Description & Specs Jabbal Gurnish Singh

8/13/2019 Description & Specs Jabbal Gurnish Singh

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INTRODUCTION

(Digital Single Lens Reflex) camera is most widely used by the

professional photographers. According to [1],it uses a single lensreflex (SLR) mechanism. Most professional cameras have always been

single lens reflex cameras, although analog. Digital SLRs began to

emerge in the early 1990s, but became very popular after the turn of

the century.

According to [2], the main difference between a DSLR and other

digital camera is the reflex design scheme used. In the reflex

design scheme, light travels through a single lens and a mirror is

used to reflect a portion of that light through the view finder -

hence the name Single Lens Reflex. The image seen through the

Viewfinder is same as captured by the cameras sensor.

Fig.1[9] Canon EOS 20D.

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

According to [2], all DSLR(s) uses an interchangeable lens (1) with

a proprietary lens mount. A movable mechanical mirror system (2) is

switched down (exact 45-degree angle) to direct light from the

lens over a matte focusing screen (5) via a condenser lens (6) and

a pentaprism (7) to an optical viewfinder eyepiece (8).. Thepentamirror design is composed mostly of plastic and is lighter and


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cheaper to producehowever, the image in the viewfinder is usually

darker. Focusing can be manual or automatic, activated by pressing

half-way on the shutter release or a dedicated AF button. To take an

image, the mirror swings upwards in the direction of the arrow, the

Focal plane shutter (3) opens, and the image is projected and

captured on the image sensor (4), after which actions, the shutter

closes, the mirror returns to the 45-degree angle, and the built in

drive mechanism re-tensions the shutter for the next exposure.

Fig.2[10] Cross- section view of a DSLR.

According to [1], when the picture is taken, the mirror momentarily

flips out of the way to allow the light to pass through the lens

diaphragm to the CCD or CMOS sensor.

Fig.2[11] working of DSLR.


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Listed below are the two main major parts comprising a DSLR camera:-

BODY INTERCHANGEABLE LENS

1. BODY

According to [3] , the body is the main portion of the camera, andbodies can be a number of different shapes and sizes. DSLRs tend tobe larger bodied and a bit heavier, while there are other consumercameras that are a conveniently smaller size and even able to fitinto a pocket.

There are several buttons which operates different features of a

DSLR camera body and also the lens. According to [4], Following arethe buttons and their respective features:-

Fig.4[4] above shows the individual section of a DSLR bodys

(Front view) important buttons.


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DSLR Front buttons and their operations [4]:-

1.Lens Alignment - Each lens you use will have a similar reddot. It allows you to align, twist and click the lens in placemore easily.

2.Flash Pop Up Button- Press this to activate the pop up flash.There will be similar buttons on all makes of camera. It is akind of manual over-ride, useful for fill-in flash etc. If infull auto mode, the camerawill decide whether or not to usethe flash.

3.Lens Release- By pressing this in, you allow the lens to betwisted and released.

4.Depth of Field preview - The depth of field determines howmuch of an image is in focus. For example, if you took a photoof someone with a mountain range in the background, and boththe subject andthe mountain range are in focus, you have deepor large depth of field. If the subject is in focus but the

mountains areblurred

, you have shallow or small depth offield. E.g. F16 gives deep depth of field and F2.8 givesshallow depth of field. This button will close the aperture togive the idea (through the viewfinder) of what will be infocus.

5.Lens contacts This line up with the contacts of anycompatible lenses, allowing the cameras auto focus and othersettings to work in time with your lens'ssettings.

6.Mirror - This mirror allows you to see, through theviewfinder, almost exactly what you will photograph byreflecting the image up, and into the eyepiece. It flips upthe instant that you press the shutter release and returns

once the picture is taken. Never touch the mirror with yourfingers and use special cleaning equipment and solutions. Somemirrors can be replaced but it is costly. Any dust on themirror will not appear in your photographs, so if in doubt,leave it alone.

7.Grip - Grip that is usually rubberised for more effectivehandling of the (sometimes cumbersome) digital SLR cameras.

8.Shutter Release Button- Without wanting to state the obvious,this takesthe picture at whatever settings you have made. Ahalf press will start the auto focus and exposurecalculations.

9.Focus Assist Beam - Most modern DSLRs have this now. Itilluminates the subject in poor light to assist the autofocus. It will sometimes be used as an indicator for the self-timer function (I.e. it will flash and beep during delay).

