0/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
| 12.01.2017 | SLIDECENTER OF RELIABLE POWER ELECTRONICS, AALBORG UNIVERSITY 6
Towards Reliable Power Electronics
Motivations, field experiences and challenges
Ongoing paradigm shift in reliability research
Design for reliability concept
![Page 7: Design for Reliability in Renewable Energy Systemmarcorivera.cl/newtonpicarte/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/... · 2018-05-08 · Acknowledgments: Design for Reliability in Renewable](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042020/5e77a035d38b39160166b8b0/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
| 12.01.2017 | SLIDECENTER OF RELIABLE POWER ELECTRONICS, AALBORG UNIVERSITY 7
Motivation for More Reliable Product Design
Reduce costs by
improving reliability upfront
Source: DfR Solutions, Designing reliability in electronics, CORPE Workshop, 2012.
![Page 8: Design for Reliability in Renewable Energy Systemmarcorivera.cl/newtonpicarte/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/... · 2018-05-08 · Acknowledgments: Design for Reliability in Renewable](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042020/5e77a035d38b39160166b8b0/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
| 12.01.2017 | SLIDECENTER OF RELIABLE POWER ELECTRONICS, AALBORG UNIVERSITY 8
Field Experience Examples 1/35 Years of Field Experience of a 3.5 MW PV Plant
Data source: Moore, L. M. and H. N. Post, "Five years of operating experience at a large, utility-scale
photovoltaic generating plant," Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 16(3): 249-259, 2008
PV Inverter
37%
PV Panel
15%
Junction
Box
12%
System
8%
ACD
21%
DAS
7%
PV Inverter
59%
PV P
anel
6%System 6%
ACD
12%
DAS
14%
Unscheduled maintenance events by subsystem. Unscheduled maintenance costs by subsystem.
(ACD: AC Disconnects, DAS: Data Acquisition Systems)
![Page 9: Design for Reliability in Renewable Energy Systemmarcorivera.cl/newtonpicarte/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/... · 2018-05-08 · Acknowledgments: Design for Reliability in Renewable](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042020/5e77a035d38b39160166b8b0/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
| 12.01.2017 | SLIDECENTER OF RELIABLE POWER ELECTRONICS, AALBORG UNIVERSITY 9
Field Experience Examples 2/3Failure frequency of different components in PV systems
Data source: PV System Reliability — An owner’s perspective” SunEdison 2012
Failure frequency and energy impact Example of failure rate of PV inverter (string
inverter) in field operation
Data source: Greentech Media Webinar “How to Reduce Risk in Commercial Solar,” July 2015
![Page 10: Design for Reliability in Renewable Energy Systemmarcorivera.cl/newtonpicarte/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/... · 2018-05-08 · Acknowledgments: Design for Reliability in Renewable](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042020/5e77a035d38b39160166b8b0/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
| 12.01.2017 | SLIDECENTER OF RELIABLE POWER ELECTRONICS, AALBORG UNIVERSITY 10
Field Experience Examples 3/3
350 onshore wind turbines in varying length of time (35,000 downtime events)
Power converter
13%
Pitch System
21.3%
Yaw
Syste
m
11.3
%
Gear b
ox 5
.1%
Others 49.3%
Power converter
18.4%
Pitch System
23.3%
Yaw
Syste
m 7
.3%
Gear b
ox 4
.7%
Others 51%
Contribution of subsystems and assemblies
to the overall failure rate of wind turbines.
Contribution of subsystems and assemblies
to the overall downtime of wind turbines.
Data source: Reliawind, Report on Wind Turbine Reliability Profiles – Field Data Reliability Analysis, 2011.
![Page 11: Design for Reliability in Renewable Energy Systemmarcorivera.cl/newtonpicarte/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/... · 2018-05-08 · Acknowledgments: Design for Reliability in Renewable](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042020/5e77a035d38b39160166b8b0/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
| 12.01.2017 | SLIDECENTER OF RELIABLE POWER ELECTRONICS, AALBORG UNIVERSITY 11
Availability Impact on Cost-of-Energy (COE)
(source: MAKE Consulting A/S)
CAPEX OPECOE
X
AEP
CAPEX – Capital cost
OPEX – Operation and maintenance cost
AEP – Annual energy production
Lower downtime
Lower OPEX and higher AEP
Higher reliability and better maintenance
Lower COE
![Page 12: Design for Reliability in Renewable Energy Systemmarcorivera.cl/newtonpicarte/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/... · 2018-05-08 · Acknowledgments: Design for Reliability in Renewable](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042020/5e77a035d38b39160166b8b0/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
| 12.01.2017 | SLIDECENTER OF RELIABLE POWER ELECTRONICS, AALBORG UNIVERSITY 12
The Reliability Challenges in Industry
Customer
expectations
Replacement if
failure
Years of warranty
Low risk of
failure
Request for
maintenance
Peace of mind
Predictive maintenance
Reliability target Affordable returns
(%) Low return rates ppm return rates
R&D approach Reliability test
Avoid catastrophes
Robustness
tests
Improve weakest
components
Design for reliability
Balance with field load
R&D key tools Product operating tests Testing at the
limits
Understanding failure
mechanisms, field load,
root cause, …
Multi-domain simulation
…
Past Present Future
Reliability at CONSTRAINED cost is a challenge
![Page 13: Design for Reliability in Renewable Energy Systemmarcorivera.cl/newtonpicarte/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/... · 2018-05-08 · Acknowledgments: Design for Reliability in Renewable](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042020/5e77a035d38b39160166b8b0/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
| 12.01.2017 | SLIDECENTER OF RELIABLE POWER ELECTRONICS, AALBORG UNIVERSITY 13
Lifetime Targets in Power Electronics Intensive
Applications
Applications Typical design target of Lifetime
Aircraft 24 years (100,000 hours flight operation)
Automotive 15 years (10,000 operating hours, 300, 000 km)
Industry motor drives 5-20 years (60,000 hours in at full load)
Railway 20-30 years (73,000 hours to 110,000 hours)
Wind turbines 20 years (120,000 hours)
Photovoltaic plants 30 years (90,000 hours to 130,000 hours)
![Page 14: Design for Reliability in Renewable Energy Systemmarcorivera.cl/newtonpicarte/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/... · 2018-05-08 · Acknowledgments: Design for Reliability in Renewable](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042020/5e77a035d38b39160166b8b0/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
| 12.01.2017 | SLIDECENTER OF RELIABLE POWER ELECTRONICS, AALBORG UNIVERSITY 14
Stress-Strength AnalysisThe essence of reliability engineering is to prevent the creation of failure
Stress or strength
Fre
qu
en
cy o
f o
ccu
ran
ce
Load distribution L Strength distribution S
Time
in ser
vice
Ideal case without
degradation
Ideal case without
degradation
Strength
degradation
with time
Failure
End-of-life
(with certain
failure rate
criterion)Failure
Extreme
load
Nominal
load
Stress analysis; Strength analysis
Stress control; Strength derating
Design at end-of-life; Consider the variations
![Page 15: Design for Reliability in Renewable Energy Systemmarcorivera.cl/newtonpicarte/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/... · 2018-05-08 · Acknowledgments: Design for Reliability in Renewable](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042020/5e77a035d38b39160166b8b0/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
| 12.01.2017 | SLIDECENTER OF RELIABLE POWER ELECTRONICS, AALBORG UNIVERSITY 15
Focus Points Matrix (FPM) of Stressors Influencing
Reliability
Load Focus points
Climate + Design => StressorActive power
components
Passive
power
components
Control circuitry, IC, PCB, connectors…
AmbientProduct
designStressors Die LASJ
Wire-
bond Cap. Ind.
