Design and Analysis of an Optical WDM Switch...
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Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport College o/Engineering and Technology Electronics and Communications Engineering Department Design and Analysis of an Optical WDM Switch Architecture A Thesis by Kamal Safwat Kamal Hamza Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Major: Electronics and Communications Engineering Under the Supervision of: Prof. Ismail Abdelhamied Taha Assoc. Prof. Hesham M. El Badawy Dean, College of Intemational Business & Logistics, Head of Network Planning Department, National Arab Academy for Science & Technology and Telecommunication Institute, Cairo Maritime Transport, Cairo Cairo 2010
Transcript of Design and Analysis of an Optical WDM Switch...
Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport
College o/Engineering and Technology Electronics and Communications Engineering Department
Design and Analysis of an Optical WDM Switch Architecture
A Thesis by
Kamal Safwat Kamal Hamza
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Master of Science
Major: Electronics and Communications Engineering
Under the Supervision of:
Prof. Ismail Abdelhamied Taha Assoc. Prof. Hesham M. El Badawy Dean, College of Intemational Business & Logistics, Head of Network Planning Department, National
Arab Academy for Science & Technology and Telecommunication Institute, Cairo
Maritime Transport, Cairo
Cairo 2010
ARAB ACADEMY FOR SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND MARITIME TRANSPORT
College of Engineering and Technology
Design and Analysis of an Optical WDM Switch Architecture
by
Kamal Safwat Kamal Hamza
A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment to the Requirements
for the Master's Degree in
Electronics and Communications Engineering
Prof. Ismail Abdelbamid Taha Supervisor
Prof. Hadya Mohamed Elbenoawy Examiner
Assoc.Prof. Hesham M. ElBadawy Supervisor
Prof. Magdy Fekri Ragaay Examiner
FEBRUARY 2010
Acknowledgement
First and foremost, I would like to thank my parents for their endless support, love,
and sincere prayers. Without their love and support this dissertation would not have been
completed.
I heartily thank my brothers for their love and support. They are not only great
brothers, but also my true friends.
I would like to thank all the people who have helped me during this work. Especially
I would like to express gratitude to the supervisors of the thesis, Prof. Ismaiel Taha and
Assoc. Prof. Hesham M Elbadawy, for their guidance during the work and valuable help.
A special thank for Dr. Haitham S. Harnza for his encouraging and helpful support.
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Abstract
The demand for high communication bandwidth and speed has been growing
exponentially beyond the limits of the capability of current network infrastructure.
Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) has emerged as a promising solution to the
increasing demand on bandwidth and to satisfy the needs of the new classes of services.
Advances in WDM make a single physical fiber virtually equivalent to hundreds of
communication channels. Each channel represents a wavelength that can operate at the
peak electronic speed of -1 OGb/ s and above.
WDM networks play an important role in enabling next-generation high-speed
Internet networks (IP-over-WDM). A key component in such networks is the optical
packet switch (OPS) that provides the basic functionality of switching data packets from
input ports to the desired output ports, on a possibly different wavelength.
As with conventional electronic packet switches, OPS must be designed to deal with
packet contentions effectively and efficiently to avoid packet losses. A common approach
to deal with packet contention in OPS is to use wavelength converters eWCs). A WC is
capable of converting the wavelength of an input signal to a desired output wavelength.
A main objective in designing OPS is to develop a high-performance switch that is cost
effective. Because WCs usually dominate the overall complexity, and hence the cost, of
the OPS architecture, a key design objective in OPS is to reduce the number of used WCs
without affecting its performance.
Accordingly, in this thesis, a novel OPS architecture is proposed and its scheduling
algorithm is implemented with the objective of reducing conversion complexity while
maintaining high switching performance. The novelty of the proposed architecture is in
its use of wavelength exchange optical crossbars (WOCs), which are shared among
output links in order to reduce conversion complexity. A WOC is a device that can
switch signals simultaneously and seamlessly b~th in space and wavelength domains. II
Unlike conventional OPS designs that use expensive full-range WCs, all wavelength
conversion processes in the proposed design are performed between two fixed
wavelengths.
Extensive simulation results under various traffic loads confirm that the proposed
OPS architecture can reduce the conversion cost by up to four times of that of a typical
WDM OPS architecture. In particular, results show that, under heavy traffic loads, the
conversion cost of the proposed OPS architecture is only 25 % of that of a typical OPS
architecture. Moreover, under low traffic loads, the conversion cost of the proposed
architecture can be reduced to the half ofthat of typical OPS designs.