10. Pop Up FlashA DSLR body has a built in flash which,when on full auto, will pop up and fire when required. On themanual settings, you will normally have to activate it via abutton (see No. 2) for more creative photography.


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(Rear view) important buttons.

DSLR Rear buttons and their operations [4]:-

1.Viewfinder- This is where it all happens. With most film orDigital SLR 's, you see about 95-98% of what you shoot. Inhere you will see the focussing ring at the centre of theimage plus most of the other information such as shutterspeeds, aperture settings etc.

2.Dioptre Adjustment- Very handy if you are slightly long orshort sighted. As in binoculars, you can adjust theviewfinder to match the difference in your eyes, enablingyou to use the camera without your glasses or contact

lenses.3.Rubber Eyecup - This can be removed but is handy for 2

reasons. If you wear glasses, it will protect the lensesfrom scratching against the camera. Without glasses, ithelps the viewfinder tomouldaround your eye and eliminateany surrounding glare.

4.Joystick Dial- On the Canon EOS 20D, this will allow you tomove around a menu or image in display mode.

5.Exposure Lock/Zoom Button - On the Canon EOS 20D, thisbutton serves 2 purposes. Firstly it is the Exposure Lockbutton. If you aim the camera at a scene and press this, itwill record and keep (for a few seconds) thatexact exposure

whilst you re-compose and shoot. Good for if you areshooting into light and want control over the exposure.


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Doesn't work in themanualsetting. Secondly, when using theimage preview screen to look at your exposed images, usingthis button will zoom in on a specific area.

6.Focus Point Selector/Zoom Button- Again, on the Canon EOS20D, this has 2 functions. Firstly, it is the Auto focuspoint selector. You can choose from a number of points as towhich you would like to use. If you select allof them, thecamera will pick the best point for individualcircumstances, automatically. Secondly, when reviewing yourimages on the screen, this will zoom out of a specific area.

7.Write Indication Light - This will vary in its positiondepending on the camera you are using. When it flashes red,it is writing data from the recently exposed images, to theCF card or other media. If you open the media door whilst itis flashing, you normally lose the images, much like openingthe back of a film camera before rewinding the film.

8.Jog Dial and Set button- The jog dial will scroll throughimages or items in a menu, and the set button will select animage or setting in the menu.

9.On/Off Button- Switches the camera power on and off. On the20D Digital SLR, it also activates/deactivates the jog dial.I normally leave the camera on at all times. The sleep modekicks in after a few minutes and you can turn the power onquickly and instantly by pressing the shutter button.

10. Erase Button- Again, its position will vary according toyour camera, but this will erase any selected images. Youare normally asked first "are you sure" as a safeguard.

11. Play Button- When the camera is switched on, this willdisplay the last image taken on the small screen. Then youcan scroll through all the others.

12. Jump Button- Used to jump2 or 3 images or menu items ata time. I rarely use this but is good if you are in a hurry.

13. Info - By pressing this, you will bring up all theinformation of any image that you select and view. It willtell you the exposure settings, white balance, date/time,image size, flash details in fact everything about the photoexcept the name of the subject! The 20D will also highlightany part of the image that is overexposed andburnt out.

14. Menu Button - This will bring up all the internal menufunctions on the screen. You scroll through them using thedial and select buttons. See your camera manual for more

details of what your camera can do from here.15. Screen - Displays menus and images that have beenexposed. Itwill notdisplay the image (in real time) thatyou are looking at like most digital compact "point andshoots".


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(Top view) important buttons.

DSLR Top buttons and their operations [4]:-

1.Light for LCD Display- Turns on the light to illuminate theLCD panel in low light conditions.

2.AF/WB - Auto focus/white balance setting. Pressing thisbrings up the choices for white balance (i.e.AUTO/daylight/sun/shadow/tungsten etc), and auto focus (i.e.One shot or Servo etc). One shot means that the camera willfocus once and take the image, focussed on that pointregardless of how much you or the subject moves. Servo meansthe cameras focussing system will automatically keep

tracking and re-focussing on the subject until you press theshutter. Great for sports/action shots!3.Drive/ISO - Drive means auto drive or frame rate. You can

take a single shot or have the camera on continuous modewhich means it will keep firing at 3, 5 or 8 frames persecond etc., (depending on your camera), until you removeyour finger or the buffer (memory) is full. ISO is the filmor sensor sensitivity. 100 ISO is standard sensitivity andwill produce fine grain, clear images. 1600 or 3200 ISO onthe film or sensor is highly sensitive, meaning you canshoot well in low light conditions without a flash, althoughyou lose a bit in the quality and images will appear more

grainy.4.Shutter Button- (See No. 8 on the first section).