Solder
JointMLCC IC PCB Connectors
Relative
humidity
-RH(t)
Temperature
-T(t)
-thermal
system
-operation
point
-ON/OFF
-power
P(t)
Temperature
swing ΔTX X X X
Average
Temperature
T
X X X X X X x x x
dT/dt x x x x
Water X X x
Relative
Humidityx x x X x x x X X x
Pollution Tightness Pollution x x
Mains Circuit Voltage x x x X X x x x x
Cosmic Circuit Voltage x
Mounting MechanicalChock
/vibrationx x x x x x
LASJ - Large Area Solder Joint, MLCC - Multi-Layer Ceramic Capacitor, IC- Integrated Circuit, PCB – Printed Circuit Board, Cap. - Capacitor,
Ind. - Inductor, Level of importance (from high to low): X-X-X-x
![Page 16: Design for Reliability in Renewable Energy Systemmarcorivera.cl/newtonpicarte/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/... · 2018-05-08 · Acknowledgments: Design for Reliability in Renewable](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042020/5e77a035d38b39160166b8b0/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
| 12.01.2017 | SLIDECENTER OF RELIABLE POWER ELECTRONICS, AALBORG UNIVERSITY 16
The Scope of Reliability of Power ElectronicsA multi-disciplinary research area
Analytical
Physics
Power
Electronics
Reliability
Physics-of-failure
Componentphysics
Paradigm Shift► From components to failure mechanisms
► From constant failure rate to failure level with time
► From reliability prediction to also robustness validation
► From microelectronics to also power electronics
![Page 17: Design for Reliability in Renewable Energy Systemmarcorivera.cl/newtonpicarte/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/... · 2018-05-08 · Acknowledgments: Design for Reliability in Renewable](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042020/5e77a035d38b39160166b8b0/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
| 12.01.2017 | SLIDECENTER OF RELIABLE POWER ELECTRONICS, AALBORG UNIVERSITY 17
From Components to Failure Mechanisms
Physics-of-Failure (PoF) Approach
PoF could be applied in power electronic systems based on
► the impact of circuit topologies, control schemes, system configurations
and mission profile (therefore, life-cycle stresses of components)
► the materials at potential failure sites in power electronic components
► root-cause failure mechanisms of power electronic components
A formalized and structured approach to root cause failure analysis that
focuses on total learning and not only fixing a current problem.
Deterministic Science
+ Probabilistic Variation Theory
Formally conceptualized in 1962
![Page 18: Design for Reliability in Renewable Energy Systemmarcorivera.cl/newtonpicarte/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/... · 2018-05-08 · Acknowledgments: Design for Reliability in Renewable](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042020/5e77a035d38b39160166b8b0/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
| 12.01.2017 | SLIDECENTER OF RELIABLE POWER ELECTRONICS, AALBORG UNIVERSITY 18
From Constant Failure Rate to Failure Level with Time
Concerns on MTTF and MTBF
MTTF (or MTBF) = 1/λ
MTTF – Mean Time To Failure (for non-repairable items)
MTBF – Mean Time Between Failure (for repairable items)
Assumptions (Limitations)
Constant failure rate (exponential distribution)
Wear out does not appear before the items fail.
The assumptions are INVALID for most modern components and systems.
Why they were used? At the early stage of electronic components (e.g., 1960s, 1970s), they have relatively
much shorter service life due to the “random” failure during the useful life, MTTF and
MTBF somehow valid. This is no longer valid with the improvement of materials, design
and manufacture process control of most modern components and systems.
These terms might mislead you to wrong conclusions!
And the problem is that many universities and some companies still are using these terms
(λ is the failure rate)
Time in operation
Fa
ilure
ra
te λ
(t) Early failure
Random failure
Wear-out failure
Total
β <1
β =1
β >1
![Page 19: Design for Reliability in Renewable Energy Systemmarcorivera.cl/newtonpicarte/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/... · 2018-05-08 · Acknowledgments: Design for Reliability in Renewable](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042020/5e77a035d38b39160166b8b0/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
| 12.01.2017 | SLIDECENTER OF RELIABLE POWER ELECTRONICS, AALBORG UNIVERSITY 19
Component-level to System-level Reliability
System reliability
metrics
· Reliability/
unreliability
· Failure rate
· Warranty period
· Bx lifetime
· Lifecycle
· Cost
· …
Reliability of
component A
Weibull (β,η)
Reliability of
component B
Normal (µ ,σ)
Reliability of
component C
Exponential (λ)
Reliability of
component D
Lognormal (µ ,σ)
Mission profile
Converter design
0.9
450 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,00000
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
Operation time (hour)
Re
lia
bilit
y
DC/DC converter
BoP
FC stack
FC system
Data source: S. Lee, D. Zhou, and H. Wang, "Reliability assessment of fuel cell system - A framework for
quantitative approach," in Proc. of ECCE 2016, pp. 1-5, 2016.
From Constant Failure Rate to Failure Level with Time
![Page 20: Design for Reliability in Renewable Energy Systemmarcorivera.cl/newtonpicarte/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/... · 2018-05-08 · Acknowledgments: Design for Reliability in Renewable](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042020/5e77a035d38b39160166b8b0/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
| 12.01.2017 | SLIDECENTER OF RELIABLE POWER ELECTRONICS, AALBORG UNIVERSITY 20
Reliability-Oriented Product Development Process
Design
?Concept
· Mission profile
· Topology and system
architecture
· Risk assessment
(e.g. new technology,
new components)
· Existing database
Validation
· System level
functionality testing
· CALT
· HALT
· MEOST
· Robustness
validation
Production
· Process control
· Process FMEA
· Screening testing
(e.g. HASS)
Release
· Customer usage
· Condition monitoring
· Field data
· Root cause analysis
data
· Corrective action
data
(HALT – Highly Accelerated Limit Testing, CALT – Calibrated Accelerated lifetime testing, MEOST – Multi Environment Overstress Testing,
FMEA – Failure Mode and Effect Analysis, HASS – Highly Accelerated Stress Screening)
(Source: PV Powered Inc.)
How to design for power electronic systems?
![Page 21: Design for Reliability in Renewable Energy Systemmarcorivera.cl/newtonpicarte/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/... · 2018-05-08 · Acknowledgments: Design for Reliability in Renewable](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042020/5e77a035d38b39160166b8b0/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
| 12.01.2017 | SLIDECENTER OF RELIABLE POWER ELECTRONICS, AALBORG UNIVERSITY 21
Mission Profile
Severe user of a carSource: www.nairaland.com
New European Driving Cycle (NEDC)
The Mission Profile is a representation of all relevant conditions an considered
item will be exposed to in all of its intended applications throughout its entire
life cycle.
![Page 22: Design for Reliability in Renewable Energy Systemmarcorivera.cl/newtonpicarte/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/... · 2018-05-08 · Acknowledgments: Design for Reliability in Renewable](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042020/5e77a035d38b39160166b8b0/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
| 12.01.2017 | SLIDECENTER OF RELIABLE POWER ELECTRONICS, AALBORG UNIVERSITY 22
Mission Profiles in Grid-Connected Renewable
Energy Systems
PV or Wind Electric grid
Power Electronics enable efficient conversion
and flexible control of electrical energy
0
25
75
90
100
150 500 750 1000 1500
Voltage(%)
Time (ms)
DenmarkSpain
Germany
US
Keep connected
above the curves
Grid codes
Grid voltages
Grid faults
Solar irradiance
Wind speed
TemperatureHighly dynamic stresses on
component level
![Page 23: Design for Reliability in Renewable Energy Systemmarcorivera.cl/newtonpicarte/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/... · 2018-05-08 · Acknowledgments: Design for Reliability in Renewable](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042020/5e77a035d38b39160166b8b0/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
| 12.01.2017 | SLIDECENTER OF RELIABLE POWER ELECTRONICS, AALBORG UNIVERSITY 23
Design Tool for Reliability of
Power Electronic Systems
Generic flow chart for reliability analysis of power electronic systems
A developed design tool for mission profile based lifetime prediction
Application examples – Wind/PV power converter
![Page 24: Design for Reliability in Renewable Energy Systemmarcorivera.cl/newtonpicarte/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/... · 2018-05-08 · Acknowledgments: Design for Reliability in Renewable](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042020/5e77a035d38b39160166b8b0/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
| 12.01.2017 | SLIDECENTER OF RELIABLE POWER ELECTRONICS, AALBORG UNIVERSITY 24
Example - Mission Profile Based Analysis Approach
TjPtot (S)
Ptot (D)
TcTh
Ta
ZthS (j-c)
ZthD (j-c)
Zth (c-h)Zth (h-a)
Rth1 Rth2 Rth3 Rth4
Tj Tc
C2 C3 C4
Zth(j-c)
C1
Foster Model
S1 D1S3 D3
S2 D2S4 D4
vpv vinv
DC
-Byp
ass S
witch
es
AC
-Byp
ass S
witch
es
Thermal Model Electrical Model
Evaluation
Lifetime
Estimation
Energy
Production
Thermal Behavior
(Tjmax,ΔTj)
System Model
Output
Electrical Performance
(Ptot,η)
Mission Profiles
Ambient
Temperature
Solar
Irradiance
Losses
Mission profile based multi-disciplinary analysis
approach for single-phase PV transformerless inverters.