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Contents
Acknowledgements .......................................................................... . Abstract................................................... ......................................... 11
Table of Contents ................ ........... ...... ...... ................... ..... ....... ........ lV
List of Tables.............. ......... ....... ........................ ........................ ...... vi List of Figures ................................................................................... vii List of Symbols................................................................................. x List of Abbreviations.............................................................. xi
Chapter 1 1. Introduction ....................................... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ... 1
1.1 Evolution of Switching Networks....................................... 1 1.2 Evolution ofWDM Switching Networks ............. ... ....... ....... 6 1.3 Optical Switching Networks. ...... ................... ........ .... ....... 9
1.3.1 Optical Circuit Switching (OCS) ............................... 11 1.3.2 Optical Burst Switching COBS) .................... '" ... ........ 12 1.3.3 Optical Packet Switching COPS) ............................. ... 15
1.4 Contention Resolution in Optical Packet Switches .................. 19 1.5 Problem Statement and Thesis Objective ... .... ....... ........... ..... 21
1.5.1 Problem Statement................................................ 22 1.5.2 Thesis Objectives....... .......... ...... ......... ...... ...... ... ... 22
1.6 Thesis Organization ....................................................... 23
Chapter 2 2. Background and Related Work................................................ 24
2.1 Notation and Basic Concepts......................................... ... 24 2.1.1 Overview of Architecture Prosperities ........................ 25 2.1.2 Types of Wavelength Converters ...... , . .. . .. . .. . ..... . . .. .. ... 27
2.2 Generic Optical Packet Switch COPS) Architecture................. 28 2.2.1 Design of Space Switching Fabric................... ...... ..... 29 2.2.2 Design of Wavelength Conversion Stages ..... ............... 31 2.2.3 OPS Architectures with Shared Wavelength Converters.. 33
2.3 Complexity Factors of OPS Architectures.............. ... ..... .... ... 35 2.4 OPS Testbeds ............................................................... 37
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2.5 Wavelength Exchanging Technology ... ......... ...... ...... .......... 38 2.5.1 Wavelength Exchange Phenomenon .......................... 39 2.5.2 Wavelength Exchange Optical Crossbar WOC ............. 42 2.5.3 WOC-based WDM Crossbar Switches..................... ... 44
Chapter 3 3. Proposed OPS Architecture ....................................................... 46
3.1 Introduction. . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . ... 46 3.2 Proposed OPS Architecture... ...... ........ ...... .. ..................... 48 3.3 Proposed Scheduling Algorithm ......................................... 52
3.3.1 Definitions and Notation ... ...... ... .......... ...... ..... ....... 53 3.3.2 Packet Scheduling Algorithm ................................... 54
3.4 Hardware Complexity Analysis ......................................... 57
Chapter 4 4. Performance and Complexity Evaluation of the Proposed OPS
Architecture ........................................................................... 59 4.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. ... . .. .. . . . . . . ....................................... 59 4.2 Performance Evaluation Approach...... .. . ... ... .. .. .... . ... .......... 60 4.3 Simulation Model ........................................ " ... ............... 62 4.4 Results and Analysis ....................................................... 65
4.4.1 Validation of the Simulation Model ........................... 65 4.4.2 Results for the Light Traffic Load. ..... . . . . .. . .. ... ............. 66 4.4.3 Results for the Heavy Traffic Loads .... .............. ......... 71 4.4.4 Results for the Various Traffic Loads for W=32 . ..... ...... 79
Chapter 5 5. Conclusions and Future Works .............................. .................. 85
5.1 Conclusions ................................................ .................. 85 5.2 Future Work .................................................................. 86
References ................................................................................... 88
Extracted Paper .............................................. ,. ... . . . ..... . ... . ........ .... 92
v
List of Tables
Table 1.1 Comparison between various switching methods [24] ............ 17
Table l.2 A Summary of different wavelength exchanging technologies [16] '" 40
Table 4.1 Summary of Simulation Parameters ... '" ... '" .. , '" " . .. . .. . ... .... ..... 60
