hydrologie.orghydrologie.org/redbooks/a272/P272 description, contents, … · Web viewedited by...

Integrated Water Resources Management edited by Miguel A. Mariño & Slobodan P. SimonovicIAHS Publication no. 272 (published December 2001) in the IAHS Series of Proceedings and ReportsISBN 1-901502-71-6; 442 + xiv pp.; price £65.00

Over the last two decades the way in which we manage water and related natural resources in different regions of the world has changed fundamentally. The organizational models that have worked well for over a hundred years no longer exist, yet the models that will replace them are still in the process of being defined; we are in a period of major transition. This volume is an outcome of the International Symposium on Integrated Water Resources Management (held at Davis, California, April 2000), which aimed to provide additional insight in the current thinking, and a forum for exchange of experience.

The 61 papers demonstrate that there is a need for much better coordination and planning based on a strong knowledge base. Small independent experiments need to be replaced by strategic programmes with well-defined targets and objectives, backed by technical expertise, good management and relevant research at all scales. One of the most exciting developments is the growing commitment from a wide range of stakeholders to a new framework for water resources management based on the principle of integrated watershed management, described in general terms as “a form of coordinated management of land and water resources within a region, with the objectives of preventing land degradation, protecting the quality of the freshwater resource, protecting biodiversity, and continuing sustainable use, within a context which includes genuine community/government partnerships and recognition of socio-economic objectives”.

However, based on the lessons of the last two decades, integrated watershed management as a process must mature significantly in order to make real progress: (a) there must be a much stronger scientific base for complex water resource management projects; (b) considerable improvement is required in our capacity to predict the results of our actions; (c) continuous monitoring and evaluation is a necessary condition for reaching adaptive solutions; and (d) the process must be well informed and inclusive.

Contents

Preface by Miguel A. Mariño & Slobodan P. Simonovic v

1 Water Resource Planning and Management

Integrated water resources management: the requirements of the European Union, the problem of environmental impact assessment, and implementation of the sustainable development principle Gert A. Schultz 3

Moving down the food chain: the increasing importance of local-level water management Rob De Loë 13

Decision making in multi-party regional water conflicts A. Adams 19

Integrated modelling to manage south Florida’s water resources Kenneth C. Tarboton & Jayantha Obeysekera 25

Consequences of the European Union Water Framework Directive for information management in its interstate river basins Annemiek J. M. Verhallen, Jan Leentvaar & Gerard Broseliske 31

Collaborative planning in integrated water resources management: the use of decision support tools Anne Ubbels & Annemiek J. M. Verhallen 37

Balancing social, economic and environmental pressures through integrated river basin management in the Cairngorm Mountains of northeast Scotland Susan Walker 45

Creating water management strategies for the northern part of Holland using a collaborative planning process Carolien P. M. Breukers 51

AQUEST: Search for improved support for decision makers in water policy development Frans Van de Ven, Jan Cappon, Anne Ubbels, Harold van Waveren, Theo van Stijn & Marcel van der Tol 57

WINBOS: a decision support system for deriving water management strategies for the northern part of The Netherlands Arnold Hebbink 63

The incorporation of integrated management in European water policy Carlos Gonzalez-Anton & Carlos Arias 69

Examining physical and economic efficiencies of water use through integrated economic–hydrologic water modelling Ximing Cai, Claudia Ringler & Mark W. Rosegrant 75

Use of the IQQM simulation model for planning and management of a regulated river system Tahir Hameed & Geoff Podger 83

A management modelling system which includes dynamic drainage basin and lake water quality models: the Lake Võrtsjärv, Estonia, case study Ämer Bilaletdin & Tom Frisk

91

An integrated model system for the management of lakes and their catchments: case study of Lake Längelmävesi, Finland Tom Frisk & Ämer Bilaletdin 99

Strategies for sustainable water resources management in water scarce regions in developing countries Guozhang Feng 107

L’aménagement intégré des ressources en eau: une réponse à la désertification Aissatou Thioubou 113

The Aquasave Project: an innovative water saving system in a residential building, Italy Biagio Failla, Mauro Spadoni, Loredana Stante, Emanuele Cimatti & Giuseppe Bortone 121

Towards a model for the integrated management of water quality in a developing South Africa Elizabeth Pretorius & Gawie Du Toit de Villiers 127

Capacity building for a participatory and decentralized water management model: the Guanajuato State Water Plan Ricardo Sandoval-Minero 133

Water resource policies in the Imperial and Mexicali Valleys Maria De La Paz Carpio-Obeso & Thalia Gaona-Arredondo 139

The state of water in Brazil—1999 M. A. V. de Freitas, J. E. F. W. Lima & R. S. A. Ferreira 145

Assessment of the sustainability of a water resources system expansion Thomas Rodding Kjeldsen & Dan Rosbjerg 151

2 Conjunctive Surface Water–Groundwater Management

Conjunctive water resource supply–demand management model of Baotou City, China Xuefeng Chu, Miguel A. Mariño, Jingli Shao & Juanming Xu 159

A conjunctive use model for the Tule River groundwater basin in the San Joaquin Valley, California Nels Ruud, Thomas Harter & Alec Naugle 167

Options for conjunctive water management to restore fall flows in the Cosumnes River basin, California Jan Fleckenstein, Eriko Suzuki & Graham Fogg 175

Value and modelling of conjunctive use of surface and ground waters in basin management Hubert J. Morel-Seytoux 183

Economic-engineering analysis of Californian water management Jay R. Lund, Andrew J. Draper, Marion W. Jenkins, Kenneth W. Kirby, Brad D. Newlin, Brian J. Van Lienden, Matthew D. Davis, Pia M. Grimes, Richard E. Howitt, Kristen B. Ward & Siwa M. Msangi 191

Effects of stream–aquifer interaction on stream condition in an alluvial basin Morihiro Harada, Yusuke Tsuge & Miguel A. Mariño 197

Field determination of stream–aquifer interrelations caused by intensive groundwater pumping for water right purposes Juan Antonio Durán-Gonzalez & Guillermo Cabrera-Fajardo 205

Water resources management in developing countries: a case study from Kuwait A. Akber, E. Al-Awadi & H. Ghoneim 213

3 Surface Water Management

Application of a physically-based erosion model for a large river basin in Japan Celso A. G. Santos, Masahiro Watanabe & Koichi Suzuki 221

Quantifying the water resources benefits of integrated reservoir planning A. J. Adeloye & M. Montaseri 229

Completion of hydrological data using neural networks, for reassessment of reservoirs in Vietnam Trung-Dzung Nguyen 237

Linking hydrology to erosion modelling in a river basin decision support and management system Karl-Erich Lindenschmidt & Michael Rode 243

Water yield response to integrated native forest management in southeastern Australia Wayne D. Erskine 249

Optimal operation of water resource systems: trade-offs between modelling and practical solutions Ramesh S. V. Teegavarapu & Slobodan P. Simonovic 257

Large-scale hydropower system optimization Mario T. L. Barros, Joao E. G. Lopes, Shu-Li Yang & William W.-G. Yeh 263

The precision of low flows estimated from rating curves: a case study from Brazil R. T. Clarke & L. C. Brusa 269

Relevance of geomorphology in exploitive and sustainable management of water resources in the Durance River, France Robin F. Warner 277

Forecasting of river flow data with a general regression neural network M. N. Islam, S.-Y. Liong, K. K. Phoon & C.-Y. Liaw 285

Application of the standardized precipitation index (SPI) to the Marmara region, Turkey Sevinç Sirdaş & Zekai Şen 291

Rain cycles for strategic water planning and management J. Ian Stewart 297

4 Flood Modelling

Strategic application of flood modelling for infrastructure planning and impact assessment D. Alkema, A. Cavallin & M. De Amicis 305

Regional flood-risk mapping and its use in land-use planning: the Region of Valencia case study Felix Frances, Juan B. Marco & Angel Cayuela 311

The hidden impacts of flooding: experiences from two English communities Sue Tapsell 319

Floods in changing streams Hugo A. Loáiciga 325

Risk estimation for flood and drought: case studies Zongxue Xu, Kazumasa Ito & Jingyu Li 333

Flood control measures in the Red River basin and numerical simulation of their operation Nguyen Le Tuan & Satoru Sugio 341

Flood frequency analysis downstream of the junction of two rivers Jose A. Raynal-Villaseñor & Jose A. Raynal-Gutierrez 349

Assessment of model error in regression estimates of floods at an ungauged site Savithri Senaratne & Conleth Cunnane 355

5 Ecosystem Management

Integrated management of the Illinois River with an emphasis on the ecosystem Nani G. Bhowmik, M. Demissie, John C. Marlin & Jim Mick 365

Interdisciplinary modelling to assess ecosystem effects of reservoir operations Laurel Saito, Darrell G. Fontane, Brett M. Johnson & John M. Bartholow 373

