v115n7a11 Large-scale deformation in underground hard-rock ...
DESIGN FIRES IN UNDERGROUND HARD ROCK MINES382996/FULLTEXT01.pdf · Mälardalen University Press...
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Mälardalen University Press Licentiate Theses No. 127 DESIGN FIRES IN UNDERGROUND HARD ROCK MINES Rickard Hansen 2011 School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology
Transcript of DESIGN FIRES IN UNDERGROUND HARD ROCK MINES382996/FULLTEXT01.pdf · Mälardalen University Press...
Mälardalen University Press Licentiate ThesesNo. 127
DESIGN FIRES IN UNDERGROUND HARD ROCK MINES
Rickard Hansen
2011
School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology
Copyright © Rickard Hansen, 2011ISBN 978-91-7485-000-0ISSN 1651-9256Printed by Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden
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011.0 uHQ ch ⋅∆⋅=
18
17
011.0 uHQ ch ⋅∆⋅=
18
19
( )Dk
c emHq ⋅−∞ −⋅⋅∆⋅= βχ 1''''
)(2000 1 tkhkAq H ⋅−⋅⋅⋅=
T
v
A
gDCk
⋅
⋅⋅⋅⋅=
8
22π
DQL f ⋅−⋅= 02.123.0 5/2
20
2
''
4 x
⋅⋅⋅=
πη
19
( )Dk
c emHq ⋅−∞ −⋅⋅∆⋅= βχ 1''''
)(2000 1 tkhkAq H ⋅−⋅⋅⋅=
T
v
A
gDCk
⋅
⋅⋅⋅⋅=
8
22π
DQL f ⋅−⋅= 02.123.0 5/2
20
2
''
4 x
⋅⋅⋅=
πη
21
22
-
-
-
-
21
22
-
-
-
-
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-
24
23
-
24
25
pa
axavgcm
QTT
⋅+==
)(
3
2)(0,
ττ
u
xt −=τ
x t
[ ] pa cm
xPh
axavgaavg eTTTtxT⋅
⋅⋅−
= ⋅−+=
)(),( 0, τ
x
mass
ec
DQ
HAuV
⋅
⋅⋅⋅=
)(87.0
τ
26
25
pa
axavgcm
QTT
⋅+==
)(
3
2)(0,
ττ
u
xt −=τ
x t
[ ] pa cm
xPh
axavgaavg eTTTtxT⋅
⋅⋅−
= ⋅−+=
)(),( 0, τ
x
mass
ec
DQ
HAuV
⋅
⋅⋅⋅=
)(87.0
τ
26
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-
-
-
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27
-
-
-
28
29
τ/)( actign tt
act eQQ−−
⋅=
85.1
0.3
w=τ
30
-
-
29
τ/)( actign tt
act eQQ−−
⋅=
85.1
0.3
w=τ
30
-
-
31
32
- - - - - -
31
32
- - - - - -
33
- -
-
34
-
-
-
-
33
- -
-
34
-
-
-
-
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36
35
36
37
38
- - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - -
37
38
- - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - -
39
- -
- -
-
40
- - - - -
39
- -
- -
-
40
- - - - -
41
Spill flow
0,286
0,288
0,29
0,292
0,294
0,296
0,298
0,3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
t (min)
q (l/s) .
Spill flow
''max1000 m
qA
⋅
⋅=
ρ
42
HRR, pool fire in main ramp
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
t (min)
HR
R (kW
) .
41
Spill flow
0,286
0,288
0,29
0,292
0,294
0,296
0,298
0,3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
t (min)
q (l/s) .
Spill flow
''max1000 m
qA
⋅
⋅=
ρ
42
HRR, pool fire in main ramp
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
t (min)
HR
R (kW
) .
43
Pool fire
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
t (min)
HR
R (kW
) .
Pool fire
44
HRR, Tyre fire
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0 30 60 90 120 150
t (min)
HR
R (kW
) .
HRR, Tyre fire
tteeQ
⋅−⋅− ⋅−⋅⋅⋅= 000267.04.3000267.0)1(4.24.42100
''
crq
43
Pool fire
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
t (min)
HR
R (kW
) .
Pool fire
44
HRR, Tyre fire
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0 30 60 90 120 150
t (min)
HR
R (kW
) .
HRR, Tyre fire
tteeQ
⋅−⋅− ⋅−⋅⋅⋅= 000267.04.3000267.0)1(4.24.42100
''
crq
45
HRR, pool fire and fire in four tyres
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
t (min)
HR
R (kW
) .
HRR, pool fire and fire in four tyres
HRR, hose fire
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10
11
12
13
14
15
t (min)
HR
R (kW
) .