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5.Top Dial - This is also used to change/alter varioussettings in either menu by scrolling up or down. Normallyused to change shutter speeds or aperture settings.

6.Metering/Flash Compensation- The camerasmeteringsystem isin the screen that you see through the viewfinder whenlining up a shot. It will measure the light settings of thescene and set the cameras shutter/aperture accordingly or atleast let you know what you need to do to expose the imagecorrectly. You can change from full, partial or spotmetering, which means the camera will expose to the wholescene, a part of the scene (normally centre weighted) or asingle point (spot). The flash compensation button willallow you to fool the camera into thinking that it needsmore or less light from your flashgun or speedlite in orderto expose the image correctly. It also allows you morecreativity as you play with the settings. If a scene appearsunderexposed when you have used the flashgun, try increasingthe flash compensation by a couple of stops.

7.LCD Screen- This will display all the exposure, speed ISOetc., settings that you currently have set. As you adjust oralter them, it will show on this screen. It also tells youhow many photos you have left to take, and the remainingbattery power.

8.Hotshoe - The area where you can place an external,dedicated speedlite or flashgun. Dedicatedmeans that it iscompatible with your camera and will adjust itself as youchange the camera settings or zoom on the lens.

9.Exposure control Dial - Using this dial, you can be ascreative or lazy as you wish, from full auto mode(like apoint and shoot) to fully manual. It will normally includeeasy automatic settings for various modes such as sports,close up, landscape, night and portraits and will also allowyou to control the built in flash and depth of fieldsettings. If you are unsure, and a total newcomer to film ordigital SLR photography, set it to "P" or (program) mode.This is fully automatic and will help you while you learnall about the camera and what it can do. Other functionsare;

Av - Aperture Priority - Which allows you to set theaperture of the lens (i.e. F2.8 or F8) and the camerawill

select the correct shutter speed. This is good if you wantmore control over the depth of field (DOF) of your images.Remember F2.8 will have little DOF and F16 will have a lot,or much in focus.

Tv - Shutter Priority- This is the opposite. Youset theshutter speed, and the camera will select the correctaperture. Great for sports or wildlife photography where youneed control of the shutter speeds. 15th or 30th/sec is slowand 500th/sec is fast. Most digital SLR cameras have a rangefrom 30 second exposure to about 8000th of a second.


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(Base view).

DSLR Base buttons and their operations [4]:-

1.Battery compartment- This is where the re-chargeablebatteries live. It is normally best to have one or two spares

even though the batteries last longer and longer these days.

Most new Digital SLR 's will have the ability to affix a

battery grip which will give you even more power, and give the

camera a bulkier feel and therefore easier to grip (if you

have big hands).

2.Tripod Socket- Allows you to attach the camera to most makesof tripod. The socket is normally placed to the exact

centre of where the lens is for effective balance and weight

distribution.


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2. INTERCHANGEABLE LENS

The lens is the most vital part playing in Professional photography.

According to [1] The ability to exchange lenses, to select the best

lens for the current photographic need, and to allow the attachmentof specialized lenses, is one of the key factors in the popularity

of DSLR cameras.The Photo process begins when the light enters

through the lens and falls on the CCD sensor [3]. According to [3],

Lenses can be either fixed permanently to the body or

interchangeable.

The DSLR camera lens varies in:-

1.Focal lengthAccording to [5] ,this can be a single figure (prime lens) ora range (zoom lens), e.g. 50mm or 24-70mm. These figures arethe focal lengths and determine the view when looked throughthe viewfinder. The lower the number, the wider angle of viewwill be. Conversely the higher the number, the narrower theangle of view will be, and the more the subject will bemagnified. So for example, if shooting with a digital SLRcamera with an APSc sized sensor (most digital SLRs have this)a 15mm lens would give a very wide field of view, useful forsweeping landscapes and shots of groups of people.

Fig.8[5] above shows the Focal length of a DSLR camera lens

value.


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2.ApertureIt is either a fixed maximum aperture: f/2.8 or f/4, or a variable

maximum aperture: f/3.5-5.6.