Table 4.2 Summary of conversion complexity for the proposed and TWC-based architectures for W = 32 under various traffic loads ............ 83
Table 4.3 Summary of conversion complexity for the proposed and TWC-based architectures for W = 16 under various traffic loads............ 83
Table 4.4 Summary of conversion complexity for the proposed and TWC-based architectures for W = 48 under various traffic loads .. " . . . . . ... 84
Table 4.5 Summary of conversion complexity for the proposed and TWC-based architectures for W = 64 under various traffic loads ............ 84
VI
Figure 1.1 Figure 1.2 Figure 1.3 Figure 1.4 Figure 1.5 Figure 1.6 Figure 1.7 Figure 1.8 Figure 1.9 Figure 1.10 Figure 1.11 Figure 1.12 Figure 1.13 Figure 1.14
Figure 1.15
Figure 2.1
Figure 2.2
List of Figures
Evolution of switching networks. ...... .......... ..... ... ............ . ..... 2 Structure of the knockout ATM switch [39J ............................. 3 Structure of the Batcher-Banyan ATM switch [18] .......... ...... ..... 4 Structure of a generic OEO Optical Switch [24] ........................ 5 Point-to-Point WDM switching Network............................... 6 Structure of an Optical Add-Drop Multiplexer (OADM) ............. 7 Structure of an Optical Passive Star ............................. , ..... " . . 8 Possible structure of a Passive Optical Router....................... .... 10 Active Optical Switch with Dynamic Routing Matrix. ...... ......... 10 Typical WDM Optical Circuit Switching (OCS) network........ ... 11 Various types of nodes in an Optical Burst Switching network [24] 13 Basic design of an OBS switching node [24] ............................. 13 Structure of Slotted (Synchronous) OPS Node Architecture [24] 16 Structure of Unslotted (Asynchronous) OPS Node Architecture 16 [24] .............................................................................. . Optical Packet Switch Architecture with FDLs Buffers [30] ......... 18
Generic structure of the W(FXF) WDM switching network considered in this dissertation .............................................. 25 WDM OPS architecture with F fibers and W wavelengths per fiber 28
Figure 2.3 Two implementation of Wavelength Converters: (a) OEO-based implementation, (b) All-Optical implementation [24] .............. ... 30
Figure 2.4 Typical structure of an OPS Architecture with Dedicated WCs [24] . ......... .......... ......... ..... ............ ... ... ... ....... ........ .... ..... 32
Figure 2.5 Classification of OPS Architectures....................................... 33
Figure 2.6 Typical structure of Share-Per-Node OPS Architecture [24] ......... 35
Figure 2.7 Typical structure of Share-Per-Link OPS Architecture [24] .... '" .. , 36
Figure 2.8 Structure of the WASPNET Architecture [30] .......... ... .......... ... 37
Figure 2.9 The OPSnet Node Architecture [30] ..... .... ............. .......... ...... 39
Figure 2.10 illustration of wavelength exchanging phenomenon. (a) Signals at Wavelength Aa = 1573:44 nm, and (b) Signals at )·b = 1579:88 run, respectively. In each figure, the lower waveform trace represents
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Figure 2.11
Figure 2.12
Figure 2.13
Figure 3.1
Figure 3.2
Figure 3.3
Figure 3.4
Figure 3.5
original input signal before wavelength exchanging, whereas the upper trace represents the output exchanged signal [32] .............. 41 Demonstrations of different wavelength exchange technology: (a) High Nonlinear Dispersion-Shifted Fiber(HNL-DSF) [32] and (b) The 2-D periodic X2
) nonlinear photonic crystal [5] ................... 43 WOC in three different configurations: (a) Bar configuration, (b) Cross configuration (simultaneous switching and wavelength conversion) ..................................................................... 44 (a) i(2x2) WDM crossbar switch and (b) its symbolic notation [17] 45
OPS Architecture using SOAs and TWCs shared per node [8] ...... 47
Architecture of an OPS with SPOL Tunable WCs [12] ............... 48
Structure of a 4'(2x2) OPS architecture based on the proposed design ............................................................................ 49 Generalized structure of the proposed W(FxF) OPS architecture ... 50
Flowchart of the proposed algorithm ..................................... 56
Figure 4.1 Validation of the implemented simulation model with respect to the results reported in [12]. The traffic and system parameters are: p = 0:8, F= 16 and W= 16, 32,48 and 64 ............................... 66
Figure 4.2 Conversion complexity for WC-based and WOC-based OPS architectures for F = 16 and W = 16 and under light traffic load: (a)p=O.2and(b)p=0.4 .................................................... 67
Figure 4.3 Conversion complexity for WC-based and WOC-based OPS architectures for F= 16 and W= 32 and under traffic loadp = 0.2 69