![Page 25: Design for Reliability in Renewable Energy Systemmarcorivera.cl/newtonpicarte/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/... · 2018-05-08 · Acknowledgments: Design for Reliability in Renewable](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042020/5e77a035d38b39160166b8b0/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
| 12.01.2017 | SLIDECENTER OF RELIABLE POWER ELECTRONICS, AALBORG UNIVERSITY 25
Reliability/unreliability vs. time
Thermal loading of IGBT chips
Fre
qu
en
cy o
f o
ccu
ran
ce
Stress
variationStrength
variation
Designed
Stress
Designed
Strength
Failures !
Rain flow counting of thermal cyclesRelation of stress, strength, failures
Translate mission profile to device loading
Critical components in Power electronics
Accelerated test of IGBT
Identification
Stress Analysis
· Mission profile translation
· Multi-physics stress
· Multi-time scales stress
Strength Modeling
Reliability Mapping
· Critical components
· Failure mehanisms
· Major stress & strength
· Component-based
· Accelerated/Limit test
· Degradation model
· Stress organization
· Variation & statistics
· Multi-components system
Reliability Metrics
· Thermal loading
· Voltage/current stress
· Stress margin
Direct
· Bx lifetime
· Robustness
· Reliability/unreliability
Indirect
Key Aspects in Reliability Analysis
![Page 26: Design for Reliability in Renewable Energy Systemmarcorivera.cl/newtonpicarte/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/... · 2018-05-08 · Acknowledgments: Design for Reliability in Renewable](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042020/5e77a035d38b39160166b8b0/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
| 12.01.2017 | SLIDECENTER OF RELIABLE POWER ELECTRONICS, AALBORG UNIVERSITY 26
Main Disturbances for Thermal
Cycles
► Wide spread time scales !
► Hard to model and predict.
Enviromental
day hour min sec ms µs
Mechanical
Wind
Temp. / Wind
SwitchingControl Grid
Turbine
Electrical
Time scale
Main disturber
Ambient temperature,
Wind speed variation
Wind variation,
MPPT
Control,
Grid
Device
switching
Generator
![Page 27: Design for Reliability in Renewable Energy Systemmarcorivera.cl/newtonpicarte/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/... · 2018-05-08 · Acknowledgments: Design for Reliability in Renewable](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042020/5e77a035d38b39160166b8b0/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
| 12.01.2017 | SLIDECENTER OF RELIABLE POWER ELECTRONICS, AALBORG UNIVERSITY 27
2L converter
690 Vrms
Filter
2L converter
Grid
1.1 kVDC
IGBT
Wind turbine
Generator
Circuit level (ms - s)
· Electrical variance
· Switching dynamics
· Detail circuit model
· Fast thermal dynamics
System level (s-h)
· Mechanical variance
· Control dynamics
· Ts averaged model
· Slow thermal dynamics
Enviroment level (day-year)
· Enviromental variance
· Steady state
· Analytical model
· No thermal dynamics
Converter
System
Converter environment
Circuit and control
Concept of Multi-Time Scales Converter Modelling
LCL Filter
Grid
Zg
MPPT
Control
Wind
Inverter
Control
+-
+-
dinverter
Mechanics
Control and mechanics
![Page 28: Design for Reliability in Renewable Energy Systemmarcorivera.cl/newtonpicarte/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/... · 2018-05-08 · Acknowledgments: Design for Reliability in Renewable](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042020/5e77a035d38b39160166b8b0/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
| 12.01.2017 | SLIDECENTER OF RELIABLE POWER ELECTRONICS, AALBORG UNIVERSITY 28
ConverterControlThermal
impedance
Tambient
++
IdcQ*
Electr.
param.Duty
ratioDevice
Temp.pLoss ΔT
Control & Electrical models Loss & Thermal models
feedback feedback
Loss
Vdc*
General Structure for Thermal Analysis of PE System
►Mismatched time constants.
►Thermal modelling instead of monitoring.
►Multi-domains models need to be accurate.
►Multi-disturbances related to mission profiles.
Filter
Grid
Zg
Control
PWM
idc
DC link
vdc iabcvabc
Typical grid-connected converter system
Signal flow for the thermal information of device
![Page 29: Design for Reliability in Renewable Energy Systemmarcorivera.cl/newtonpicarte/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/... · 2018-05-08 · Acknowledgments: Design for Reliability in Renewable](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042020/5e77a035d38b39160166b8b0/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
| 12.01.2017 | SLIDECENTER OF RELIABLE POWER ELECTRONICS, AALBORG UNIVERSITY 29
A MATLAB Tool for Lifetime Evaluation
► User specified mission profiles inputs
► Wind power, solar PV and motor drive applications
► Outputs: accumulated damage and lifetime (e.g., B10 lifetime)
Key features
![Page 30: Design for Reliability in Renewable Energy Systemmarcorivera.cl/newtonpicarte/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/... · 2018-05-08 · Acknowledgments: Design for Reliability in Renewable](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042020/5e77a035d38b39160166b8b0/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
| 12.01.2017 | SLIDECENTER OF RELIABLE POWER ELECTRONICS, AALBORG UNIVERSITY 30
Examples by Using the Tools – Mission Profiles
Damage built in 1 year
1 year Wind speed recorded at Thyboron wind farm A typical ClassIA wind speed variation in 60 hours
Damage built in 60 hours
![Page 31: Design for Reliability in Renewable Energy Systemmarcorivera.cl/newtonpicarte/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/... · 2018-05-08 · Acknowledgments: Design for Reliability in Renewable](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042020/5e77a035d38b39160166b8b0/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
| 12.01.2017 | SLIDECENTER OF RELIABLE POWER ELECTRONICS, AALBORG UNIVERSITY 31
Cooling behavior of heat sink during the shut down of wind turbines
Reduce to ambient temperature.
Maintain to constant temperature.
Examples by Using the Tools – Cooling Strategy
![Page 32: Design for Reliability in Renewable Energy Systemmarcorivera.cl/newtonpicarte/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/... · 2018-05-08 · Acknowledgments: Design for Reliability in Renewable](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042020/5e77a035d38b39160166b8b0/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
| 12.01.2017 | SLIDECENTER OF RELIABLE POWER ELECTRONICS, AALBORG UNIVERSITY 32
Case Study – 6 kW Single-phase PV System
ipv vdc vg
ig
PV InverterLCL-filter
vdcPWMinv
Grid
Zg
Load*
Cdc
PV Arrays
Linv Lg
Cf
vdc
MPPT
Algorithm
C
Inverter
Control
S1
S2
S3
S4
Mis
sio
n p
rofi
le
PV model MPPT
PV inverter
Mission profile translation
Ploss
Tj
C
Thermal domainElectrical domain
Cycle countingLifetime model
Monte Carlo
simulation
Reliability
block diagram
Fn(t)
Damage calculation
Reliability assessment
Tjm
dTj
Bx
Thermal model
Ambient temp.