Inclusion of ecosystem concepts in integrated management of river resources Ton Snelder, Barry Biggs & Mark Weatherhead 379

Use of a catchmentreservoir system as a method for aquatic ecosystem restora-tion Elena Asabina 387

Two-dimensional fish habitat modelling for assessing instream flow requirements Barney Austin & Mark Wentzel 393

A regional procedure to assess the risk to fish from sediment pollution in rivers Carol D. Watts, Pamela S. Naden, David M. Cooper & Beate Gannon 401

6 Groundwater Management

Strategic groundwater resources in northern Latium volcanic complexes (Italy): identification criteria and purposeful management Giuseppe Capelli, Roberto Salvati & Marco Petitta 411

Comparison of groundwater recharge estimation techniques: a case study from the Küçük Menderes River basin in Turkey Arzu Gundogdu, Hasan Yazicigil & Hasan Kirmizitas 417

Contamination risk assessment for groundwater of the Küçük Menderes River basin, İzmir, Turkey O. Tolga Pusatli, M. Zeki Camur & Hasan Yazicigil 425

The water and salt budget of an irrigated plot in an oasis in southern Tunisia Brahim Askri, Rachida Bouhlila & Jean Olivier Job 431

Key word index 439

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Integrated Water Resources Management (Proceedings of a symposium held at Davis, California, April 2000). IAHS Publ. no. 272, 2001, pp. 19–24.

Decision making in multi-party regional water conflicts

A. ADAMSTampa Bay Water, 2535 Landmark Drive, Suite 211, Clearwater, Florida 33761, USAe-mail: [email protected]

Abstract Regional multi-party water conflicts, such as (in the USA) California’s Bay Delta and Colorado’s South Platte River, are difficult to resolve due to complexities and conflicting interests. This paper describes a decision model for resolving multi-party regional water conflicts such as those based on the processes evident in three case studies that have been evaluated in depth. The two-tier model links non-technical factors with evaluation of technical alternatives. Case methods were used to verify and refine the model by analysing factors that led to successful and failed decision processes in the three water conflicts studied; detailed case histories of each were compiled in the research effort. An extensive review of original documents resulted in new and detailed case histories that were used to verify the model. The study found that necessary and sufficient conditions for success are: (a) that implementation of consensus decisions requires a binding mechanism; (b) collaborative player relationships must be the only relationship type for consensus processes to be successful; and (c) problems must be clearly defined and goals or expectations must be agreed upon by decision makers.


Quantifying the water resources benefits of integrated reservoir planning

A. J. ADELOYE & M. MONTASERIDepartment of Civil and Offshore Engineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UKe-mail: [email protected]

Abstract Water resource benefits of integrated reservoir planning were evaluated using data from Iran and England. The results showed that for a given yield, integrated reservoir planning could result in a saving of at least 6% in required capacity when compared with the aggregated storage from analysing reservoirs as stand-alone systems. This saving in capacity has implications for other processes associated with reservoir construction such as evaporation fluxes, which were also found to be less for an integrated system.


Water resources management in developing countries: a case study from Kuwait

A. AKBER, E. AL-AWADI & H. GHONEIM Water Resources Division, Hydrology Department, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, PO Box 24885, Safat 13109, Kuwaite-mail: [email protected]

Abstract As a result of its location in an extremely arid region, Kuwait is making every effort to utilize its natural groundwater resources in a rational manner. However, a number of concerns

related to the groundwater of Kuwait have underscored the need for seeking alternative sources of water. Concerns over the potential for groundwater pollution as a consequence of the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, the water table rise in the residential areas of Kuwait City and suburbs, and the overexploitation of the groundwater and associated salinity problems in the major farming areas of Kuwait, have prompted the government to investigate the possibility of utilizing other non-traditional sources of water. Wastewater is an important source of usable water from which Kuwait can benefit markedly. As more residential areas are connected to the sewage system, it is expected that larger quantities of wastewater will be available for treatment and further re-use in various sectors. Despite its potential as an important source of water, the use of wastewater in Kuwait is currently limited to the agricultural sector.


Strategic application of flood modelling for infrastructure planning and impact assessment

D. ALKEMA, A. CAVALLIN & M. DE AMICISDipartimento di scienze dell’ ambiente e del territorio, University of Milano - Bicocca, Italye-mail: [email protected]

Abstract This paper discusses the application of flood models for infrastructure planning and impact assessment. Flood modelling can be used to forecast how large embanked structures affect the propagation characteristics of floodwaters during a flooding event. Change in these characteristics will alter the risk of the flood to the structure itself and to the surrounding environment. Flood modelling can thus be included in the environmental impact assessment that is usually required for these projects. Once it is clear that a new project will alter the flood propagation characteristics—and thus the flood impact—flood models can be used to help design the layout of the structure to minimize negative impact and to optimize the positive effects. The preliminary results of a case study near Trento (Italy) are presented as an example of the potential of strategic application of flood models.


Use of a catchmentreservoir system as a method for aquatic ecosystem restoration

ELENA ASABINA Russian Research Institute for Water Resources Management, RosNIIVKH, Mira str. 23, Ekaterinburg 620049, Russiae-mail: [email protected]

Abstract Substance runoff from a catchment is evaluated in terms of the ecological conditions of a reservoir, not in terms of human demands. A river catchment is represented as a combination of diverse landscapes each with uniform conditions for runoff formation. This paper discusses the main methodological approaches to the catchment–reservoir system used to restore the reservoir ecosystem with the aim of improving its water quality.


The water and salt budget of an irrigated plot in an oasis in southern Tunisia

BRAHIM ASKRI, RACHIDA BOUHLILALaboratoire d’Hydraulique, Ecole Nation d’Ingénieurs de Tunis, BP 37 le Belvédère, 1002 Tunis, Tunisiae-mail: [email protected]

JEAN OLIVIER JOBCentre Régional de l’Eau et de l’Environnement, ESIB, Université St Joseph, BP 1514, Beyrouth, Liban

Abstract This study focuses on the water flow of a 1.5-ha irrigated plot in the Segdoud oasis, southern Tunisia, with the aim of analysing the processes causing salinization of soil and water. The flow processes, including infiltration, capillary rise, artificial drainage, underground flow and evapotranspiration, are simulated using the conceptual and distributed model MAPIRA. Model predictions were compared with detailed measurements of piezometric levels made during a 134-day period following different successive irrigations. Calibration results show that the model is able to reproduce the observed response of the groundwater, which corresponds to the water table. However, a difference between measurements and calculations can be explained by uncertainties in the estimation of irrigation water quantity. For validation, calculated and measured water table depths are compared, i.e. for approximately two months. Results show that the model is unable to take into account a rapid piezometric variation due to over-irrigation of the plots situated at a higher altitude.


Two-dimensional fish habitat modelling for assessing instream flow requirements

BARNEY AUSTIN & MARK WENTZELEnvironmental Section, Texas Water Development Board, 1700 North Congress Avenue, PO Box 13231, Austin, Texas 78711-3231, USAe-mail: [email protected]

Abstract The impact of abstracting or retaining water on the environmental quality of a river is difficult to quantify. Any change to the natural flow regime for hydroelectric power generation, water supply or irrigation may result in a change in the habitat available to fish species. An innovative way of collecting data necessary to create and calibrate a two-dimensional hydro-dynamic model is presented in this paper. A GIS is used to combine the information gained from the hydrodynamic model with specific information on fish habitat preference. Results, in the form of habitat-duration curves for fish species, are presented for a study of the Guadalupe River.


Large-scale hydropower system optimization

MARIO T. L. BARROS, JOAO E. G. LOPESDepartment of Hydraulics and Sanitary Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

e-mail: [email protected]

SHU-LI YANG & WILLIAM W.-G. YEHDepartment of Civil and Environment Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA

Abstract A nonlinear monthly optimization model is developed for the management and operations of a large-scale hydropower system and applied to the Parana subsystem of the Brazilian hydropower system. The weighted composite objective function of the model consists of the minimization of the loss of the stored potential energy and the minimization of the sum of the squares of storage deviations from the targets. The formulated model was first linearized by replacing the energy production function and the tailrace water level variation by their corresponding average values, and solved by linear programming. Secondly, the nonlinear model was solved by MINOS. A comparative analysis was made of the results of the linearized and nonlinear models. The results show that the difference between the two models is insignificant in terms of the total energy production, but they differ in their release policies. Thus, it is concluded that the linearized model is suitable for long-term planning, e.g. for system capacity expansion studies, or it can be used to explore various design parameters in connection with feasibility studies. When checked against the historical operational record for the Paranapamena subsystem, the nonlinear model shows superior performance. The nonlinear model is particularly suited for setting up guidelines for real-time operation with frequent updating.


