Design and Fabrication of Bolts (Full)

8/20/2019 Design and Fabrication of Bolts (Full)

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DESIGN AND FABRICATION O

Loyola Institute Of TechnologScience

MECHANICAL ENGINEER

THIRD YEAR

MINI PROJECT


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Grou !e"#ers $ Su#in !athe%s&'()*)*))+),-.

$ Clinson Ferna&'()*)*))+,-0.

$ 1ithu 1oseh&'()*)*))+,0'.

Guided By $ !r2 32 Suresh

Group no.14


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AbstractAn industrial fastener co"rises a %ide range of ite"s li4

#olts6 studs6 nails etc226 a"ong %hich the nuts and #olts conslin4 in the fa"ily of industrial fasteners and are used in e8ery

Bolt is a iece of "etal rod %hose one end is unsettled and ththreaded nuts the ite" %hich rolls on these threads2 They ar8arious shaes6 designs and si/e according to %hat they are n

3arious tyes of loads can #e acting on the #olts accordinalication in %hich it is used for2 No% %e are going to desigfa#ricate the #olt %hich is eccentrically loaded2 Eccentrically

7oints are 8ery co""on in structural connections2 For fa#rica%e are selecting the si"le "anufacturing rocess li4e lathethreading. etc222 Because this rocesses is si"le and "ore e

:e e;ect the #olt %hich is fa#ricated %ill #e "ost su9cthe eccentrically alication as for the conditions2 For the furin the strength %e can e8en do heat treat"ents li4e te"erinhardening on the #olt "aterial2


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Introduction

There is no one fasener !aeria" ha is ri#h for e$er% en$ir&e"e'in# he ri#h fasener !aeria" fro! he $as arra% of hose a$aia )aunin# as*. Carefu" 'onsi)eraion !us (e #i$en o sren#h+ e!

'orrosion+ $i(raion+ fai#ue an) !an% oher $aria("es ,hi"e se"e'in# !aeria" (e'ause he se"e'ion ise"f in'"u)es $arious %pes of 'apa(i(o" in'"u)in# he ensi"e sren#h+ )u'i"i% !a""ea(i"i% e'.

The hrea) is a for! o(aine) (% he 'uin# of a 'oninuous #roo$e on he '%"in)ri'a" surfa'e. The hrea)e) porion ,i"" (e he en#,hi'h en#a#es ,ih a 'orrespon)in# hrea)e) ho"e in he nu or he !

-asi'a""% he% are !os 'o!!on"% use) for supporin# or ra

po,er fro! one !e)iu! o he oher an) o a' as fasenin# o se'ur!e!(er o he oher. The 'onne'ions are nor!a""% !a)e eiher (% ri(o"in# or (% ,e")in#. Nor!a""% he /Ri$ee) Conne'ions0 are of (earhe /-o"e) 'onne'ions0 are of (oh (earin# %pe as ,e"" as fri'ion %Conne'ions0 are (ein# use) in a"" %pe of siuaion. -u i is seen ha,here repeii$e )%na!i' "oa)s are eperien'e). In hese siuaion+ h

(eer su(siue of Ri$es. An) here are !an% app"i'aions in ,hi'h 'an su(siue a (o"e) 2oin.


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Literature reviewAn in)usria" fasener 'o!prises a ,i)e ran#e of ie!s "i*e nus 3 (o

e'..+ a!on# ,hi'h he nus an) (o"s 'onsis a !a2or "in* in he fa!i"% of in)usan) are use) in e$er% in)usr%. -o" is a pie'e of !ea" ro) ,hose one en) is un

he oher en) is hrea)e) nus he ie! ,hi'h ro""s on hese hrea)s. The% are $arious shapes+ )esi#ns an) sie a''or)in# o ,ha he% are nee)e) for.

Nus an) (o"s are use) for fasenin# purposes in in)usries ,here hof pie'es an) pars is ne'essar%. Mos of he faseners app"i'aion are )esi#ne)rans!ie) so!e for! of eerna""% app"ie) "oa). The !ain ra, !aeria" use) he !anufa'urin# is he !i") see" ro) of re5uire) )ia!eer. I is one of he !o'o!p"e+ usefu" an) frusrain# 'o!ponen %e )e$ise) an) o6'orse i is a e!