Tj
Model
parameters
Component-level System-level
Damage
Fsys(t)
Topology & Reliability Assessment Flowchart
► Single power stage of H-bridge
► Parameter variations by using Monte-
Carlo analysis
► Weibull based lifetime distribution
► Reliability assessment from single power
device to whole power converter
![Page 33: Design for Reliability in Renewable Energy Systemmarcorivera.cl/newtonpicarte/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/... · 2018-05-08 · Acknowledgments: Design for Reliability in Renewable](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042020/5e77a035d38b39160166b8b0/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
| 12.01.2017 | SLIDECENTER OF RELIABLE POWER ELECTRONICS, AALBORG UNIVERSITY 33
Case Study – 6 kW Single-phase PV System
Lifetime from power device to power converter
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 2500
200
400
600
800
1000
Lif
etim
e d
istr
ibu
tio
n (
%) 10
8
6
4
2
00 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250
Life time (years)
Weibull distributionn populations = 10,000
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 2500
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250
Life time (years)
Unre
liab
ilit
y (
%)
50
40
30
20
10
0
B10 lifetime
B10 = 53
B10 = 74
B1 = 42
B1 = 30
B1 lifetime
Fn(t): Component-level
Fsys(t): System-level
![Page 34: Design for Reliability in Renewable Energy Systemmarcorivera.cl/newtonpicarte/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/... · 2018-05-08 · Acknowledgments: Design for Reliability in Renewable](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042020/5e77a035d38b39160166b8b0/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
| 12.01.2017 | SLIDECENTER OF RELIABLE POWER ELECTRONICS, AALBORG UNIVERSITY 34
Future Research Opportunities in
Reliability of Power Electronics
![Page 35: Design for Reliability in Renewable Energy Systemmarcorivera.cl/newtonpicarte/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/... · 2018-05-08 · Acknowledgments: Design for Reliability in Renewable](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042020/5e77a035d38b39160166b8b0/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
| 12.01.2017 | SLIDECENTER OF RELIABLE POWER ELECTRONICS, AALBORG UNIVERSITY 35
Opportunity - Emerging Switching Devices and Passive
Components
10kV/120A SiC DMOSFET
(Source: Cree)
Latest generation of film capacitor for dc-link application
(Source: www.epcos.com)
Lifetime extension by XT technology
(Source: www.infineon.com)
Infineon XT Packaging technology
(Source: www.infineon.com)
![Page 36: Design for Reliability in Renewable Energy Systemmarcorivera.cl/newtonpicarte/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/... · 2018-05-08 · Acknowledgments: Design for Reliability in Renewable](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042020/5e77a035d38b39160166b8b0/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
| 12.01.2017 | SLIDECENTER OF RELIABLE POWER ELECTRONICS, AALBORG UNIVERSITY 36
Opportunity - Better Design Enabled by Multi-Physics
Simulation
Electrical model
Thermal model
Mechanical model
Lifetime predictionFailure mechanism
HumidityVibration
Adaptive for converter/system level simulations
Thermal analysis Mechanical analysis Test verification
![Page 37: Design for Reliability in Renewable Energy Systemmarcorivera.cl/newtonpicarte/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/... · 2018-05-08 · Acknowledgments: Design for Reliability in Renewable](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042020/5e77a035d38b39160166b8b0/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
| 12.01.2017 | SLIDECENTER OF RELIABLE POWER ELECTRONICS, AALBORG UNIVERSITY 37
Opportunity - Active Thermal Control
Voltage
dips
Normal
operationNormal
operation
Tjmax=116℃
Ju
nctio
n te
mp
era
ture
(℃
)
Time (s)
Dnpc
Tout
TinDout
Din
Voltage
dips
Normal
operationNormal
operation
Tjmax=94℃
Ju
nctio
n te
mp
era
ture
(℃
)
Time (s)
Dnpc
Tout
TinDout
Din
With normal modulation With optimized modulation
Dynamic response of junction temperatures
(wind speed 8 m/s, 0.05 p.u. LVRT, dip time 500 ms)
Example: 3L-NPC Grid Inverter during low-voltage-ride-through (LVRT)
TransformerGenerator
3L-NPC
Filter Filter
3L-NPC
Wind turbine
Grid
![Page 38: Design for Reliability in Renewable Energy Systemmarcorivera.cl/newtonpicarte/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/... · 2018-05-08 · Acknowledgments: Design for Reliability in Renewable](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042020/5e77a035d38b39160166b8b0/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
| 12.01.2017 | SLIDECENTER OF RELIABLE POWER ELECTRONICS, AALBORG UNIVERSITY 38
Opportunity - Junction Temperature Measurement
Example: Temperature measurement by
infrared camera (accuracy: +/- 1ºC or +/- 1%).
► Physically contacting (e.g. thermocouples,
thermal probes)
► Optical method (e.g. infrared camera)
► Electrical method – TSEP (Thermo-
Sensitive Electrical Parameters)
(Source: David L. Blackburn, Temperature
measurements of semiconductor devices - a review)
Saturation voltage of an IGBT chip as a function of
temperature and for different current values.
(Source: Yvan Avenas, Laurent Dupont, and Zoubir Khatir)
Approximation of relative influences of various
stresses
![Page 39: Design for Reliability in Renewable Energy Systemmarcorivera.cl/newtonpicarte/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/... · 2018-05-08 · Acknowledgments: Design for Reliability in Renewable](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042020/5e77a035d38b39160166b8b0/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
| 12.01.2017 | SLIDECENTER OF RELIABLE POWER ELECTRONICS, AALBORG UNIVERSITY 39
Opportunity - Smart De-Rating of Component and
System
Failure
rate
senstive
region
High failure
rate region
fail
ure
rat
e
Design margin
Failure free
region
Component failure rate as function of design margin.
(Source: Adapted from A. D. S. Carter, Mechanical
reliability)
Example of power curve during temperature de-rating.
(Source: SMA)
Stress or strength
Fre
qu
en
cy o
f o
ccu
ran
ce
Load distribution L Strength distribution S
Time
in ser
vice
Ideal case without
degradation
Ideal case without
degradation
Strength
degradation
with time
Failure
End-of-life
(with certain
failure rate
criterion)Failure
Extreme
load
Nominal
load
Load-strength analysis to explain design margin and failure.
![Page 40: Design for Reliability in Renewable Energy Systemmarcorivera.cl/newtonpicarte/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/... · 2018-05-08 · Acknowledgments: Design for Reliability in Renewable](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042020/5e77a035d38b39160166b8b0/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
| 12.01.2017 | SLIDECENTER OF RELIABLE POWER ELECTRONICS, AALBORG UNIVERSITY 40
Opportunity - Fault Tolerant Design
Key capabilities of fault tolerant design
■ Redundancy
■ Fault isolation
■ Fault detection and annunciation
■ On-line repair
Example: Fault-tolerant voltage source inverter
by adding extra leg. (Source: K. Kriegel, A. Melkonyan, M. Galek, and J.
Rackles)
Reliability improvement by redundancy design
and fault tolerant design
Some Multi-level inverters and
matrix converters have inherent
fault tolerant capability.
AC motor
![Page 41: Design for Reliability in Renewable Energy Systemmarcorivera.cl/newtonpicarte/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/... · 2018-05-08 · Acknowledgments: Design for Reliability in Renewable](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042020/5e77a035d38b39160166b8b0/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
| 12.01.2017 | SLIDECENTER OF RELIABLE POWER ELECTRONICS, AALBORG UNIVERSITY 41
Opportunity - On-line Condition Monitoring
Wind power converters under operation
Wind speed
Sensors
Temperature
Sensors
Humidity
Sensors
Voltage
Sensor
s
Current
Sensors
Vibration
Sensors
Wireless Wiredor
Communication
Co
ntr
ol
On-line remaining life
prediction
Condition monitoring
Failure cause and location
analysis
Proactive control scheme
Workstation
A simplified condition monitoring system for wind power converters.