Figure 4.4 Conversion complexity for WC-based and WOC-based OPS architectures for F = 16 and W = 32 and under traffic load p = 0.4 69
Figure 4.5 Conversion complexity for WC-based and WaC-based OPS architectures for F = 16 and W = 48 and under traffic load p = 0.2 70
Figure 4.6 Conversion complexity for WC-based and WaC-based OPS architectures for F = 16 and W = 48 and under traffic load p = 0.4 70
Figure 4.7 Conversion complexity for WC-based and WaC-based OPS architectures for F= 16 and W= 64 and under trafficloadp = 0.2 71
Figure 4.8 Conversion complexity for WC-based and WaC-based OPS architectures for F = 16 and W = 64 and under traffic load p = 0.4 72
Figure 4.9 Comparison of conversion complexity for p = 0.2 and for various values of W. .. ... . ... .. ... . . . ... . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .... .. . .. . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . .. .... 72
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Figure 4.10 Comparison of conversion complexity for p = 0.4 and for various values of W .. ........................................... '" .... " " .............. 73
Figure 4.11 Conversion complexity for WC-based and WaC-based OPS architectures for F= 16 and W= 64 and under traffic loadp = 0.6 74
Figure 4.12 Conversion complexity for WC-based and WaC-based OPS architectures for F= 16 and W= 64 and under traffic loadp = 0.8 74
Figure 4.13 Conversion complexity for WC-based and WaC-based OPS architectures for F = 16 and W = 32 and under light traffic load: (a) p = 0.6 and (b) p = 0.8 ................ ...... ...... ............. ........... 75
Figure 4.14 Conversion complexity for WC-based and WaC-based OPS architectures for F = 16 and W = 48 and under light traffic load: (a)p=0.6and(b)p=0.8 .................................................... 77
Figure 4.15 Conversion complexity for WC-based and WaC-based OPS architectures for F = 16 and W = 64 and under light traffic load: (a) p = 0.6 and (b) p = 0.8.. ............ ........... ........ ..... ...... ........ 78
Figure 4.16 Comparison of conversion complexity for p = 0.6 and for various values of W ... .. , ............ '" ...... ...... ... .. . ..... . .. . ... ... ..... . .. . ....... 79
Figure 4.17 Comparison of conversion complexity for p = 0.8 and for various values of W .. ................... " . " ........... , ............................... , 80
Figure 4.18 Conversion complexity for WC-based and WaC-based OPS architectures for F= 16 and W= 32 and under various traffic loads 0.1 ~ P ~ 0.6 ................................................................ ..... 81
Figure 4.19 Conversion complexity for WC-based and WaC-based OPS architectures for F = 16 and W= 32 and under various traffic loads O. 7 ~ p ~ l.0 ................................................................ ..... 82
IX
List of Symbols
A Wavelength F Number of Fibers W Number of Wavelengths ~ Set of fibers W Set of wavelengths N Total number of ports
Input fiber o Output fiber
Po,i.Aj Input packet
Ao Set of free wavelengths A Set of all wavelengths LO•i Set of forwarded packets per Input! Output link
cO.i Set of contended packets per Input/ Output link
Co Contention set for an Output 0
R Set of WDM crossbars Tk WDM crossbar of fiber k p Traftic10ad Ok Output matrix of fiber k
PT Total number of packets PF Total number of forwarded packets PC Total number of contended packets PL Total umber of packet loss
x
ATM AWGR Cu DEMUX EDFA FDL FWC FWM HNL-DSF IP LWC MEMS MUX O-E-O OBS OCS OPS OPSnet PALM RAM RNB SE SNB SOA SPIT.. SPL SPN SPOL TOWC TWC WASPNET
List of Abbreviations
Asynchronous Transfer Mode Arrayed-Waveguide Gates Router Copper DeMultiplexer Erbium-Doped Fiber optical Amplifier Fiber Delay Line Full-range Wavelength Converter Four-Wave Mixing High NonLinear Dispersion-Shifted Fiber Internet Protocol Limited-range Wavelength Converter MicroElectroMechanical System Multiplexer Optical-Electronic-Optical Optical Burst Switching Optical Circuit Switching Optical Packet Switching Packet Switched network Parametric Loop Mirror Random-Access Memory Rearrangeable NonBlocking Switch Element Strict-sense NonBlocking Semiconductor Optical Amplifier
Shared-Per-Input-Link Shared-Per-Link Shared-Per-Node Shared-Per-Output-Link Tunable Optical Wavelength Converter Tunable Wavelength Converter Wavelength Switched Packet Network
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WC WDM WNB WOC WRA
Wavelength Converters Wavelength Division Multiplexing Wide-sense N onBlocking Wavelength exchange Optical Crossbar Wavelength Routing and Assignment
xii
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Extracted Paper
Kamal S. Hamza, Hesham Elbadawy, Ismail Taha, "A Novel Optical Packet Switch
Architecture with Reduced Wavelength Conversion Complexity".
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621.3827 HA-DE
77231 C3
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF AN OPTICAL WDM SWITCH ARCHITECTURE
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