Integrated management of the Illinois River with an emphasis on the ecosystem

NANI G. BHOWMIK, M. DEMISSIEIllinois State Water Survey, 2204 Griffith Drive, Champaign, Illinois 61820, USAe-mail: [email protected]

JOHN C. MARLINWaste Management Research and Information Center, Champaign, Illinois 61820, USA

JIM MICKIllinois Department of Natural Resources, 524 S. Second Street, Springfield, Illinois 62701, USA

Abstract The Illinois River is the largest river basin in Illinois (USA) and it is almost fully contained within the borders of the state. The river drains an area of about 46 538 km2, most of which is in agriculture. Locks and dams have been constructed to facilitate the commercial navigation on the river. Starting in early 1900, Lake Michigan water was also diverted into the Illinois River. For the last several years, state, federal, and non-governmental agencies have worked together to implement integrated management alternatives for this river. Among the many activities being implemented, two specific actions form the basis of this paper. The first relates to the largest bottomland lake along the Illinois River at Peoria, Illinois, where sedimentation has been identified as the major problem. For this area, various alternatives for the removal of sediment and beneficial use of the dredged sediment are being considered. The second activity relates to ecosystem restoration of the entire river valley. For this component, four areas are now under active consideration. These are: watershed stabilization, main channel and backwater modifications, water level management, and flood plain restoration and protection. All these activities will be considered as components of an integrated management system for this great river of the State of Illinois.

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Integrated Water Resources Management (Proceedings of a symposium held at Davis, California, April 2000). IAHS Publ. no. 272, 2001, pp. 91–97.

A management modelling system which includes dynamic drainage basin and lake water quality models: the Lake Võrtsjärv, Estonia, case study

ÄMER BILALETDIN & TOM FRISKPirkanmaa Regional Environment Center, PO Box 297, FIN-33101 Tampere, Finlande-mail: [email protected]

Abstract The primary goal of the Lake Võrtsjärv management project in Estonia, was to provide new information for planning restoration of the lake. The joint Finnish-Estonian project enabled use of various modelling approaches for management planning. An integrated, dynamic water quality model of the drainage basin and the lake was applied as an operational management tool. The state of the lake was predicted according to different scenarios. The results indicated that external loading of the lake has been very high for a long time, which has led to hypertrophy and also very high internal loading. The most effective method of restoration that can be carried out in practice was found to be the prevention of too low water levels.


Creating water management strategies for the northern part of Holland using a collaborative planning process

CAROLIEN P. M. BREUKERSMinistry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management, Directorate IJsselmeer Region, PO Box 600, 8200 AP Lelystad, The Netherlandse-mail: [email protected]

Abstract The IJsselmeer region with the North Sea canal and the Amsterdam-Rhine canal play an important role in the water management of the northern part of Holland. Besides water discharge and water supply, the lakes and canals have ecological, shipping, fishery, recreation, sand supply, and drinking water supply functions. The water systems have target water levels based on safety, agricultural use and shipping. Because of climate change, sea level rise and ground level settling processes, it is expected that in the future the water level will rise in these areas causing safety problems in winter. This and the fact that even today it is hard to maintain target water levels, are reasons for the Dutch Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management to develop strategies for future water quantity management in the northern part of The Netherlands. These strategies should be sustainable and resistant to future developments. The strategies are being developed in conjunction with the parties concerned and should (therefore) have the support of the majority of organizations (NGOs) making use of the IJsselmeer region and the canals. To achieve this goal one of the tools being used is a collaborative planning process. All the organizations making use of the IJsselmeer region and/or canals are involved in the process of creating water management strategies together. In four phases, three water management strategies and a most promising strategy for the long term (a combination of two strategies) were drawn up over a period of about three years. A final government decision was made at the end of the year 2000.


Examining physical and economic efficiencies of water use through integrated economic–hydrologic water modelling

XIMING CAI, CLAUDIA RINGLER & MARK W. ROSEGRANTInternational Food Policy Research Institute, 2033 K Street NW, Washington DC 20006, USAe-mail: [email protected]

Abstract Improvement in the physical efficiency of water use is related to water conservation through increasing the fraction of water beneficially used over water applied. Enhancing economic efficiency seeks the highest economic value of water use through both physical and managerial measures. The analysis of these efficiencies at the basin level can take into account the downstream water re-use and tradeoffs across water use demand sites. Physical and economic efficiency measures are both useful indicators for water management at the irrigation system and river basin level, but may result in different implications for water policy. To explore the relationship between physical and economic efficiency, an integrated economic–hydrologic river basin model was applied to the Maipo River basin in Chile. Modelling scenarios are defined and policy implications from physical and economic efficiencies for basin-wide irrigation water management are analysed.


Strategic groundwater resources in northern Latium volcanic complexes (Italy): identification criteria and purposeful management

GIUSEPPE CAPELLI, ROBERTO SALVATI Department of Geological Sciences, Rome TRE University, L.go S. Leonardo Murialdo 1, I-00146 Roma, Italye-mail: [email protected]

MARCO PETITTA Department of Earth Sciences, Rome University La Sapienza, P. le Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy

Abstract This paper discusses an approach for identifying “strategic groundwater resources” for human consumption. The approach is illustrated in the northern Latium volcanic complexes of Italy. We point out the amount of groundwater of highest quality present in such geological frames and make some suggestions to optimize groundwater resources management planning. In this paper, the term “strategic” encompasses both geo-hydrogeologic and hydrodynamic conditions as well as the resource usage. In the near future, the use of groundwater resources must consider knowledge about aquifer systems and their geological and geometrical constraints as well as the impact and long-term consequences of their possible exploitation.


Water resource policies in the Imperial and Mexicali Valleys

MARIA DE LA PAZ CARPIO-OBESOUniversity of California Cooperative Extension, Desert Research and Extension Center, 1050 E. Holton Road, Holtville, California 92250, USAe-mail: [email protected]

THALIA GAONA-ARREDONDOFacultad de Arquitectura, Universidad Autonoma de Baja California, Mexicali, Baja California, CP 21280, México

Abstract The Imperial and Mexicali Valleys are located on the international border between Mexico and the United States, covering an area of 410 465 ha. Both valleys are in the Sonoran Desert, with high summer temperatures (42–48C). Water quantity is limited and the soil very dry; however the valleys are very productive. The main source of water for this region is the Lower Colorado River. Historically, the main economic activity has been agriculture. Imperial County is one of the top ten agricultural counties in the United States, worth more than 1 billion US$ in annual crop production. The Mexicali Valley is one of the most productive valleys in Mexico, with approximately US$ 145.75 million (9.50 pesos per US$) in crop production. The main user of water is agriculture, but the cities on the border are growing and the demand for water is increasing. Water transfers occur from the Imperial Valley to San Diego on the United States side, and from the Mexicali Valley to Tijuana, Mexico. The challenge facing the valleys is the maintenance of high agricultural productivity in the long-term, without producing adverse impacts to humans and to ecosystem health. This paper provides some alternatives to enhance water management in the valleys.


Conjunctive water resource supply–demand management model of Baotou City, China

XUEFENG CHU, MIGUEL A. MARIÑODepartment of Land, Air and Water Resources, and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USAe-mail: [email protected]

JINGLI SHAO & JUANMING XUDepartment of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, People’s Republic of China

Abstract The overall objective of this study is to identify optimal and feasible ways to deal with the problems associated with water use and management in Baotou City, China. Based on two quasi-three-dimensional finite-element groundwater flow models, a conjunctive water resource supply–demand management model was developed, in which the groundwater simulation model was coupled with multi-objective linear programming using the response matrix approach. The weighting method was employed to deal with the multi-objective problem. The social and economic planning of the city, some operational policies, and the decision makers’ preferences were incorporated into the management model. It is concluded from the joint simulation–optimization study that water-related problems (water shortage, groundwater over-abstraction, and soil salinity) can be significantly controlled or eliminated. Guidelines are proposed for the regional water resource planning and management of the city.


The precision of low flows estimated from rating curves: a case study from Brazil

R. T. CLARKE & L. C. BRUSAInstituto de Pesquisas Hidráulicas, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazile-mail: [email protected]

Abstract The integrated management of surface water and groundwater requires accurate assessment of their magnitude and availability through time. This paper deals with one aspect of this assessment, namely the precision of low flows, in rivers, obtained from rating curves. In developing countries, rating-curve extrapolation is common both for high and low flows. Even without extrapolation, the precision of extreme discharges can be poor, despite a high coefficient of determination, R2, for the fitted rating. The paper describes the precision of low flow estimates given by rating curves at eight sites in the drainage basin of the Rio Ibicuí (total drainage area ~40 000 km2), a tributary of the River Uruguai. Two aspects in particular are discussed: (a) errors involved in low-flow estimates where rating curves are fitted by commonly-recommended least-squares procedures; and (b) the effects of correlation arising whenever a rating curve is used to estimate a sequence of discharges.