► Real-time operating
characteristics and health
conditions of components
and systems
► Provide information for
proactive control (e.g., load
management, thermal
control) schemes
► Allow proactive
maintenance plan
![Page 42: Design for Reliability in Renewable Energy Systemmarcorivera.cl/newtonpicarte/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/... · 2018-05-08 · Acknowledgments: Design for Reliability in Renewable](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042020/5e77a035d38b39160166b8b0/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
| 12.01.2017 | SLIDECENTER OF RELIABLE POWER ELECTRONICS, AALBORG UNIVERSITY 42
Summary
![Page 43: Design for Reliability in Renewable Energy Systemmarcorivera.cl/newtonpicarte/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/... · 2018-05-08 · Acknowledgments: Design for Reliability in Renewable](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042020/5e77a035d38b39160166b8b0/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
| 12.01.2017 | SLIDECENTER OF RELIABLE POWER ELECTRONICS, AALBORG UNIVERSITY 43
R&D at Three Different Levels
System
Converter
Component
Design Tools
■ Towards more physics-of-failure approaches
■ Mission profile based design and optimization
■ Design for reliability and robustness tools
■ Resource-efficient verification testing methods
![Page 44: Design for Reliability in Renewable Energy Systemmarcorivera.cl/newtonpicarte/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/... · 2018-05-08 · Acknowledgments: Design for Reliability in Renewable](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042020/5e77a035d38b39160166b8b0/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
| 12.01.2017 | SLIDECENTER OF RELIABLE POWER ELECTRONICS, AALBORG UNIVERSITY 44
Design for reliability - summary
The Center of Reliable Power Electronics (CORPE) at Aalborg University,
Denmark, is making effort to this research area.
For more information on the research activities and research outcomes, please
refer to www.corpe.et.aau.dk
Analytical
Physics
Power
Electronics
Reliability
Physics-of-failure
Componentphysics
![Page 45: Design for Reliability in Renewable Energy Systemmarcorivera.cl/newtonpicarte/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/... · 2018-05-08 · Acknowledgments: Design for Reliability in Renewable](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042020/5e77a035d38b39160166b8b0/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
![Page 46: Design for Reliability in Renewable Energy Systemmarcorivera.cl/newtonpicarte/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/... · 2018-05-08 · Acknowledgments: Design for Reliability in Renewable](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042020/5e77a035d38b39160166b8b0/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
| 12.01.2017 | SLIDECENTER OF RELIABLE POWER ELECTRONICS, AALBORG UNIVERSITY 46
References
1. H. Wang, and F. Blaabjerg, Aalborg University fosters multi-disciplinary approach to research in efficient and reliable power electronics,
How2power today, issue Feb. 2015.
2. H. Chung, H. Wang, Frede Blaabjerg, and Michael Pecht, Reliability of power electronic converter systems, IET, 2015.
3. H. Wang, M. Liserre, F. Blaabjerg, P. P. Rimmen, J. B. Jacobsen, T. Kvisgaard, J. Landkildehus, "Transitioning to physics-of-failure as
a reliability driver in power electronics," IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 97-114,
Mar. 2014. (Open Access)
4. H. Wang, M. Liserre, and F. Blaabjerg, “Toward reliable power electronics - challenges, design tools and opportunities,” IEEE Industrial
Electronics Magazine, vol.7, no. 2, pp. 17-26, Jun. 2013.
5. H. Wang, F. Blaabjerg, and K. Ma, “Design for reliability of power electronic systems,” in Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the
IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON), 2012, pp. 33-44.
6. F. Blaabjerg, Z. Chen, and S. B. Kjaer, “Power electronics as efficient interface in dispersed power generation systems,” IEEE Trans.
on Power Electron., vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 1184-1194, Sep. 2004.
7. F. Blaabjerg, M. Liserre, and K. Ma, “Power electronics converters for wind turbine systems,” IEEE Trans. on Ind. Appl., vol.48, no.2,
pp.708-719, Mar-Apr. 2012.
8. S. B. Kjaer, J. K. Pedersen, and F. Blaabjerg, “A review of single-phase grid connected inverters for photovoltaic modules,” IEEE
Trans. on Ind. Appl., vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 1292-1306, Sep. 2005.
9. H. Wang and F. Blaabjerg, “Reliability of capacitors for DC-link applications in power electronic converters – an overview,” IEEE
Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 3569-3578, Sep./Oct. 2014. (Open access)
10. H. Wang, D. A. Nielsen, and F. Blaabjerg, “Degradation testing and failure analysis of DC film capacitors under high humidity
conditions,” Microelectronics Reliability, in press, doi:10.1016/j.microrel.2015.06.011.
11. F. Blaabjerg and K. Ma, "Future on power electronics for wind turbine systems,“ IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in
Power Electronics, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 139-152, 2013. (Open access)
10. D. J. Smith, Reliability, maintainability and risk - practical methods for engineers, the 8th edition, UK, Elsevier, 2012.
11. J. W. McPherson, Reliability physics and engineering: time-to-failure modeling, Springer, 2010.
12. L. Yong, Power electronic packaging - design, assembly process, reliability and modeling, Springer, 2012.
13. ZVEL, Handbook for robustness validation of automotive electrical/electronic modules, Jun. 2013.
14. A. Wintrich, U. Nicolai, W. Tursky and T. Reimann, Application manual power semiconductors, SEMIKRON International, 2011.
17. K. Ma, F. Blaabjerg, and M. Liserre, “Thermal analysis of multilevel grid side converters for 10 MW wind turbines under low voltage ride
through”, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 909-921, Mar./Apr. 2013.
18. K. Ma, M. Liserre, and F. Blaabjerg, “Reactive power influence on the thermal cycling of multi-MW wind power inverter”, IEEE Trans.
on Ind. Appl., vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 922-930, Mar./Apr. 2013.
19. C. Busca, R. Teodorescu, F. Blaabjerg, S. Munk-Nielsen, L. Helle, T. Abeyasekera, and P. Rodriguez, “An overview of the reliability
prediction related aspects of high power IGBTs in wind power applications,” Journal of Microelectronics Reliability, vol. 51, no. 9-11, pp.
1903-1907, 2011.
![Page 47: Design for Reliability in Renewable Energy Systemmarcorivera.cl/newtonpicarte/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/... · 2018-05-08 · Acknowledgments: Design for Reliability in Renewable](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042020/5e77a035d38b39160166b8b0/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
| 12.01.2017 | SLIDECENTER OF RELIABLE POWER ELECTRONICS, AALBORG UNIVERSITY 47
References20. K. B. Pedersen and K. Pedersen, “Bond wire lift-off in IGBT modules due to thermo-mechanical induced stress,” in Proc. of PEDG’
2012, pp. 519 - 526, 2012.
21. S. Yang, D. Xiang, A. Bryant, P. Mawby, L. Ran and P. Tavner, “Condition monitoring for device reliability in power electronic
converters: a review,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 25, no. 11, pp. 2734-2752, Nov., 2010.
22. M. Pecht and J. Gu, “Physics-of-failure-based prognostics for electronic products,” Trans. of the Institute of Measurement and Control ,
vol. 31, no. 3-4, pp. 309-322, Mar./Apr., 2009.
23. Moore, L. M. and H. N. Post, “Five years of operating experience at a large, utility-scale photovoltaic generating plant,” Progress in
Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 16(3): 249-259, 2008.
24. Reliawind, Report on Wind Turbine Reliability Profiles – Field Data Reliability Analysis, 2011.
25. D. L. Blackburn, “Temperature measurements of semiconductor devices - a review,” in Proc. IEEE Semiconductor Thermal
Measurement and Management Symposium, pp. 70-80, 2004.
26. Avenas, Y., L. Dupont and Z. Kahatir, “Temperature measurement of power semiconductor devices by thermo-sensitive electrical
parameters - A review,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 27, no. 6, pp. 3081-3092, Jun., 2010.
27. K. Kriegel, A. Melkonyan, M. Galek, and J. Rackles, “Power module with solid state circuit breakers for fault-tolerant applications,” in
Proc. of Integrated Power Electronics Systems (CIPS), pp. 1-6, 2010.
28. Y. Yang, H. Wang, F. Blaabjerg, and K. Ma, "Mission profile based multi-disciplinary analysis of power modules in single-phase
transformerless photovoltaic inverters," in Proceedings of European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications, 2013, pp. P.1-
P.10.
