Design for Environment
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Transcript of Design for Environment
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Design for Environment
Prof. Steven D. EppingerMIT Sloan School of Management
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Discussion Outline
• Fit with PD Process• Dimensions of Environmental Impact• Current Trends and Approaches
– Green Marketing– Life-Cycle Analysis– Design for Recycling
• Sustainability– Life-Cycle Models
• Where to go from here?
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Product Development Process
Planning
How can we best emphasizeenvironmental impact of productsduring the product development process?
Concept Development
System-Level Design
DetailDesign
Testing andRefinement
ProductionRamp-up
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Dimensions of Environmental Impact“Limitless potential to confuse consumers”
• Resource Depletion– non-renewable energy (fossil fuels)– natural resources (water, wood, minerals)
• Human Toxic Exposure– carcinogens– other health hazards
• Environmental Impact – air, water, solid– ozone depletion (CFCs)– greenhouse gas emissions (CO2)– smog-producing chemicals (VOCs)– acid rain chemicals (sulfides)– eutrophication [oxygen depletion] (nitrates, phosphates)– eco-toxics (heavy metals)– solid waste (landfill)
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Paper versus Polystyrene CupsRaw Materials (per cup)wood 33 g 0petroleum 4.1 g 3.2 gUtilities (per metric ton)steam 10,000 kg 5000 kgpower 980 kWh 150 kWhcooling water 50 m^3 154 m^3Water Effluent (per metric ton)
suspended solids 50 kg trace
BOD 40 kg 0.07 kg
organochlorines 6 kg 0metal salts 10 kg 20 kgAir Emissions (per metric ton)
Chlorine 0.5 kg 0
chlorine dioxide 0.2 kg 0
reduced sulfides 2.0 kg 0Recycle Potentialafter use low highUltimate Disposalincineration recovery 20 MJ/kg 40 MJ/kgmass to landfill 10.1 g 1.5 gbiodegradable yes no
Paper Cup Polyfoam Cup
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Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA)
• Quantifies environmental impact of a product• Steps in LCA
– Identify raw materials and energy sources used– Identify outputs and waste streams– Continue for product’s entire life cycle
• production, transportation, use, recycling, disposal– Quantify impacts of each material, energy, waste– Aggregate impact into categories for comparison
• Normalize by reference materials for each class• Generally requires specialized training (in materials and
chemical engineering) and LCA software• Needs to be integrated with PD process
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Green Marketing
• Single-issue green design encourages single- issue promotion– e.g., recyclable, low emission, all natural, ozone friendly, greener
than before, compostable, etc.– http://www.eco-directory.com/
• Consumers prefer green products but will generally not pay more for them.
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Product Life Cycle
Resources Production Use Disposal
Remanufacture
Reuse
Recycle Waste
“Reduce, Reuse, Remanufacture, Recycle”
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Design for Recycling Guidelines
• Use only recyclable materials
• Minimize materials variety
• Label all plastics
• Provide for simple disassembly
(separation of materials)
• Use water-soluble adhesives
• Avoid toxic materials
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Recycling in the US Automobile Industry
AutomakersDesign andproduction
$ $ $
ConsumersUse anddisposal
DismantlersDisassembly
and sale
Shredders Recovery and landfill
ASR to landfill
Coupling of technical, economic, and infrastructure issues
Recoveredmaterials
$
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Cyclical Life Cycle Model
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“Conditions” for Sustainability
• Consider the earth as a closed system with limited solar input and natural bio cycles.
• Solar energy and other renewable fuels are sustainable energy sources.
• Resource usage must balance to the rate the earth creates each resource (e.g., rate at which earth creates fossil fuels).
• Toxic wastes, heavy metals, radiation, and other “molecular garbage” must be eliminated because they are not part of the bio cycle.
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More Discussion
• Have we come very far yet in terms of environmental awareness?
• How can sustainability (ever) be achieved?• What is the role of each party?
– Consumers– Industry– Government
• What high-leverage solutions make sense to you?– Regulation– Targets– Technology– Partnerships– Education