The state of water in Brazil—1999

M. A. V. DE FREITAS, J. E. F. W. LIMA & R. S. A. FERREIRABrazilian Electricity Regulatory Agency(ANEEL), SGAN 603 Módulo J Sala 105, Brasília, Distrito Federal, 70830-030 Brazile-mail: [email protected]

Abstract Brazil’s water supply is about 187 170 m3 s-1, which means an annual volume of 5744 km3. However, the resource is distributed unevenly throughout the country. The East Atlantic Basin, for example, can supply only 1835 m3 year-1 per person, while the Amazon Basin can supply 628 938 m3 year-1 per person. Because conflicts involving water are becoming frequent in some areas of the country, the government is structuring a National System of Water Resources. Up-to-date information is a fundamental part of the process and, consequently, the Brazilian Electricity Regulatory Agency (ANEEL), in cooperation with other institutions, has published The State of Water in Brazil (1999), a book surveying the water resources of the country. The main objective of this paper is to provide information about the present state of water resources in Brazil, including political, social, economic, environmental, and technical data.


Moving down the food chain: the increasing importance of local-level water management

ROB DE LOËDepartment of Geography, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract The aim in this paper is to highlight the role of local governments in decision making in water management, and the challenges that they face. In many jurisdictions the challenges are severe and can include the following: administrative boundaries that do not coincide with natural hydrological units (aquifers, watersheds); lack of skilled staff; limited financial resources; insuff-icient support for local-level water management from senior governments; and lack of local leadership due to a failure of local politicians to recognize the important role of local governments in water management. Despite these severe constraints, examples exist of local governments that have overcome these challenges. In Canada, both the federal and Ontario governments have significantly scaled back their water management activities in the past decade, leaving the local level with a de facto increased role.


Field determination of stream–aquifer interrelations caused by intensive groundwater pumping for water right purposes

JUAN ANTONIO DURÁN-GONZALEZ & GUILLERMO CABRERA-FAJARDOAC Consulting Engineers, María Luisa Santander 0410, Providencia, Santiago, Chile e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract A hydrological simulation model has been developed to determine water balances along the agricultural valley of the Lluta River in which a system of groundwater wells is intensively pumped to supply fresh water to the city of Arica, located in the desert zone of Chile. The model consists of a water-balance surface water simulation, together with groundwater simulation. For purposes of calibration, a pumping test was run for 116 days and flows in canals and the river measured daily. The results showed reasonable adjustments between measured and simulated groundwater levels and surface flows. Prediction for a period of 50 years, determined that pumping rates of 370 l s-1 from wells are sustainable by that system, in which 8% comes directly from the river. Based on this study, the National Water Agency decided to legally constitute that amount of groundwater to supply the city of Arica.


Water yield response to integrated native forest management in southeastern Australia

WAYNE D. ERSKINEForest Policy and Resources Division, State Forests of New South Wales, Locked Bag 23, Pennant Hills, New South Wales 2120, Australiae-mail: [email protected]

Abstract Water yields increase in direct proportion to the percentage of native eucalypt forest harvested in southeastern Australia. These increases usually range between 30 and 40 mm year -1

per 10% of basin harvested. Regulatory conditions restrict the area of timber harvesting which is also deliberately dispersed over space to minimize hydrological impacts on individual basins. Post-harvest eucalypt forest regeneration increases sapwood area and leaf area index at about age 15–30 years, over that for mature forest, resulting in greater evapotranspiration and interception

losses plus significant water yield reductions. Thinning maintains water yields at or above pre-harvest levels. Recent reductions in forest estate mean that regrowth forests will now be routinely thinned, decreasing hydrological differences between pre- and post-harvest forests.


Strategies for sustainable water resources management in water scarce regions in developing countries

GUOZHANG FENGCollege of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest Sci-Tech University of Agriculture and Forestry, Xinong (NWAU) Campus, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, Chinae-mail: [email protected]

Abstract Some strategies for sustainable water resource management for water scarce regions in developing countries are recommended as follows: (a) to transfer the focal point of water resource development from engineering water conservancy to resource water conservancy; (b) to make rational strategic visions and operational plans for water resource development; (c) to set up a water-saving society; (d) to protect water resources and to reconstruct water environments; (e) to construct conjunctive regional water supply systems; (f) to bestow reasonable priority on and to heighten reliability of water supply for different users; and (g) to intensify capacity building for sustainable water resource management.


The Aquasave Project: an innovative water saving system in a residential building, Italy

BIAGIO FAILLA, MAURO SPADONI, LOREDANA STANTE, EMANUELE CIMATTI & GIUSEPPE BORTONEENEA (Italian National Agency for New Technology, Energy and Environment, Department of Environment, Wastewater Treatment and Water Cycle Section), Via Martiri di Montesole 4, I-40129 Bologna, Italy e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract The Aquasave Project in Bologna, Italy, is facing an innovative water management realization in municipal use relating to potable water savings. The project plan and the main related features are reported in this paper; the aim, design, facilities, schedule, management evaluations, and organization are described. Evaluations, resulting from operation of the facilities that are going to be installed, will provide useful suggestions for developing ideas for new management strategies.


Options for conjunctive water management to restore fall flows in the Cosumnes River basin, California

JAN FLECKENSTEIN, ERIKO SUZUKI & GRAHAM FOGG

Hydrologic Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USAe-mail:[email protected]

Abstract Decreasing fall flows in the Cosumnes River in northern California, USA, have lead to declining fish populations of endangered Chinook salmon. The role of groundwater–surface water interactions in the decline of fall (autumn) flows were investigated by means of a numerical groundwater–surface water model. Currently channel seepage from the river in the late summer and fall months often exceeds channel inflows and the river dries up. Scenario simulations suggest that a 50% reduction in regional groundwater pumping would reconnect the river with the regional aquifer and reduce channel seepage losses to an extent that September and October river flows would allow fall migration and spawning of Chinook salmon. The reduction in groundwater pumping, however, would create average annual water shortages of 36% in the model area.


Regional flood-risk mapping and its use in land-use planning: the Region of Valencia case study

FELIX FRANCES, JUAN B. MARCODepartment of Hydraulic Engineering, Universidad Politécnica, E-46022 Valencia, Spaine-mail: [email protected]

ANGEL CAYUELADepartment of Urban Planning, Universidad Politécnica, E-46022 Valencia, Spain

Abstract One of the key points in coping with floods is to develop a proper land-use plan of the area of interest, to reduce future risks. Flood risk at a given point is the statistical integration of the product of its flood hazard and its flood vulnerability. The spatial evaluation of the present and future flood risk in the Valencia area (Spain) was obtained using a GIS, and also its aggregation at different scales. The study proposed 415 urban measures in 175 municipalities. Most of these measures are partially based in five flood risk indicators at municipal scale. For each indicator all the municipalities are sorted out into four categories, based on the mean and the standard deviation of the indicator. Urban measures are mainly considered for the two highest categories.


An integrated model system for the management of lakes and their catchments: case study of Lake Längelmävesi, Finland

TOM FRISK & ÄMER BILALETDINPirkanmaa Regional Environment Center, PO Box 297, FIN-33101 Tampere, Finlande-mail: [email protected]

Abstract Eutrophication of lakes is one of the most serious environmental problems in Finland and eutrophication is very closely connected with the occurrence of toxic cyanobacterial blooms. Until the1980s Lake Längelmävesi was considered to be excellent for all purposes but at the end of the decennium cyanobacterial blooms appeared. A research programme was started to study the reasons for the eutrophication and to improve procedures for reducing nutrient loading. It was

found that agriculture made by far the greatest contribution to phosphorus loading. In 1995 Finland joined the EU and adopted its systematic agricultural water protection schemes. In 1998 a new research programme was started to investigate the development of Lake Längelmävesi and to assess the effects of the EU funded water protection schemes. On the basis of the preliminary results it seems that they have been ineffective in the case study area.


The incorporation of integrated management in European water policy

CARLOS GONZALEZ-ANTONDepartment of Administrative Law, Law School, University of Leon, Campus de Vegazana, E-24071 Leon, Spaine-mail: [email protected]

CARLOS ARIASDepartment of Economics, University of Leon, Campus de Vegazana, E-24071 Leon, Spain

Abstract The current process of reform of European Union water law tries to incorporate principles of integrated water resources management. This paper briefly analyses the legal and administrative effects of the reform. We find that river basin management implies reallocation of power among administrative bodies and the definition of new competent authorities for each river basin. The drawing up of each river basin management plan will raise complicated legal issues especially in international basins. Some economic implications of integrated water management are discussed. And, finally, we claim that public participation, an essential part of integrated water resources management, will change the process of water resources planning in some member states.