29. N. C. Sintamarean, F. Blaabjerg, and H. Wang, "Real Field Mission Profile Oriented Design of a SiC-Based PV-Inverter application",
IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, in press.
30. N. C. Sintamarean, F. Blaabjerg, and H. Wang, "A novel electro-thermal model for wide bandgap semiconductor based devices ," in
Proceedings of European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (ECCE Europe), 2013, pp. P.1-P.10.
31. K. Ma, M. Liserre, F. Blaabjerg, “Lifetime Estimation for the Power Semiconductors Considering Mission Profiles in Wind Power
Converter,” in Proceedings of IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), 2013, .pp. 2962-2971.
32. H. Wang, Henry S. H. Chung, and Wenchao Liu, "Use of a series voltage compensator for reduction of the dc-link capacitance in a
capacitor-supported system," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 1163-1175, Mar. 2014.
33. M. Marz, A. Schletz, B. Eckardt, S. Egelkraut, and H. Rauh, “Power electronics system integration for electric and hybrid vehicles,” in
Proc. International Conference on Integrated Power Electronics Systems (CIPS), 2010.
34. J. Salmon and D. Koval, “Improving the operation of 3-phase diode rectifiers using an asymmetrical half-bridge DC-link active filter,” in
Proc. IEEE Industry Applications Conference, 2000, pp. 2115 - 2122.
35. C. Klumpner, A. Timbus, F. Blaabjerg, and P. Thogersen, “Adjustable speed drives with square-wave input current: a cost effective
step in development to improve their performance,” in Proc. IEEE Industry Applications Conference, 2004, pp. 600-607.
36. S. Li, B. Ozpineci, and L. M. Tolbert, “Evaluation of a current source active power filter to reduce the dc bus capacitor in a hybrid
electric vehicle traction drive,” in Proc. IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference, 2009, pp. 1185-1190.
![Page 48: Design for Reliability in Renewable Energy Systemmarcorivera.cl/newtonpicarte/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/... · 2018-05-08 · Acknowledgments: Design for Reliability in Renewable](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042020/5e77a035d38b39160166b8b0/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
| 12.01.2017 | SLIDECENTER OF RELIABLE POWER ELECTRONICS, AALBORG UNIVERSITY 48
References37. H. Yoo and S. K. Sul, “A new circuit design and control to reduce input harmonic current for a three-phase AC machine drive system
having a very small dc-link capacitor,” in Proc. IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference, 2010, pp. 611-618.
38. R. X. Wang, F. Wang, D. Boroyevich, R. Burgos, R. X. Lai, P. Q. Ning, and K. Rajashekara, “A high power density single-phase PWM
rectifier with active ripple energy storage,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 1430-1443, May 2011.
39. P. Krein, R. Balog, and M. Mirjafari, “Minimum energy and capacitance requirements for single-phase inverters and rectifiers using a
ripple port,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 27, no. 11, pp. 4690-4698, Nov. 2012.
40. B. J. Pierquet and D. Perreault, “A single-phase photovoltaic inverter topology with a series-connected energy buffer,” IEEE Trans.
Power Electronics, vol. 28, no. 10, pp. 4603 – 4611, Oct. 2013.
41. M. Chen, K. K. Afridi, and D. J. Perreault, “Stacked switched capacitor energy buffer architecture,” IEEE Trans. Power Electronics, vol.
28, no. 11, pp. 5183-5195, Nov. 2013.
42. Z. Xu, F. Wang, P. Ning, "Junction temperature measurement of IGBTs using short circuit current", in Proc. Energy Conversion
Congress and Exposition (ECCE), 15-20 Sept. 2012, pp.91-96.
43. D. Bergogne, B. Allard, and H. Morel, “An estimation method of the channel temperature of power MOS devices,” in Proc. IEEE 31st
Annu. Power Electron. Spec. Conf.,Galway, Ireland, Jun. 18–23, 2000, pp. 1594–1599.
44. J. Bing; V. Pickert, C. Wenping, B. Zahawi, "In Situ Diagnostics and Prognostics of Wire Bonding Faults in IGBT Modules for Electric
Vehicle Drives," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol.28, no.12, pp.5568-5577, Dec. 2013.
45. V. Smet, “Aging and failure modes of IGBT power modules undergoing power cycling in high temperature environments,” Ph.D.
dissertation, Dept. IES (Southern Electr. Inst.), Montpellier 2 Univ., Montpellier, France, 2010.
46. M. Held, P. Jacob, G. Nicoletti, P. Scacco, and M.-H. Poech, “Fast power cycling test for IGBT modules in traction application,” in Proc.
IEEE Power Electronics and Drive Systems Conf., Singapore, 1997, vol. 1, pp. 425–430.
47. Z. Arbanas, “High power density 1 MW motor inverter,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Electr. Mach. Drives Conf. Record, Sao Paulo, Brazil, May
18–21, 1997, pp. WB1-2.1–WB1-2.2.
48. M. Nowak, J. Rabkowski, and R. Barlik, “Measurement of temperature sensitive parameter characteristics of semiconductor silicon and
siliconcarbide power devices,” in Proc. 13th Power Electron. Motion Control Conf., Poznan, Poland, Sep. 1–3, 2008, pp. 84–87.
49. X. Perpiñà, J.F. Serviere, J. Saiz, D. Barlini, M. Mermet-Guyennet, J. Millán, “Temperature measurement on series resistance and
devices in power packs based on on-state voltage drop monitoring at high current,” Microelectron. Reliabil., vol 46, pp. 1834-1839,
Sept.–Nov. 2006.
50. A. Koenig, T. Plum, P. Fidler, and R.-W. De Doncker, “On-line junction temperature measurement of CoolMOS devices,” in Proc. 7th
Int. Conf. Power Electron. Drive Syst., 2007, pp. 90–95.
51. Y.S. Kim and S.K. Sul, “On-line estimation of IGBT junction temperature using on-state voltage drop,” in Proc. 1998 IEEE Ind. Appl.
Conf., St Louis, MO, Oct. 12–15, 1998, pp. 853–859.
![Page 49: Design for Reliability in Renewable Energy Systemmarcorivera.cl/newtonpicarte/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/... · 2018-05-08 · Acknowledgments: Design for Reliability in Renewable](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042020/5e77a035d38b39160166b8b0/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
| 12.01.2017 | SLIDECENTER OF RELIABLE POWER ELECTRONICS, AALBORG UNIVERSITY 49
References52. H. Kuhn and A. Mertens, “On-line junction temperature measurement of IGBTs based on temperature sensitive electrical parameters,” in
Proc. 13th Eur. Conf. Power Electron. Appl., Barcelona, Spain, Sep. 8–10, 2009, pp. 1–10.
53. D. Barlini, M. Ciappa, A. Castellazzi, M. Mermet-Guyennet, and W. Fichtner, “New technique for the measurement of the static and of the
transient junction temperature in IGBT devices under operating conditions,” Microelectron. Reliabil., vol. 46, pp. 1772–1777, 2006.
54. A. Bryant, S. Yang, P. Mawby, D. Xiang, Li Ran, P. Tavner, P. Palmer, "Investigation Into IGBT dV/dt During Turn-Off and Its Temperature
Dependence", IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol.26, no.10, pp.3019-3031, Oct. 2011.
55. Z. Xu, D. Jiang, M. Li, P. Ning, F.F. Wang, Z. Liang, "Development of Si IGBT Phase-Leg Modules for Operation at 200 °C in Hybrid
Electric Vehicle Applications", IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol.28, no.12, pp.5557-5567, Dec. 2013.
56. H. Chen, V. Pickert, D. J. Atkinson, and L. S. Pritchard, “On-line monitoring of the MOSFET device junction temperature by computation
of the threshold voltage,” in Proc. 3rd IET Int. Conf. Power Electron. Mach. Drives, Dublin, Ireland, Apr. 4–6, 2006, pp. 440–444.