HRR, hose fire
46
HRR, fire in a loader
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
t (min)
HR
R (kW
) .
HRR, fire in a loader
341=actT
50=RTI
8=r
5=H
45
HRR, pool fire and fire in four tyres
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
t (min)
HR
R (kW
) .
HRR, pool fire and fire in four tyres
HRR, hose fire
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10
11
12
13
14
15
t (min)
HR
R (kW
) .
HRR, hose fire
46
HRR, fire in a loader
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
t (min)
HR
R (kW
) .
HRR, fire in a loader
341=actT
50=RTI
8=r
5=H
47
( )( )283
/38.53/2
+⋅
=H
rQTg
( )6/5
2/13/12.0
r
HQu
⋅⋅=
( )
−⋅−=∆
⋅∆−
RTI
ut
agd eTTT
5.0
1
Fire in a loader, in a drift protected by a sprinkler system
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
0 10 20
t (min)
HR
R (kW
) .
Fire in a loader, in a drift
protected by a sprinkler
system
48
47
( )( )283
/38.53/2
+⋅
=H
rQTg
( )6/5
2/13/12.0
r
HQu
⋅⋅=
( )
−⋅−=∆
⋅∆−
RTI
ut
agd eTTT
5.0
1
Fire in a loader, in a drift protected by a sprinkler system
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
0 10 20
t (min)
HR
R (kW
) .
Fire in a loader, in a drift
protected by a sprinkler
system
48
49
Pool fire
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
t (min)
HR
R (kW
) .
Pool fire
50
HRR, Fire in bus tyre
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
0 30 60 90 120 150
t (min)
HR
R (kW
) .
HRR, Fire in bus tyre
tteeQ
⋅−⋅− ⋅−⋅⋅⋅= 00063.01.200063.0)1(26.21.3430
Fire involving diesel pool and two rear tyres
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
110
120
130
140
150
t (min)
HR
R (kW
) .
Fire involving diesel pool and
two rear tyres
49
Pool fire
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
t (min)
HR
R (kW
) .
Pool fire
50
HRR, Fire in bus tyre
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
0 30 60 90 120 150
t (min)
HR
R (kW
) .
HRR, Fire in bus tyre
tteeQ
⋅−⋅− ⋅−⋅⋅⋅= 00063.01.200063.0)1(26.21.3430
Fire involving diesel pool and two rear tyres
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
110
120
130
140
150
t (min)
HR
R (kW
) .
Fire involving diesel pool and
two rear tyres
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52
HRR Bus seat
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
t (min)
HR
R (kW
) .
HRR Bus seat
tt eeQ ⋅−⋅− ⋅−⋅⋅⋅= 0075.012.10075.0 )1(04.212.2230
51
52
HRR Bus seat
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
t (min)
HR
R (kW
) .
HRR Bus seat
tt eeQ ⋅−⋅− ⋅−⋅⋅⋅= 0075.012.10075.0 )1(04.212.2230
53
Flame height above wheelhouse
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
1,2
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
110
120
130
140
150
t (min)
z (m
) .
Flame height above wheelhouse
:
Heat flux at bus seat
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
110
120
130
140
150
t (min)
Q''
(kW
/m2) .
Heat flux at bus seat
54
- -
( ) ( ) ( )( )[ ] ( ) ( )[ ] 41
114111'' 1111 ggwggaslayer TFTFq ⋅⋅⋅−+⋅+⋅⋅−⋅+⋅−⋅+=
−−−−−− σεεεσεεεγ
gT
3/1
00
2
85.6
⋅⋅⋅⋅+=
Tk
agAhHA
QTT
2/3
0
2/1
00 1123
2
−⋅
−⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=
H
X
T
T
T
TgHACm N
g
a
g
a
adg ρ
3/53/10762.0 zQm p ⋅⋅=
2/3
0
2/1
00
3/53/1 1123
20762.0
−⋅
−⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=⋅⋅
H
X
T
T
T
TgHACXQ N
g
a
g
a
adN ρ
53
Flame height above wheelhouse
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
1,2
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
110
120
130
140
150
t (min)
z (m
) .
Flame height above wheelhouse
:
Heat flux at bus seat
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
110
120
130
140
150
t (min)
Q''
(kW
/m2) .