Comparison of groundwater recharge estimation techniques: a case study from the Küçük Menderes River basin in Turkey

ARZU GUNDOGDU, HASAN YAZICIGILDepartment of Geological Engineering, Middle East Technical University, 06531 Ankara, Turkeye-mail: [email protected]

HASAN KIRMIZITASGeotechnical Services and Groundwater Division, General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works, Ankara, Turkey

Abstract Quantification of groundwater recharge is a basic prerequisite for efficient groundwater management. While there are several approaches to estimating groundwater recharge rates, some of the approaches proposed cannot be applied in basin-wide hydrogeological investigations due to a lack of data. Thus, some conventional recharge estimation techniques for which data are most often available have to be used in estimating groundwater recharge. In this study, water level fluctuation, the precipitation vs water level relation, and hydrological budget methods, are used to estimate recharge rates in the Küçük Menderes River basin in Turkey. The recharge values

obtained from these methods are compared and found that while some of them agree with each other, some vary at least in order of magnitude.


Use of the IQQM simulation model for planning and management of a regulated river system

TAHIR HAMEED & GEOFF PODGERCentre for Natural Resources, New South Wales Department of Land and Water Conservation, 10 Valentine Avenue, Parramatta, New South Wales 2150, Australiae-mail: [email protected]

Abstract The Murray-Darling Basin (MDB) is Australia’s largest river system. Within the MDB, rivers are generally managed as independent regulated systems. The Department of Land and Water Conservation (DLWC) is responsible for planning and management of rivers in New South Wales. To incorporate short-term variability of flows, DLWC developed a daily-time step integrated quantity quality model (IQQM) for the investigation of water-sharing issues. The increasing environmental degradation of rivers within the MDB has prompted the government to impose a policy that limits water extractions to a specified level of development. The Lachlan River Management Committee and DLWC used IQQM to develop and test new river management rules for the Lachlan River of MDB to comply with this policy. This paper introduces IQQM and demonstrates its capabilities using the Lachlan River system as an example. IQQM has proven to be a useful tool for the development, evaluation, and selection of new operational rules.


Effects of stream–aquifer interaction on stream condition in an alluvial basin

MORIHIRO HARADA, YUSUKE TSUGEDepartment of Civil Engineering, Meijo University, Tenpaku, Nagoya 468-8502, Japane-mail: [email protected]

MIGUEL A. MARIÑODepartment of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA

Abstract In general, the effects of stream–aquifer interaction are relatively small in comparison with an ordinary stream discharge. However, in streams with a small discharge (e.g. due to artificial intake for water supply), the relationships with an aquifer may be important factors governing the stream condition. Since a marked decrease in discharge affects not only hydraulic quantities but also water quality and temperature, it is necessary to keep a minimum discharge in order to preserve the river environment. Towards an evaluation of the minimum discharge, this paper investigates stream–aquifer relationships, and their effects on the stream condition, through hydraulic analyses and laboratory experiments. Results show that seepage loss into an aquifer can make the stream condition in an alluvial basin worse than the ichthylogical necessary condition.

The findings indicate that it is necessary to evaluate the minimum discharge after computing the stream–aquifer interaction beforehand in order to maintain a suitable stream condition.


WINBOS: a decision support system for deriving water management strategies for the northern part of The Netherlands

ARNOLD HEBBINKRIZA, Institute for Inland Water Management and Waste Water Treatment, PO Box 17, 8200 AA Lelystad, The Netherlands e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract A project entitled “Water management in the northern part of The Netherlands” (WIN) has been started to develop a strategy for future water quantity management of the IJsselmeer region and the North Sea canal and Amsterdam-Rhine canal. The strategy must be one with political and social support approved by the majority of organizations using these water systems. It is a complex process because the IJsselmeer region has many functions (safety, recreation, fishery, nature, etc.), which means that there are many organizations involved with different and sometimes conflicting interests. The strategy is also of concern for the regional water systems of the surrounding areas which depend on Lake IJsselmeer for their water supply in summer, and for discharge in winter. To achieve this goal the Dutch Ministry of Transport and Public Works has decided to use two tools: a collaborative planning process and a decision support system (DSS). The emphasis of this paper is the role of the decision support system in this process. The DSS, called WINBOS, has to show the outcome (costs) of changes in water quantity management on all the functions of the IJsselmeer region and the two canals. It provides information for a clear and well-founded discussion between decision makers and users.


Forecasting of river flow data with a general regression neural network

M. N. ISLAM, S.-Y. LIONG, K. K. PHOON & C.-Y. LIAWDepartment of Civil Engineering, National University of Singapore, 10, Kent Ridge Crescent, 119260Singapore e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract This paper proposes a simple one-parameter neural network model, General Regression Neural Network (GRNN), for forecasting chaotic time series. The approach employs the theory of phase-space to reconstruct the evolution trajectory of motion, which is used as the input. In contrast to the nonlinear prediction method (NLP), where the weight of the projected state is the same, the GRNN uses unequal weights. The nearer projected state is weighted heavier than the remotely projected state, a reasonable approximation in the phase-space. The performance of the GRNN is first verified on an artificial chaotic time series and then on a real hydrological time series. The results indicate that GRNN’s performance is comparable to that of NLP.


Assessment of the sustainability of a water resources system expansion

THOMAS RODDING KJELDSEN & DAN ROSBJERGEnvironment and Resources DTU, Technical University of Denmark, Building 115, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmarke-mail: [email protected]

Abstract A sustainability assessment method involving risk criteria related to reliability, resilience and vulnerability, has been applied to quantify the relative sustainability of possible expansions of a water resources system in the KwaZulu-Natal province South Africa. A river basin model has been set-up for the water resources system, comprising all important water users within the catchment. Measures to meet the growing water demand in the catchment are discussed. Six scenarios including both supply and demand oriented solutions are identified, modelled and compared in terms of the sustainability criteria. Based on initial experience the method was modified leading to more credible results. A problem with assessing sustainability using risk criteria is a favouring of supply-oriented solutions, in particular when aspects not directly related to demand and availability of water are excluded.


Flood control measures in the Red River basin and numerical simulation of their operation

NGUYEN LE TUAN & SATORU SUGIO Graduate School of Systems Engineering and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Miyazaki University, Gakuen Kibanadai Nishi 1-1, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japane-mail: [email protected]

Abstract The main objective of flood control measures in the Red River basin is to keep the water level at Hanoi, the capital of Vietnam, below a permitted level. At present, dykes and dams are the main measures for flood control in the basin. Detention ponds or other hydraulic structures are considered as secondary measures. However, it is estimated that despite the effects of dams, Hanoi will be threatened by flooding when possible defined floods occur in the upstream region. In this paper, the current situation of flood diversion and slowing system in the Red River basin is investigated using dynamic hydraulic flood routing simulation.


Linking hydrology to erosion modelling in a river basin decision support and management system

KARL-ERICH LINDENSCHMIDT & MICHAEL RODEUFZ–Environmental Research Centre, Brückstrasse 3a, D-39114 Magdeburg, Germanye-mail: [email protected]

Abstract This paper focuses on the integration of basin sediment transport with a physically-based hydrological model that links the water budget model WaSiM (Water Simulation Model) to the erosion model AGNPS_5. The results of the water budget simulation are then incorporated

into the AGNPS_5 model to calculate sediment transport. The surface runoff calculated in WaSiM replaces the SCS curve number runoff calculation in AGNPS_5 to obtain a more accurate and physically-based sediment transport simulation of the basin. Data from a mesoscale river basin in Germany is used to compare two different simulations: (a) WaSiM (TopModel) + AGNPS_5 (sediment only); and (b) only AGNPS_5 (both SCS curve number runoff and sediment). The results and the advantages/disadvantages of each simulation method are discussed in light of integrated computerized management systems for river basin planning.


Floods in changing streams

HUGO A. LOÁICIGADepartment of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USAe-mail: [email protected]

Abstract Flood damage continues to rise in many parts of the world, even when measured in constant monetary units. The rise in flood damage is caused in some instances by the human settlement of flood plains, which augments the stock of property and exposed population within flood-prone areas. In other instances, flood damage increases in response to the cumulative effects of watershed impacts on the streamflow response to precipitation. In addition, the large uncertainty which surrounds the estimates of rare flood events, especially in ungauged streams, frequently leads to the under-estimation of flood risk. This article examines key factors that effect time-changing flood damage, and presents a case study that illustrates human-induced contributions to flood damage.


Economic-engineering analysis of Californian water management

JAY R. LUND, ANDREW J. DRAPER, MARION W. JENKINS, KENNETH W. KIRBY, BRAD D. NEWLIN, BRIAN J. VAN LIENDEN, MATTHEW D. DAVIS, PIA M. GRIMESDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USAe-mail: [email protected]

RICHARD E. HOWITT, KRISTEN B. WARD & SIWA M. MSANGIDepartment of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA

Abstract This paper summarizes the development of an economic-engineering model for California’s water supply system (USA). The model consists of a network flow optimization model with gains and losses (HEC-PRM), driven by estimates of the economic values of agricultural and urban water uses throughout California’s inter-tied system. Environmental uses of water are represented as flow constraints on appropriate flow segments. Preliminary results of the model show economically promising opportunities for cooperative system operations, conjunctive use, capacity expansion, and water transfers. More detailed investigations are needed to refine and test particular solutions suggested by the optimization results.