57. D. Barlini, M. Ciappa, M. Mermet-Guyennet, and W. Fichtner, “Measurement of the transient junction temperature in MOSFET devices
under operating conditions,” Microelectron. Reliabil., vol. 47, pp. 1707–1712, 2007.
58. A. Isidori, F. M. Rossi, F. Blaabjerg, and K. Ma, "Thermal loading and reliability of 10 MW multilevel wind power converter at different wind
roughness classes", IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 484-494, 2014.
59. K. B. Pedersen, D. Benning, P. K. Kristensen, V.Popok, and K. Pedersen, "Interface structure and strength of ultrasonically wedge bonded
heavy aluminium wires in Si-based power modules," Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, Apr 2014.
60. K. Ma and F. Blaabjerg "Loss and thermal redistributed modulation methods for three-level neutral-point-clamped wind power inverter
undergoing low voltage ride through," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 835-845, Feb 2014.
61. U. M. Choi, K. B. Lee, F. Blaabjerg, "Diagnosis and tolerant strategy of an open-switch fault for T-type three-level inverter systems," IEEE
Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 495-508, 2014.
62. Y. Yang, Huai Wang, Frede Blaabjerg, and Tamas Kerekes, “A hybrid power control concept for PV inverters with reduced thermal
loading,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 29, no. 12, pp. 6271-6275, Dec. 2014.
63. Y. Yang, H. Wang, and F. Blaabjerg, "Reduced junction temperature control during low-voltage ride-through for single-phase photovoltaic
inverters,“ IET Power Electronics, pp. 1-10, 2014.
64. D. Zhou, F. Blaabjerg, M. Lau, and M. Tonnes, "Thermal cycling overview of multi-megawatt two-level wind power converter at full grid
code operation", IEEJ Journal of Industry Applications, vol.2, no.4 pp.173–182, 2013.
65. K. B. Pedersen, P. K. Kristensen, V. Popok, and K. Pedersen, "Micro-sectioning approach for quality and reliability assessment of wire
bonding interfaces in IGBT modules", Microelectronics Reliability, Vol. 53, no. 9-11, pp. 1422–1426, Sep 2013.
66. K. Ma, F. Blaabjerg "Thermal optimized modulation method of three-level NPC inverter for 10 MW wind turbines under low voltage ride
through", IET Journal on Power Electronics, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 920-927, Jul 2012.
67. R. Wu, F. Blaabjerg, H. Wang, and M. Liserre, "Overview of catastrophic failures of freewheeling diodes in power electronic circuits",
Microelectronics Reliability, Vol. 53, no. 9–11, Pages 1788–1792, Sep 2013.
![Page 50: Design for Reliability in Renewable Energy Systemmarcorivera.cl/newtonpicarte/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/... · 2018-05-08 · Acknowledgments: Design for Reliability in Renewable](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042020/5e77a035d38b39160166b8b0/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
| 12.01.2017 | SLIDECENTER OF RELIABLE POWER ELECTRONICS, AALBORG UNIVERSITY 50
References68. K.B. Pedersen, K. Pedersen, "Dynamic Modelling Method of Electro-Thermo-Mechanical Degradation in IGBT Modules" IEEE
Transactions on Power Electronics, DOI: 10.1109/TPEL.2015.2426013, in press.
69. K. B. Pedersen, L. Østergaard, P. Ghimire, V. Popok, K. Pedersen, "Degradation mapping in high power IGBT modules using four-point
probing," Microelectronics Reliability, in press.
70. K. B. Pedersen, P.K Kristensen, V. Popok, V, K. Pedersen, "Degradation Assessment in IGBT Modules using Four-Point Probing
Approach", IEEE Transactions Power Electronics, vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 2405-2412, May 2015.
71. K. Ma, A. S. Bahman, S. Beczkowski, F. Blaabjerg, "Complete Loss and Thermal Model of Power Semiconductors Including Device
Rating Information" IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 30, No. 5, pp. 2556 – 2569, May 2015.
72. M. Hygum, I. Karlin, V. Popok, "Free surface entropic lattice Boltzmann simulations of film condensation on vertical hydrophilic plates"
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 87, pp. 576–582, Aug. 2015
73. R. Wu, P. Reigosa, F. Iannuzzo, L. Smirnova, H. Wang, F. Blaabjerg, "Study on Oscillations during Short Circuit of MW-scale IGBT Power
Modules by means of a 6 kA/1.1 kV Non-Destructive Testing System," IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power
Electronics, in press.
74. U. M. Choi, F. Blaabjerg, and K. B. Lee, “Reliability Improvement of a T-type Three-Level Inverter with Fault-Tolerant Control Strategy,”
IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 2660-2673, May 2015
75. U. M. Choi, F. Blaabjerg, and K. B. Lee, “Study and Handling Methods of Power IGBT Module Failures in Power Electronic Converter
Systems,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 2517-2533, May 2015
76. Z. Qin, P. C. Loh, F. Blaabjerg, “Application Criteria for Nine-Switch Power Conversion Systems with Improved Thermal Performance,”
IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 30, no. 8, pp. 4608-4620, Aug. 2015.
77. http://www.windpowerengineering.com/
78. Wiser R., Bolinger M. "2014 wind technologies market report." – US Department of Energy (2015).
79. Wang, H.; Liserre, M.; Blaabjerg, F., "Toward Reliable Power Electronics: Challenges, Design Tools, and Opportunities," Industrial
Electronics Magazine, IEEE , vol.7, no.2, pp.17,26, June 2013 doi: 10.1109/MIE.2013.2252958
80. J. Wyss “Neutron induced Single Event Effects”, (available on the web) 2009
81. Soelkner G. et al., “Charge Carrier Avalanche Multiplication In High-Voltage Diodes Triggered By Ionizing Radiation” IEEE Transactions
On Nuclear Science, Vol. 47, No. 6, Pp. 2365-2372, Dec. 2000
82. A. Sattar, Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) Basics, IXYS Corporation, Appl. Note IXAN0063, p.8
83. P.Spirito et al., “Analytical model for thermal instability of low voltage power MOS and SOA in pulse operation”, ISPSD 2002.
84. K.-H. Bach et al., “Failure mechanisms of low-voltage trench power MOSFETs under repetitive avalanche conditions”, ISPSD 2012, pp.
113–115.
85. E. Koutroulis and F. Blaabjerg, “Design optimization of transformerless grid-connected PV inverters including reliability,” IEEE Trans. on
Power Electronics, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 325-335, Jan. 2013.
![Page 51: Design for Reliability in Renewable Energy Systemmarcorivera.cl/newtonpicarte/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/... · 2018-05-08 · Acknowledgments: Design for Reliability in Renewable](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042020/5e77a035d38b39160166b8b0/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
| 12.01.2017 | SLIDECENTER OF RELIABLE POWER ELECTRONICS, AALBORG UNIVERSITY 51
References86. Omura, I.; Fichtner, Wolfgang; Ohashi, Hiromichi, "Oscillation effects in IGBT's related to negative capacitance phenomena," Electron
Devices, IEEE Transactions on , vol.46, no.1, pp.237,244, Jan 1999 doi: 10.1109/16.737464.
87. Ohi, T.; Iwata, A.; Arai, K., "Investigation of gate voltage oscillations in an IGBT module under short circuit conditions," Power Electronics
Specialists Conference, 2002. pesc 02. 2002 IEEE 33rd Annual , vol.4, no., pp.1758,1763, 2002. doi: 10.1109/PSEC.2002.1023065
88. Pagano, R.; Yang Chen; Smedley, K.; Musumeci, S.; Raciti, A., "Short circuit analysis and protection of power module IGBTs," Applied
Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 2005. APEC 2005. Twentieth Annual IEEE , vol.2, no., pp.777,783 Vol. 2, 6-10 March
2005. doi: 10.1109/APEC.2005.1453063
89. Wu, R.; Diaz Reigosa, P.; Iannuzzo, F.; Smirnova, L.; Wang, H.; Blaabjerg, F., "Study on Oscillations During Short Circuit of MW-Scale
IGBT Power Modules by Means of a 6-kA/1.1-kV Nondestructive Testing System," Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics,
IEEE Journal of , vol.3, no.3, pp.756,765, Sept. 2015. doi: 10.1109/JESTPE.2015.2414448
90. P.D. Reigosa, R. Wu, F. Iannuzzo, F. Blaabjerg, Robustness of MW-Level IGBT modules against gate oscillations under short circuit
events, Microelectronics Reliability, ISSN 0026-2714, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2015.07.011.