The 7#ure #i$en (e"o, sho,s he $arious pars of he (o"s+


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There are $arious %pes of hrea)s a$ai"a("e for he (o" an) a''or)an'e ,ih heir usa#e an) purpose. The hrea)s are for!e) (% ro""in# a 'oninuous he"i'a" #roo$e on a '%"in)ri'a" surfa'e. The 7#uresho,s he no!en'"aure of a si!p"e 89: hrea)+


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T


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DESIGN OF BOLTS=hi"e )esi#nin# a (o" 7rs of a"" ,e shou") 'onsi)er ,ha a"" are he

for'es a'in# on he (o" ,e are #oin# o !a*e ,hen he (o" is app"ie) on 'erapp"i'aions.

The (o"s 'an (e "oa)e) on he (asis of he app"i'aion in ,hi'h he A''or)in# o he app"i'aion he "oa)in# !eho) a"so )i6ers+ he (o" ha ,e a!anufa'ure shou") (e 'apa("e of ,ihsan)in# ha %pe of "oa)in# 'on)iion (o" is app"ie). No, ,e are #oin# o 'onsi)er he e''enri'a""% "oa)e) 'on)iio)esi#n he (o" app"i'a("e for ,ihsan)in# ha 'on)iion.

ECCENTRICALL< LOADED BOLTED 1OINTS2 E''enri'a""% "oa)e) (o"e) 2oins are $er% 'o!!on in he sru'ura"

There are !ain"% ,o in his *in) of e''enri' "oa)in#+ he% are as fo""o,s+

Loa)in# in a p"ane )i6eren fro! he p"ane of he (o"s.

P"ane of "oa)in# is sa!e as he p"ane of he (o".

No, ,e are on"% 'onsi)erin# he "oa)s ha !a% a' on )i6eren p"a

pro'e)ure for he )esi#n of he (o"s ha is app"i'a("e in he 'on)iion ha hea'in# e''enri'a""% on )i6eren p"ane is as ep"aine) in he 'o!in# pa#es+


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LOADING ON DIFFERENT =LANE A si!p"e ea!p"e for his *in) of "oa)in# is ha of a (ra'*ehe 7#ure #i$en (e"o,+

Le+ P > Eerna" for'e. O > ?u"'ru! a(ou ,hi'h he (ra'*e !a% i".

e > E''enri'i%. "1 > Disan'e (e,een he 7rs ro, of he (o" an) he fu"'ru!. " Disan'e (e,een he se'on) ro, of he (o" an) he fu"'ru n1 > Nu!(er of (o" in he 7rs ro,. n Nu!(er of (o" in he se'on) ro,. 5 > &i6ness of he (o" @?or'e uni )isan'e fro! 8O:. f 1 > ?or'e in)u'e) in he 7rs ro, of (o"s.

f ?or'e in)u'e) in he se'on) ro, of (o"s.


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Ta*in# he !o!ens a(ou O+ P.e B

I 'an (e seen fro! he a(o$e ha he (o"s in he se'on) r

o hi#her sress (e'ause

&hear sress in)u'e) in he (o"s+

B

B


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-% !ai!u! shear sress heor%+ he !ai!u! shear sress+

?or )esi#nin#+

&u(siuin# he $a"ues + an) n+ 'an (e foun)arri$e) $a"ue of+ ,e 'an easi"% 7n) he suia("e sie for he (o".

=hen he (o" sie is 'hosen hen a"" he (asi' )i!ensionfoun)e) ou fro! P&G DE&IGN DATA -OOF pa#e no. .4<

?ro! here he pi'h+ "en#h up o ,hi'h hrea) ha$e o (

hi'*ness of he (o" hea) an) )i!ensions for he (o" hea) arran#e!efoun)e) ou.