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Integrated Water Resources Management (Proceedings of a symposium held at Davis, California, April 2000). IAHS Publ. no. 272, 2001, pp. 183–190.

Value and modelling of conjunctive use of surface and ground waters in basin management

HUBERT J. MOREL-SEYTOUXHydrology Days Publications, 57 Selby Lane, California 94027-3629, USAe-mail: [email protected]

Abstract In planning exercises, the interaction between stream and aquifer must be properly described and incorporated in the day-to-day management of the resource within a complex system of economic interests, laws and administrative rules. The manner in which the modelling system SAMSON (Stream–Aquifer Model for Management by Simulation and Optimization) was used to evaluate the worth of an augmentation plan in the State of Colorado, USA, is reviewed. The adequacy and benefits of the plan are presented. They demonstrate clearly the value of having modelled the system with a tool capable of representing it at a sufficient level of physical detail. Four original mathematical and computational features are discussed: (a) the use of a “scanning subgrid”; (b) “sequential re-initialization” through the concept of (c) the “Artificial Steady-State pumping pattern”; and (d) reach transmissivity.


Completion of hydrological data using neural networks, for reassessment of reservoirs in Vietnam

TRUNG-DZUNG NGUYENInstitute of Irrigation, Drainage and Rural Water Management, University of Rostock, Satower Strasse 48, D-18058 Rostock, Germany e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract In this paper, a new approach to generating input learning patterns (LPs), which can handle incomplete data records and tolerate unreliable data quality, is introduced. Based on an architecture of feed-forward neural networks (FNNs), its application for infilling the gaps of monthly rainfall data of Tan-cuong Station (Nui-coc Reservoir) and monthly runoff data of Ke-go Station (Ke-go Reservoir), in Vietnam, shows better results compared with the simple average method (SAM) combining the outputs of different linear regression (LRG) models.


Towards a model for the integrated management of water quality in a developing South Africa

ELIZABETH PRETORIUSDepartment of Civil Engineering and Building, Technikon Free State, Private Bag X25305, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africae-mail: [email protected]

GAWIE DU TOIT DE VILLIERS Department of Geography, University of the Orange Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa

Abstract Storm water pollution is a major contributor to environmental degradation in urban areas. Maintaining and upgrading urban waterways to meet population growth and changing community expectations are becoming an increasingly important value for government authorities, demanding research into the factors that affect water quality and degrade canals and storages. The approach adopted in this project, in working towards an integrated management model for water quality, was based on scientific investigation, community involvement and engineering expertise.


Contamination risk assessment for groundwater of the Küçük Menderes River basin, İzmir, Turkey

O. TOLGA PUSATLI, M. ZEKI CAMUR & HASAN YAZICIGILDepartment of Geological Engineering, Middle East Technical University, 06531 Ankara, Turkeye-mail: [email protected]

Abstract A new water management plan is needed for the Küçük Menderes River basin in Turkey, due to increasing water demand and decreasing quality of the groundwater. Vulnerability, quality and risk assessments were performed using a hybrid model containing both hydrogeological and hydrochemical parameters for managing irrigation waters in the basin. The relative contamination (quality) distribution of groundwater at present was established using an irrigation water quality index. The distribution shows the contamination source related problem areas that should be avoided during water management planning. The established contamination vulnerability of the units in the basin indicates the areas that should be dealt with cautiously. The relative risk distribution established using both quality and vulnerability data provides the necessary water planning quality risk criteria for future irrigation applications.


Flood frequency analysis downstream of the junction of two rivers

JOSE A. RAYNAL-VILLASENOR & JOSE A. RAYNAL-GUTIERREZCivil Engineering Department, Universidad de las Americas-Puebla, 72820 Cholula, Puebla, Mexicoe-mail: [email protected]

Abstract Flood frequency analysis downstream of the junction of two rivers, when flood information is available upstream of the confluence, has been achieved only for the case of complete dependence explored through the use of probabilistic models based on the bivariate extreme value distributions (Logistic model). The model is constructed through the convolution of the two random variables, namely the extreme flows upstream of the confluence, and constitutes an approximation of the actual physical process, which might be represented through a model to reproduce the convolution of the mean daily flows. This model is in the domain of the serially correlated models, given the fact that the random variables cannot be assumed independents nor non-serially correlated any longer. The degree of approximation of the model to

the real process is shown through the application to an actual set of data and the results show a good agreement between the model output and the real data. Finally, the suitability of the model for practical applications, given its mathematical ease and the very small requirements of computer time, are also shown.


A conjunctive use model for the Tule River groundwater basin in the San Joaquin Valley, California

NELS RUUD, THOMAS HARTERDepartment of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, California 95616-8628, USAe-mail: [email protected]

ALEC NAUGLEKearney Agricultural Center, Parlier, California 93648, USA

Abstract A conjunctive use model of the Tule River basin, California, USA, has been developed. We present the conceptual model of the basin hydrology and hydrogeology, and a description of the model components consisting of geographical information system (GIS)-based surface water and land–atmosphere interface and unsaturated zone (LAIUZ) models, and a GIS-linked groundwater flow model. The surface water model computes surface water allocations to each district and aquifer recharge from the major channels. For each land unit, LAIUZ computes the water budgets of the soil root and deep vadose zones, allotment of delivered surface water, pumpage required to meet the balance of its applied water demand, and aquifer recharge from surface applied water. The groundwater flow model computes groundwater levels in response to pumping and recharge. Crop consumptive use is adjusted to match the modelled basin hydrological budget to the measured one for an error of less than 1% annually.


Interdisciplinary modelling to assess ecosystem effects of reservoir operations

LAUREL SAITO, DARRELL G. FONTANEDepartment of Civil Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USAe-mail: [email protected]

BRETT M. JOHNSONDepartment of Fishery and Wildlife Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA

JOHN M. BARTHOLOWUS Geological Survey, Midcontinent Ecological Science Center, 4512 McMurry Avenue, Fort Collins, Colorado 80525, USA

Abstract Reservoir ecosystems are complex systems, involving interdisciplinary objectives and outcomes at various time and space scales. To address reservoir ecosystem issues, models based on scientific knowledge and theories can be useful tools for bridging the cultural gap between the ability to scientifically predict ecosystem effects with reasonable certainty, and the need to make

decisions. We have been applying linked engineering and ecological models at two reservoirs in the USA to address concerns regarding the effects of reservoir operations on in-reservoir ecosystems. In this paper, we present an overview of these approaches and the benefits of interdisciplinary efforts. While both studies have increased our understanding of reservoir ecosystems, we argue that there is a critical need for further interdisciplinary modelling studies of reservoirs both upstream and downstream of dams.


Capacity building for a participatory and decentralized water management model: the Guanajuato State Water Plan

RICARDO SANDOVAL-MINEROGuanajuato State Water Commission, Autopista Guanajuato-Silao Km. 1, CP 36251, Guanajuato, Mexicoe-mail: [email protected] or [email protected]

Abstract This paper describes the development of the Guanajuato State Water Plan, Mexico, where a participatory structure and agenda were adopted, in a three-phase process. Soft-systems methodologies and participatory planning methods are applied and a systemic model for integrated planning is proposed. The background and rationale for this planning effort at the sub-basin scale are discussed, and more emphasis is given to the conceptual approaches applied to the different phases in the process. Some of the plan’s shortcomings and accomplishments are highlighted.


Application of a physically-based erosion model for a large river basin in Japan

CELSO A. G. SANTOSDepartment of Civil Engineering, Potiguar University, Rua Hernani Hugo Gomes 90, Natal-RN, 59082-270 Brazil e-mail: [email protected]

MASAHIRO WATANABE & KOICHI SUZUKIDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan

Abstract Physically-based models have proved to be very useful for modelling the runoff-erosion process for small basins. However, the application of such models to large river basins could be compromised, especially when they do not consider groundwater contributions. Thus, a distributed physically-based runoff-erosion model was developed and applied in order to simulate the runoff and erosion for the Ishite River basin in Japan. The model also computes the runoff discharge of the river, and sediment yield during and between rainfall events, so that it considers the groundwater. Since the tested model is physically-based, it can in principle overcome many of the deficiencies of empirical models, therefore making the model a promising tool for further simulations in larger river basins where groundwater should be considered.

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Integrated Water Resources Management (Proceedings of a symposium held at Davis, California, April 2000).

IAHS Publ. no. 272, 2001, pp. 3–11.