Fig.9[6] above shows the diagram of decreasing aperture sizes.

According to [5], the maximum aperture of a lens determines how much

light it can capture. A fast' or bright' lens will absorb a lot

more light than a slow' lens. A fast lens has a wider maximum

aperture than a slow lens. The speed of the lens is measured in f-

stops' which are the numbers that follow the focal length in the

lens' description. The lower the f number, the faster the lens is.

For example and refer to figure, an f/32 lens captures more light

(twice the amount) then an f/5.6 lens and is therefore faster.

Fig.10[7] above shows the comparison at f/32 and at f/5.6 .


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SUMMARY AND OPERATION DESCRIPTION

The two major parts of a DSLR camera integrates to a complete DSLR

camera which can be used to click beautiful pictures and is a good

device to capture unexplored pictures by a professional

photographer.

As to begin using a DSLR camera one has to know each features of the

DSLR camera body along with the knowledge of focal length ,

aperture to capture wonderful pictures. The adjustment of focal

length, aperture speed and the different options selected , the

user will come across the difference between the pictures captured

at different settings and can select it as per the requirement .

SPECIFICATION

Table 1 below shows the specification of CANON EOS 20D.

Table 1[7].

Specification of CANON EOS 20D.

TYPE SINGLE LENSE REFLECTSENSOR 22.5mm * 15.0 mm CMOSMAXIMUM RESOLUTION 3,520*2344LENS INTERCHANGEABLEFLASH AUOT POP-UP E-TTLSHUTTER VERTICAL TRAVEL, FOCAL-PLANE

SHUTTERSHUTTER SPEED RANGE 1/8000 TO 30S , BULBEXPOSURE METERING TTL FULL APERTURE , 35 AREA

EVALUATIVEEXPOSURE MODES FULL AUTO, PROGRAMMED, SHUTTER

PRIORITYMETERING MODES EVALUATIVE, PARTIAL ,C/WGT

AVERAGEFOCUS AREA 9 AUTOFOCUS POINTSFOCUS MODES ONE SHOT, AL SERVO,MANUALVIEWFINDER OPTICAL, PENTAPRISM

FLASH NONECUSTOM WB 7 PRESETS, AUTO AND CUSTOMREAR LCD MONITOR 1.8 INCH(46 mm) , 118,000 PIXELSSTORAGE COMPACT FLASH / MAX 8GBBATTERY 144*105.5*71.5 mmWEIGHT 685 G (BODY ONLY)


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Table 2 below shows the specification of a CANON EF-S 1022mm

lens.

Table 2[8]

Specification of CANON EF-S 1022mm lens.

TYPE ZOOMFOCAL LENGTH 10-22 mmFOCAL LENGTH 16-35 mmFRAME COVERAGE APS-C 1.6XAPERTURE(MAX/MIN) f/3.5-4.5 / f/33-29MAX DIAMETRE 83.5 mmMAX LENGTH 89.8 mm

REFERENCES

1.[1] pcmag, Definition of: DSLR,pcmag.com . Available:http://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/42047/dslr.[Accessed: July 4,2013]

2.[2] wikipedia, Digital single-lens reflex camera,en.wikipedia.org. Available:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_single-lens_reflex_camera. [Accessed: July 4,2013]

3.[3] stevesdigicams , 10 Basic camera parts, steves-digicams.com . Available: http://www.steves-digicams.com/knowledge-center/how-tos/photography-tips/10-basic-camera-parts.html#b. [Accessed: July 4,2013]

4.[4] All Things Photography, The Digital SLR, all-things-photography.com . Available: . http://www.all-things-photography.com/digital-slr.html. [Accessed: July 4,2013]

5.[5] PARK Cameras, Introduction To Digital SLR Lenses ,parkcameras.com. Available:http://www.parkcameras.com/article/51/Introduction-To-Digital-SLR-Lenses.html. [Accessed: July 4,2013]

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, Aperture , en.wikipedia.org.Available:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aperture. [Accessed: July

4,2013]7.[7] Wikipedia, Canon EOS 20D, en.wikipedia.org.Available:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_EOS_20D. [Accessed: July4,2013]

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9.[9]Wikipedia, File:Canon EOS 20D front.jpg,en.wikipedia.org. Available:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canon_EOS_20D_front.jpg

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SLR_cross_section.svg.[Accessed: July 5,2013]

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Description & Specs Jabbal Gurnish Singh

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