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Problem statement A (ra'*e as sho,n in 7#ure #i$en (e"o, is 7e) o a ,a"" ,ih 7$e (ohe op an) ,o a he (oo!+ ,ih a"" (o"s e5ua""% spa'e). A "oa) of <a'in# a an e''enri'i% of


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CALC?LATIONGi$en )aa; P B


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?ro! he a(o$e ans,ers ,e 'an un)ersan) ha+?


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=here+ n is he fa'or of safe% #i$en as . Le he (o" !aeria" (e !i") see" Mini!u! %ie") sress B


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Deph of hrea)+ h B 1.4 !!Mai!u! )eph of en#a#e!en+ H B .K4 !!

These are he (asi' )i!ensions for he hrea)s on he (o"s. The $a"ues are !a)e a''or)in# o he In)ian &an)ar) > I&; 41K The (asi' )i!ensions for an s5uare hea)e) (o" 'an (e a*en fro! h

P&G DE&IGN DATA -OOF pa#e no. .4

?or M1< s5uare hea)e) (o"s Len#h of hrea) B !!+ sin'e he "en#h of he (o" "ess han 1 Corner o 'orner )isan'e+ e B


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-D !ODELING&o"i) ,or*s is a D !o)e"in# sof,are use) (% !os of he en#inee

,or"). In his pro2e'+ ,e 'reae) our D !o)e" of our (o" ,ih he he"p,or*s.


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RA: !ATERIAL The se"e'ion of he ra, !aeria" fro! a ,i)e $arie)one a''or)in# o he app"i'aion in ,hi'h he (o" is a(ou o use. T!aeria" shou") (e 'apa("e of ,ihsan) he ,or*in# 'on)iions an) son he app"i'aion of he "oa). The !aeria" shou") (e se"e'e) in a''

he ,or*in# a!osphere a"so. Here for he e''enri'a""% "oa)e) 'on)se"e'in# he (o" !aeria" o (e !i") see"+ ,hi'h is easi"% a$ai"a("e i!ar*e an) 'heap ,hi"e 'onsi)erin# in re#ar)an'e ,ih he sren#h#i$en (e"o, sho,s he !i") see" ro) ,hi'h is use) as he ra, !aer'he!i'a" 'o!posiion of !i") see" 'an (e o(ser$e) as #i$en in he (e"o,+

Che"ical @=ercentage Car(on > .1 > .1&i"i'on > .4 !a.Man#anese > . > .K&u"phur > .4 !aPhosphorus > .4 !a


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FACING Ma'hinin# he en) of he ,or* pie'e opro)u'e he Qa surfa'e 'a""e) fa'in#. The ,or* !a% (e he") ina 'hu'* or (e,een 'eners. The ,or* is roae) a(ou he "aheais. A fa'in# oo" is fe) perpen)i'u"ar o he ais of he "ahe

.The fee)in# !a% (e )one (% he han) or po,er. The 7#ure#i$en (e"o, sho,s he fa'in# operaion )one o he !i") see"

ro). =e are fa'in# he !i") see" o a "en#h of !!in'"u)in# he "en#h of he (o" !! an) in'"u)in# hehi'*ness of he (o" !!.

T?RNING

&rai#h urnin# is he operaions of pro)u'in# a'%"in)ri'a" surfa'e (% re!o$in# !aeria" fro! ousi)e)ia!eer of he ,or* pie'e. I:s )one (% roain# he ,or*pie'e a(ou he "ahe ais an) fee)in# he oo" para""e" o"ahe ais. The 2o( is he") (e,een he 'eners or he") in a'hu'*. The rea!en or 'enerness of he ,or* pie'e is

'he'*e) (% he )ia" in)i'aor or he s'ri(er a#ains heroain# ,or* pie'e. The urnin# is )one o he !i") see"

TREAD C?TTING


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TREAD C?TTING Threa) 'uin# is he operaions of pro)u'in#he"i'a" #roo$es on a '%"in)ri'a" ,or* pie'e. =hen he 2o( roaeshe oo" is auo!ai'a""% for "on#iu)ina""% (% usin# "o'*ou an)"ea) s're, fee) shou") (e e5ua" o he pi'h of he hrea) o (e'u per re$o"uion of he ,or*. The "ea) s're, has )e7nie pi'h.