Integrated water resources management: the requirements of the European Union, the problem of environmental impact assessment, and implementation of the sustainable development principle

GERT A. SCHULTZDepartment of Civil Engineering, Ruhr University of Bochum, D-44780 Germanye-mail: [email protected]

Abstract This paper deals with the European Council Directive establishing a framework for action in the field of water policy. The core principles of sustainable development and integrated river basin management are discussed. Both require for their implementation, evaluation of the impact of measures (e.g. water projects). A technique for the evaluation of the ecological impact of hydraulic structures on ecosystems affected by such projects is described. The principle of “ecological risk” assessment is presented, for which it is necessary to evaluate the present ecological state of the ecosystem affected by the intended project and the degree of damage caused by the intended measure or project. For the other relevant new planning principle, i.e. sustainable development, an example is given of how this principle can be implemented in the design of a water supply system.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Integrated Water Resources Management (Proceedings of a symposium held at Davis, California, April 2000). IAHS Publ. no. 272, 2001, pp. 355–361.

Assessment of model error in regression estimates of floods at an ungauged site

SAVITHRI SENARATNE & CONLETH CUNNANEDepartment of Engineering Hydrology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Irelande-mail: [email protected]

Abstract Flood frequency analysis at ungauged drainage basins uses regression analysis to obtain flood estimates. Usually the model error occurring because of the deviation of the underlying relationship from that of the population is included in the noise term. However, it is shown in this paper that the regression estimates are affected by the model error arising by the exclusion of variables, using a hypothetical but hydrologically realistic data set. Further, it is shown that it is the first additional variable after log(area) that achieves the highest improvement in the estimates.


Application of the standardized precipitation index (SPI) to the Marmara region, Turkey

SEVINÇ SIRDAŞ & ZEKAI ŞENMeteorology Department and Hydraulic Division, İstanbul Technical University, Maslak 80626, İstanbul, Turkeye-mail: [email protected]

Abstract Since droughts are natural phenomena, their occurrences cannot be predicted with certainty and thus they must be treated as random variables. Once drought duration and magnitude are found objectively, it is then possible to plan for the transport of water in known

quantities to the drought stricken areas either from other water resource alternatives or from water stored during wet periods. Drought period affects economic, social and political events and the summation of deficits over that period is referred to as the drought magnitude. Drought intensity is the ratio of drought magnitude to its duration. Drought properties at different truncation levels provide significant hydrological and hydrometeorological design quantities. In this paper, standard precipitation index (SPI) is used for determining drought properties of a given hydrological series. This index is applied to the Edirne, İstanbul, and Kırklareli rainfall records in Turkey and then the drought period, magnitude, and SPI values are presented in the form of tables.


Inclusion of ecosystem concepts in integrated management of river resources

TON SNELDER, BARRY BIGGS & MARK WEATHERHEADNational Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, PO Box 8602, Riccarton, Christchurch, New Zealande-mail: [email protected]

Abstract Integrated environmental management (IEM) attempts to bring together knowledge of biophysical processes with regulatory mechanisms and the aspirations of society in environmental decision making. In general it is the ecosystem processes, which can be defined at any scale or level of complexity, that correspond most closely with valued natural resources and ecosystem services. This paper discusses how reductive analysis can be assisted by physical classification of ecosystems into management units. We illustrate the process of analysis using the example of issues associated with elevated nutrient concentrations in the rivers of the Canterbury region of the South Island of New Zealand.


Rain cycles for strategic water planning and management

J. IAN STEWARTFoundation for World Hunger Alleviation through Response Farming, PO Box 1158, Davis, California, 95617, USAe-mail: [email protected]

Abstract A serendipitous finding, possibly important for strategic water planning, is supported by Mayan beliefs that earthly events such as rainfall occur in 13-year patterns, with a new regime beginning every 52 years. A Sri Lankan rainfall record of 100+ years exhibits a 13-year cycle. Grouping four such cycles reveals a 52-year period of significantly higher rainfall than preceding and following periods. Additional longer records representing about 2/3 of the island’s area confirm this finding, and suggest that the entire cycle is completed in 104 years. Elsewhere in the world, still longer records confirm such cycles, but with amplitudes, impacts and phasing differing with location. It is concluded that 13-year, 52-year and 104-year cycles are present in rainfall behaviour, setting up varying degrees of predictability in different places. Possible applications in Sri Lanka include policy making in the fields of hydropower, tea production, and village tank rehabilitation for irrigation to extend crop-growing seasons in foreshortened rainfall seasons.


The hidden impacts of flooding: experiences from two English communities

SUE TAPSELLFlood Hazard Research Centre, Middlesex University, Enfield EN3 4SF, UKe-mail: [email protected]

Abstract Floods in the UK are relatively “tame” compared with other parts of the world, but the impacts upon individuals, households and communities can be significant. Easter 1998 saw extensive flooding in parts of England, the worst since 1947. Communities and authorities were taken by surprise. For many living in these communities the impacts of the experience were extensive, affecting their physical, mental and social well-being. Many of these impacts remained largely hidden as people coped within their homes. Drawing upon qualitative data from focus groups with flood victims conducted over two years, this study focuses on these intangible impacts and the experiences from two English communities. Of particular importance were people’s anxiety about future flooding, and their loss of confidence in the authorities responsible for responding. The paper concludes by calling for a review of emergency planning and response for future events and more consideration of the full impacts of flooding.


Integrated modelling to manage south Florida’s water resources

KENNETH C. TARBOTON & JAYANTHA OBEYSEKERA South Florida Water Management District, 3301 Gun Club Road, West Palm Beach, Florida 33406, USAe-mail: [email protected]

Abstract Integrated water resource planning and management are critical in south Florida (USA) to enhance and restore natural flow and water levels to the unique Everglades system, while providing water supply and flood protection to the people of south Florida. This paper describes the integration of a system of multi-disciplinary models used in the development of the 7.8 billion US$ Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan.


Optimal operation of water resource systems: trade-offs between modelling and practical solutions

RAMESH S. V. TEEGAVARAPU & SLOBODAN P. SIMONOVICDepartment of Civil and Geological Engineering and Natural Resources Institute, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3T 2N2, Canadae-mail: [email protected]

Abstract Optimal operation of water resource systems is discussed in the context of models used for operation of multiple reservoir systems. Issues related to computational tractability and time

required for obtaining near- and optimal solutions using the optimization models are addressed. Trade-offs between modelling the operations of reservoir systems and practical solutions obtained through optimization models are analysed. Applications of traditional and a relatively new optimization approach, simulated annealing, to a multiple reservoir operation problem are used to comment on these issues.


L’aménagement intégré des ressources en eau: une réponse à la désertification

AISSATOU THIOUBOUInstitut d’hydrologie et de gestion des ressources en eau, Petersenstrasse 13, Université Technologique de Darmstadt, D-64287 Darmstadt, Allemagne e-mail: [email protected]

Résumé L’initiation d’une démarche intégrée et participative permet d’appréhender toutes les facettes du problème de l’eau en milieu sahélien. Les stratégies en matière d’amélioration de la disponibilité de l’eau dans le sol et de lutte contre l’érosion hydrique sont recueillies et intégrées dans un modèle spatial. Les résultats permettent de voir les modifications à apporter dans l’organisation et l’occupation du sol afin de mieux faire face au déficit en eau.


Collaborative planning in integrated water resources management: the use of decision support tools

ANNE UBBELSRIZA, Institute for Inland Water Management and Waste Water Treatment, PO Box 17, 8200 AA Lelystad, The Netherlandse-mail: [email protected]

ANNEMIEK J. M. VERHALLENDepartment of Environmental Sciences, Sub-department of Water Resources, Wageningen University, Nieuwe Kanaal 11, 6709 PA Wageningen, The Netherlands

Abstract The introduction of collaborative planning in integrated water resources management (IWRM) requires new decision support tools (DST) to support the integration of scientific technical knowledge in to the process, together with the dialogue between stakeholders. Decision support systems are used frequently, but there are other (less well known) tools available. To decide whether or not a certain DST is suitable for a collaborative planning process, guidelines for the choice of tools should be provided. Criteria for the use of DST and general conclusions on the suitability of three groups of DST are described.


AQUEST: Search for improved support for decision makers in water

policy development

FRANS VAN DE VEN, JAN CAPPON, ANNE UBBELS, HAROLD VAN WAVERENInstitute for Inland Water Management and Waste Water Treatment RIZA, PO Box 17, 8200 AA Lelystad, The Netherlandse-mail: [email protected]

THEO VAN STIJN & MARCEL VAN DER TOLNational Institute for Coastal and Marine Management RIKZ, PO Box 20907, 2500 EX Den Haag, The Netherlands

Abstract Water resource management (WRM) experts support decision makers and stakeholders in water policy development with relevant information. To that end they have to know: (a) which information is required; (b) what relevant developments in society are; (c) how the decision-making process is structured; and (d) how to solve the WRM problem. Because of the variety of opinions on objectives, values and available knowledge among the stakeholders and decision makers, the WRM expert has to work with negotiated knowledge. This knowledge is the result of interweaving the decision-making process with the scientific support. This approach asks for a new style of decision support systems; the new DSS not only assists in solving the technical problem but also supports the communication between experts, stakeholders, and decision makers. A standard framework for models facilitates the sharing of each other’s models and expertise.