Heat flux at bus seat
54
- -
( ) ( ) ( )( )[ ] ( ) ( )[ ] 41
114111'' 1111 ggwggaslayer TFTFq ⋅⋅⋅−+⋅+⋅⋅−⋅+⋅−⋅+=
−−−−−− σεεεσεεεγ
gT
3/1
00
2
85.6
⋅⋅⋅⋅+=
Tk
agAhHA
QTT
2/3
0
2/1
00 1123
2
−⋅
−⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=
H
X
T
T
T
TgHACm N
g
a
g
a
adg ρ
3/53/10762.0 zQm p ⋅⋅=
2/3
0
2/1
00
3/53/1 1123
20762.0
−⋅
−⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=⋅⋅
H
X
T
T
T
TgHACXQ N
g
a
g
a
adN ρ
55
( )τ⋅⋅
+⋅= F
AA
depthwidth
radrad
2
''
56
HRR of the passenger compartment
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
t (min)
HR
R (kW
) .
HRR of the passenger
compartment
HRR, Bus fire
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
t (min)H
RR
(kW
) .
HRR, Bus fire
55
( )τ⋅⋅
+⋅= F
AA
depthwidth
radrad
2
''
56
HRR of the passenger compartment
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
t (min)
HR
R (kW
) .
HRR of the passenger
compartment
HRR, Bus fire
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
t (min)
HR
R (kW
) .
HRR, Bus fire
57
Bus fires
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
0 50 100 150 200
t (min)
HR
R (kW
) .
Calculated HRR, Bus fire
Eureka 499
SP Experiment
58
-
-
-
2/5
⋅=
M
F
MFL
LQQ
2/1
⋅=
M
F
MFL
Luu
2/1
⋅=
M
F
MFL
Ltt
57
Bus fires
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
0 50 100 150 200
t (min)
HR
R (kW
) .
Calculated HRR, Bus fire
Eureka 499
SP Experiment
58
-
-
-
2/5
⋅=
M
F
MFL
LQQ
2/1
⋅=
M
F
MFL
Luu
2/1
⋅=
M
F
MFL
Ltt
59
Fc
Mc
M
F
MFH
H
L
LEE
,
,
3
∆
∆⋅
⋅=
3
⋅=
M
F
MFL
Lmm
MF TT =
L F M F M
60
59
Fc
Mc
M
F
MFH
H
L
LEE
,
,
3
∆
∆⋅
⋅=
3
⋅=
M
F
MFL
Lmm
MF TT =
L F M F M
60
61
62
Test # uc [m/s] Number of piles Arrangement of piles – free distance
1 0.3 1 -
2 0.3 4 0.6 m between pile #1 and #2;
0.9 m between pile #2 and #3;
0.9 m between pile #3 and #4.
3 0.6 4 0.4 m between pile #1 and #2;
0.7 m between pile #2 and #3;
0.6 m between pile #3 and #4.
4 0.6 1 -
5 0.6 4 0.5 m between pile #1 and #2;
0.7 m between pile #2 and #3;
0.8 m between pile #3 and #4.
6 0.6 4 0.5 m between pile #1 and #2;
0.8 m between pile #2 and #3;
0.9 m between pile #3 and #4.
7 0.6 4 0.5 m between pile #1 and #2;
0.8 m between pile #2 and #3;
1.1 m between pile #3 and #4.
8 0.6 4 0.5 m between pile #1 and #2;
0.8 m between pile #2 and #3;
1.3 m between pile #3 and #4.
9 0.6 4 0.6 m between pile #1 and #2;
0.8 m between pile #2 and #3;
1.1 m between pile #3 and #4.
10 0.6 4 0.7 m between pile #1 and #2;
0.8 m between pile #2 and #3;
1.1 m between pile #3 and #4.
11 0.6 4 0.7 m between pile #1 and #2;
0.9 m between pile #2 and #3;
1.1 m between pile #3 and #4.
12 0.9 1 -
61
62
Test # uc [m/s] Number of piles Arrangement of piles – free distance
1 0.3 1 -
2 0.3 4 0.6 m between pile #1 and #2;
0.9 m between pile #2 and #3;
0.9 m between pile #3 and #4.
3 0.6 4 0.4 m between pile #1 and #2;
0.7 m between pile #2 and #3;
0.6 m between pile #3 and #4.
4 0.6 1 -
5 0.6 4 0.5 m between pile #1 and #2;
0.7 m between pile #2 and #3;
0.8 m between pile #3 and #4.
6 0.6 4 0.5 m between pile #1 and #2;
0.8 m between pile #2 and #3;
0.9 m between pile #3 and #4.
7 0.6 4 0.5 m between pile #1 and #2;
0.8 m between pile #2 and #3;
1.1 m between pile #3 and #4.
8 0.6 4 0.5 m between pile #1 and #2;
0.8 m between pile #2 and #3;
1.3 m between pile #3 and #4.