The 7#ure #i$en (e"o, sho,s he operaion )one )urin# hehrea) 'uin#. A )e7nie raio (e,een he roaion of hea)so'*spin)"e an) "on#iu)ina""% fee) is foun) ou so ha he s're, of)esire) pi'h 'an (e o(aine). The "ea) s're, is 'onne'e) o'arria#e ha"f nu ,ih "ea) s're,.

GRINDING Grin)in# is he operaion ha are use) ore!o$a" of he !ea" (% usin# a(rasi$e !ea"s ,hee"s. -% inerna"an) eerna" #rin)in# 'an (e )one in "ahe. The #rin)in# is he") onhe oo" pos #rin)er ,hi'h is p"a'e) on 'o!poun) res. Grin)in# is)one in a "ahe on si!p"e 2o(s "i*e #rin)in#+ urnin# 'hu'* 2a,s+sharpenin# he "ahe 'eners an) !i""in# 'uers+ siin# of ,or*

pie'e. for o(ainin# he s5uare hea)e) shape of he re5uire)

EAT TREAT!ENT


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EAT TREAT!ENT Hea reain# is a pro'ess ui"ie) o 'han#e 'era'hara'erisi's of !ea"s an) a""o%s in or)er o !a*e he! !ore suia(*in) of app"i'aion. In #enera"+ hea rea!en is he er! for an% pro'e,hi'h 'han#es he ph%si'a" properies of a !ea" (% eiher heain# or 'proper"% perfor!e)S hea reain# 'an #rea"% inQuen'e !e'hani'a" pro

sren#h+ har)ness+ )u'i"i%+ ou#hness+ an) ,ear resisan'e. Mos 'ar'ar(on a""o% see"s 'an (e hea reae) for he purpose of i!pro$in# !properies su'h as ensi"e an) %ie") sren#h. This is a''o!p"ishe) )ue rea!en fun)a!ena""% a"erin# he !i'rosru'ure of he see":s In heheain# he !i") see" (o" o a e!peraure of C an) rapi) 'oo"inis )one (% !eans of )ippin# i in o oi" or ,aer reser$oir+ his is )one inhe har)ness of he (o". The hea rea!en 'an (e )one on he !uUe

a$ai"a("e in our "a(oraor%. The 7#ure represens he !uUe furna'e a$a"o'a" !ar*e.

Ad8antages


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Ad8antagesVHi#h"% re"ia("e )urin# operaion.VEas% asse!("in# an) )isasse!("in# operaion.VI is a)api$e o !u"ip"e operain# 'on)iions.VRe"ai$e"% 'heap he pro)u'e as he% ha$e (een san)ar)ise).VEW'ien !anufa'urin# !eho)s a 'an (e a)ape).

Disad8antagesVA"" hrea)e) faseners inro)u'e sress 'on'enraions a he hrea)s heir sren#h an) he "oa) 'arr%in# 'apa(i"i%.VThe% re5uire so!e sor of "o'*in# )e$i'e+ ,asher e'X

Alications

VTransporaion in)usries; Rai",a%s+ Air'rafs+ =a#ons+ Auo!o(i"es eVE"e'ri'a" in)usries; !anufa'urin# of ransfor!ers+ e"e'ri' !oors eV-ui")in# a'i$iies; 'onsru'ion of (ri)#es+ fa(ri'aion or $arious seee'XVOher hea$% an) "i#h in)usries+ see" an) ,oo)en furniures+ !a'hi


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CONCL&SION


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CONCL&SION

Thus he s5uare hea)e) (o" is )esi#ne) an) fa(ri'ae) for h"oa)e) 'on)iion. As our #i$en 'on)iion is o ,ihsan) an e''enri'a""%


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RE'ERENCE

1 Desi#n of !a'hine e"e!ens (% M.?.&pos+ Preni'e ha1KK1.

Design and Fabrication of Bolts (Full)

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