91. C. Abbate, G. Busatto, F. Iannuzzo, C. Ronsisvalle, A. Sanseverino, F. Velardi, Scattering parameter approach applied to the stability
analysis of power IGBTs in short circuit, Microelectronics Reliability, Volume 53, Issues 9–11, September–November 2013, Pages 1707-
1712, ISSN 0026-2714, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2013.07.128.
92. Siemieniec, R.; Mourick, P.; Netzel, M.; Lutz, J., "The plasma extraction transit-time oscillation in bipolar power Devices-Mechanism,EMC
effects, and prevention," Electron Devices, IEEE Transactions on , vol.53, no.2, pp.369,379, Feb. 2006 doi: 10.1109/TED.2005.862705
93. Smirnova, L.; Pyrhonen, J.; Iannuzzo, F.; Rui Wu; Blaabjerg, F., "Round busbar concept for 30 nH, 1.7 kV, 10 kA IGBT non-destructive
short-circuit tester," Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'14-ECCE Europe), 2014 16th European Conference on , vol., no., pp.1,9,
26-28 Aug. 2014. doi: 10.1109/EPE.2014.6910712.
94. Iannuzzo, F.; Abbate, C.; Busatto, G., "Instabilities in Silicon Power Devices: A Review of Failure Mechanisms in Modern Power Devices,"
Industrial Electronics Magazine, IEEE , vol.8, no.3, pp.28,39, Sept. 2014. doi: 10.1109/MIE.2014.2305758
95. Lutz, Josef, Heinrich Schlangenotto, Uwe Scheuermann, and Rik De Doncker. “Packaging and Reliability of Power Devices.” In
Semiconductor Power Devices, 343–418. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11125-9_11.
96. Baliga, B. Jayant. Fundamentals of power semiconductor devices. Springer Science & Business Media, 2010.
97. Motto, E.R.; Donlon, J.F., "IGBT module with user accessible on-chip current and temperature sensors," 2012 Applied Power Electronics
Conference and Exposition (APEC), pp.176-181, 5-9 Feb. 2012
98. Jean-Michel Reynes, Eric Marty, Alain Deram, Jean-Baptiste Sauveplane “Temperature Sensing Device”, Patent US 20080283955, Nov
2008
99. N. Baker, M. Liserre, L. Dupont, Y. Avenas, "Improved Reliability of Power Modules: A Review of Online Junction Temperature
Measurement Methods," IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine, vol.8, no.3, pp.17-27, Sept. 2014.
100.H. Kuhn and A. Mertens, “On-line junction temperature measurement of IGBTs based on temperature sensitive electrical parameters,” in
Proc. 13th Eur. Conf. Power Electron. Appl., Barcelona, Spain, Sep. 8–10, 2009, pp. 1–10.
![Page 52: Design for Reliability in Renewable Energy Systemmarcorivera.cl/newtonpicarte/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/... · 2018-05-08 · Acknowledgments: Design for Reliability in Renewable](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042020/5e77a035d38b39160166b8b0/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
| 12.01.2017 | SLIDECENTER OF RELIABLE POWER ELECTRONICS, AALBORG UNIVERSITY 52
References101. V. Smet, “Aging and failure modes of IGBT power modules undergoing power cycling in high temperature environments,” Ph.D.
dissertation, Dept. IES (Southern Electr. Inst.), Montpellier 2 Univ., Montpellier, France, 2010.
102. Y. Avenas, L. Dupont, Z. Khatir, "Temperature Measurement of Power Semiconductor Devices by Thermo-Sensitive Electrical
Parameters—A Review", IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol.27, no.6, pp.3081-3092, June 2012.
103. N. Baker, L. Dupont, "Experimental Evaluation of IGBT Junction Temperature Measurement via Peak Gate Current," EPE 2015, Geneva
104. N. Baker, S. Munk-Nielsen, F. Iannuzzo, M. Liserre, “IGBT junction temperature measurement via peak gate current," IEEE
Transactions on Power Electronics, accepted, to be published. (Also published in APEC 2015)
105. E. Hoene, T. Baumann, O. Zeiter, “Device for measuring a temperature of a high-power semiconductor” Patent WO2013000971, Jan
2013.
106. M. Denk, M. Bakran, "An IGBT Driver Concept with Integrated Real-Time Junction Temperature Measurement," PCIM Europe 2014, 20-
22 May 2014.
107. V. Sundaramoorthy, E. Bianda, R. Bloch, I. Nistor, G. Knapp, A. Heinemann, "Online estimation of IGBT junction temperature (Tj) using
gate-emitter voltage (Vge) at turn-off," 15th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE), 2-6 Sept. 2013
108. L. Dupont, Y. Avenas, "Evaluation of thermo-sensitive electrical parameters based on the forward voltage for on-line chip temperature
measurements of IGBT devices," 2014 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), 14-18 Sept. 2014
109. V. Sundaramoorthy, E. Bianda, R. Bloch, F. Zurfluh, "Simultaneous online estimation of junction temperature and current of IGBTs using
emitter-auxiliary emitter parasitic inductance," PCIM Europe 2014, 20-22 May 2014.
110. C. Butron, J, Alexander; B. Strauss, G. Mitic, A. Lindemann, "Investigation of Temperature Sensitive Electrical Parameters for Power
Semiconductors (IGBT) in Real-Time Applications," PCIM Europe 2014, 20-22 May 2014
111. Haoze Luo, Wuhua Li, Xiangning He, "Online High-Power P-i-N Diode Chip Temperature Extraction and Prediction Method With
Maximum Recovery Current di/dt," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol.30, no.5, pp.2395-2404, May 2015.
112. Zhuxian Xu; Fan Xu; Fei Wang, "Junction Temperature Measurement of IGBTs Using Short-Circuit Current as a Temperature-Sensitive
Electrical Parameter for Converter Prototype Evaluation," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol.62, no.6, pp.3419-3429, June
2015.
113. S. Beczkowski, P. Ghimire, A. R. de Vega, S. Munk-Nielsen, B. Rannestad, P. Thøgersen, “Online Vce measurement method for wear-
out monitoring of high power IGBT modules”, in Proc. EPE 2013, pages 1-7.
114. P. Ghimire, A. R. de Vega, S. Beczkowski, B. Rannestad, S. Munk-Nielsen, P. Thøgersen, ”Improving reliability of power converter using
an online monitoring of IGBT modules”, IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine, Vol. 8, No. 3, 09.2014, p. 40-50.
115. Ghimire, Pramod; Pedersen, Kristian Bonderup; de Vega, Angel Ruiz; Rannestad, Bjørn; Munk-Nielsen, Stig; Thøgersen, Paul Bach, ”A
real time measurement of junction temperature variation in high power IGBT modules for wind power converter application”, Integrated
Power Systems (CIPS), 2014 8th International Conference on. VDE Verlag GMBH, 2014. p. 1-6 6776812.
116. Ghimire, Pramod; Pedersen, Kristian Bonderup; Rannestad, Bjørn; Munk-Nielsen, Stig; Thøgersen, Paul; Rimmen, Peter de Place.,
”Real time wear-out monitoring test setup for high power IGBT modules”, Submitted in Transaction on Power electronics.
![Page 53: Design for Reliability in Renewable Energy Systemmarcorivera.cl/newtonpicarte/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/... · 2018-05-08 · Acknowledgments: Design for Reliability in Renewable](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042020/5e77a035d38b39160166b8b0/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
| 12.01.2017 | SLIDECENTER OF RELIABLE POWER ELECTRONICS, AALBORG UNIVERSITY 53
Books in the field
Available NOW!Available NOW!Available NOW!