9 0.6 4 0.6 m between pile #1 and #2;
0.8 m between pile #2 and #3;
1.1 m between pile #3 and #4.
10 0.6 4 0.7 m between pile #1 and #2;
0.8 m between pile #2 and #3;
1.1 m between pile #3 and #4.
11 0.6 4 0.7 m between pile #1 and #2;
0.9 m between pile #2 and #3;
1.1 m between pile #3 and #4.
12 0.9 1 -
63
H∆ =∆ cH
HRR - Reference tests
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
t (min)
HR
R (kW
) . HRR - Test #12 - u=0.9
m/s
HRR - Test #1 - u=0.3 m/s
HRR - Test #4 - u=0.6 m/s
64
HRR
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
t (min)
HR
R (kW
) .
Test #3
Test #5
Test #6
Test #7
63
H∆ =∆ cH
HRR - Reference tests
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
t (min)
HR
R (kW
) . HRR - Test #12 - u=0.9
m/s
HRR - Test #1 - u=0.3 m/s
HRR - Test #4 - u=0.6 m/s
64
HRR
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
t (min)
HR
R (kW
) .
Test #3
Test #5
Test #6
Test #7
65
HRR
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
t (min)
HR
R (kW
) .
Test #8
Test #9
Test #10
Test #11
66
maxQ
totE maxt dt
65
HRR
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
t (min)
HR
R (kW
) .
Test #8
Test #9
Test #10
Test #11
66
maxQ
totE maxt dt
67
Heat release rate
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
t (min)
HR
R (kW
) .
Test 4 - three wood cribs
Calculated HRR - three woodcribs
Test 1 - one wood crib
Calculated HRR - one wood crib
Test 3 - two wood cribs
Calculated HRR - two woodcribs
712 += nn 723 += nn
68
Heat release rate
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
t (min)
HR
R (kW
) .
Test 4 - three wood cribs
Calculated HRR - three woodcribs
67
Heat release rate
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
t (min)
HR
R (kW
) .
Test 4 - three wood cribs
Calculated HRR - three woodcribs
Test 1 - one wood crib
Calculated HRR - one wood crib
Test 3 - two wood cribs
Calculated HRR - two woodcribs
712 += nn 723 += nn
68
Heat release rate
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
t (min)
HR
R (kW
) .
Test 4 - three wood cribs
Calculated HRR - three woodcribs
69
Calculated vs. experimental total heat release rate
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
t (min)
HR
R (kW
) .
Summation method
Experimental fire
Critical heat flux
70
Heat release rate
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
t (min)
HR
R (kW
) .
Test 4 - three wood cribs
Calculated HRR - threewood cribs
69
Calculated vs. experimental total heat release rate
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
t (min)
HR
R (kW
) .
Summation method
Experimental fire
Critical heat flux
70
Heat release rate
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
t (min)
HR
R (kW
) .
Test 4 - three wood cribs
Calculated HRR - threewood cribs
71
Heat release rate
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
t (min)
HR
R (kW
) .
Test 4 - three wood cribs
Calculated HRR - threewood cribs
72
71
Heat release rate
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
t (min)
HR
R (kW
) .
Test 4 - three wood cribs
Calculated HRR - threewood cribs
72
73
74
- -
- - -
-
73
74
- -
- - -
-
75
-
-
76
-
-
-
-
75
-
-
76
-
-
-
-
77
-
- - - -
78
77
-
- - - -
78
79
80
79
80
81
82
81
82
83
84
a A
depthA
fA
HA
maxA
0A
TA
widthA b c
pc
dC
vC D
massD E
totE F g h
1h
kh H
H∆ cH∆
chH∆
ecH
0H k βk
L fL
m ''
m am
max,fm
pm ''
∞m
83
84
a A
depthA
fA
HA
maxA
0A
TA
widthA b c
pc
dC
vC D
massD E
totE F g h
1h
kh H
H∆ cH∆
chH∆
ecH
0H k βk
L fL
m ''
m am
max,fm
pm ''
∞m
85
n P q
''
crq ''
gaslayerq ''
maxq ''
radq Q
actQ )(τQ
maxQ
radQ r RTI t
actt
dt
ignt
maxt
pt
aT
actT
dT∆
gT
wT u
cu
0u V w x
NX z γ δ ε
gε η ρ τ χ φ
86
85
n P q
''
crq ''
gaslayerq ''
maxq ''
radq Q
actQ )(τQ
maxQ
radQ r RTI t
actt
dt
ignt
maxt
pt
aT
actT
dT∆
gT
wT u
cu
0u V w x
NX z γ δ ε
gε η ρ τ χ φ
86