Consequences of the European Union water framework directive for information management in its interstate river basins

ANNEMIEK J. M. VERHALLEN Department of Environmental Sciences, Sub-Department of Water Resources, Wageningen University, Nieuwe Kanaal 11, 6709 PA Wageningen, The Netherlandse-mail: [email protected]

JAN LEENTVAAR & GERARD BROSELISKERIZA, Institute for Inland Water Management and Waste Water Treatment, PO Box 17, 8200 AA Lelystad, The Netherlands

Abstract From 2000 onwards, the European Union Water Framework Directive (WFD) is expected to strongly enhance information management per river basin, especially via standardized monitoring and reporting. The WFD contains normative definitions of target situations and gives detailed prescriptions for monitoring, inter-calibration of the monitoring, and evaluation procedures. It is argued that the general approach of the WFD and the way information management is planned assures knowledge building on behalf of integrated water management in Europe, but that the development of concepts, which underpin the normative definitions and the exact monitoring approach still lags behind.


Balancing social, economic and environmental pressures through

integrated river basin management in the Cairngorm Mountains of northeast Scotland

SUSAN WALKER Department of Geography, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UF, Scotland, UKe-mail: [email protected]

Abstract The rivers of the Cairngorms area are of great importance from an environmental, social and economic perspective. Opportunities have been identified to improve management of the rivers. This has been achieved through consultation and consensus building with key governmental and non-governmental organizations and special interest groups. The need for a sustainable and integrated strategy for the management of the rivers across the whole geographical area of the Cairngorms area is demonstrated. This is a significant departure from previous management regimes which tended to be largely sectoral, localized and fragmented in approach.


Relevance of geomorphology in exploitive and sustainable management of water resources in the Durance River, France

ROBIN F. WARNERSchool of Geosciences, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract Management of water resources has hitherto been largely exploitive. This kind of development induces adverse geomorphological and ecological adjustments leading to environmental degradation. Two major floods in 1994 caused considerable concern in the Durance valley, France, prompting extensive engineering and ecological investigations. Understanding these biophysical “diagnostics” is important to develop more environmentally sustainable management strategies. Data presented show morphological changes from 1930 to 1994, and future changes in the lower 140 km of this channel.


A regional procedure to assess the risk to fish from sediment pollution in rivers

CAROL D. WATTS, PAMELA S. NADEN, DAVID M. COOPER & BEATE GANNONCEH Wallingford, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, United Kingdome-mail: [email protected]

Abstract A regional model has been applied to derive sediment concentrations for river reaches in the Lower Swale, Yorkshire, UK. Peaks-over-threshold mean concentrations over periods of 1 to 6-day durations have been extracted to derive frequency curves, which show the relationships between simulated sediment concentration and exceedance probability. The severity of such events on different fish types is illustrated using results from published literature. Maps of the

risk of habitat degradation to fish are presented. Such maps can provide a useful tool for water managers in assessing the impact of sediment on fish, for setting achievable river water quality objectives, and for identifying problem reaches.


Risk estimation for flood and drought: case studies

ZONGXUE XU, KAZUMASA ITO Water Resources Department, Tokyo Branch Office, CTI Engineering Co. Ltd, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-8430, Japane-mail: [email protected]

JINGYU LIDepartment of Land Management, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, People’s Republic of China

Abstract The concept of sustainable development not only strengthens but also extends the main principles and policies of water resource management. In sustainable and integrated water resource management, risk analysis/management for floods and droughts has received much attention. Risk and uncertainty in hydrological processes have been intensively studied, and many significant achievements have been made. This paper presents two case studies of risk assessment for flood and drought. A stochastic point process model for flood risk estimation is first derived by using a clustering stochastic point process. Then, several risk indices including reliability, resilience, vulnerability and risk plane for drought assessment are introduced. The proposed methodology is applied to an example water supply system with the combination of a decision support system.

Key word index

actual load, 387agriculture, 99appropriate use of water resources, 121aquatic ecosystem, 387artificial

islands, 365steady-state, 183

Australia, 297Murray-Darling Basin, 83southeast, 249

backwater lakes, 365beneficial use, 365biophysical diagnostic research, 277bivariate extreme value distributions, 349blue green algae, 91Blue Mesa Reservoir, Colorado, USA, 373Brazil, 145, 263, 269Cairngorm Mountains, Scotland, UK, 45calibration, 431California, USA, 191

Canada, Winnipeg, 257capacity, 13case methodology, 19catchment

management planning, 45modelling, 83

catchment–reservoir system, 387channel capacity, 277channels, 325chaotic time series, 285Chile, 75, 205China, 159classification, 379climate change, 63collaborative planning, 37, 57

process, 51, 63Colorado River, USA, 139community involvement, 127computational

intractability, 257time, 257

conjunctive management, 175use, 167, 183water system, 159

consensus, 19contamination, 425convolution of random variables, 349correlation

dimension, 285integral analysis, 285

Cosumnes River, California, USA, 175criteria for decision support, 37

crop water budget, 167dam operations, 373Dammam Formation aquifer, 213dams and barrages, 277decentralization, 133decision making, 19

multi-objective, 3decision support

criteria, 37systems, 37, 57, 63

deficit, 291Delft-FLS, 305demand management, 151desertification, 113, 139developing communities, 127Diass, Senegal, 113discrete kernels, 183diversion system, 341drainage basin models, 91DRASTIC, 425drought, 333

intensity, 291magnitude, 291period, 291

Durance River, France, 277duration, 291

of exposure, 401ecological

and geomorphological adjustments, 277damage, 3models, 63risk analysis, 3standards, 387

ecology, 25economic

efficiency, 75implications, 69performance, 191

economics, 191ecosystem

management, 379restoration, 365aquatic, 387reservoir, 373

engineering expertise, 127water conservancy, 107

England, 229environmental flows, 83Estonia, 91eucalypt forest, 249European Council Directive, 3European Union, 31, 69, 99European Union Water Framework Directive, 31, 69eutrophication, 91, 99evaluation of decision support tools, 37evapotranspiration, 249excessive load, 387exploitive and sustainable management, 277Finland, 99fish, 401

habitat, 393flood, 325, 333, 341, 349, 355

control, 341modelling, 305plain, 365risk indicators, 311routing, 341

flooding, 319flood-plain management, 13flood-risk mapping, 311Florida Everglades restoration, 25flow requirements, 393focus groups, 319forecasting, 285forest

harvesting, 249regeneration, 249

France, Durance River, 277frequency analysis, 355full recovery cost pricing, 69gaming techniques, 37general regression neural networks, 285generation of learning pattern, 237genetic algorithms, 257geomorphological and ecological adjustments, 277

GIS, 113, 167, 379good modelling practice, 57greywater re-use system, 121groundwater, 167, 183, 205, 425,

flow, 221modelling, 175protection, 13recharge, 417resource management, 411–surface water interactions, 175

Guadalupe River, USA, 393habitat degradation, 401health effects, 319Horton equation, 221hydraulic experiments, 197hydraulics, 325hydrogeology, 167, 411hydrological

budget, 417models, 63series, 291

hydropower, 263impact assessment, 305India, 297infilling and extension of hydrological data, 237infiltration, 221information management, 31infrastructure, 305instream flow, 393intangible impacts, 319integrated

environmental management, 379management, 113management model, 127planning benefits, 229river basin management, 3, 45water management, 51water resource management, 37, 133

interception, 249interdisciplinary modelling, 373interstate river basins, 31IQQM, Integrated Quantity Quality Model, 83Iran, 229irrigation, 139

efficiency, 75Italy, 411

River Adige, 305Japan, 221joint simulation-optimization, 159kinematic model, 221knowledge engineering, 19Küçük Menderes River basin, Turkey, 417, 425Kuwait City, 213Kuwait Group aquifer, 213lake catchment management model, 99Lake Längelmävesi, Finland, 99landscape type, 387land use, 167land-use planning, 311large basin, 221leaf area index, 249legal and administrative arrangements, 69

limnology, 373linear programming, 159, 263local water management, 13Logistic model, 349low flows, 269management,

ecosystem, 379flood-plain, 13groundwater resource, 411integrated water resource, 57, 133local water, 13river basin, 75

mathematical programming, 257Mayan rain cycles, 297MIKE BASIN, 151minimum discharge, 197model, 431

ecological, 63error, 355Delft-FLS, 305drainage basin, 91hydrological, 63integrated management, 127IQQM, 83lake catchment management, 99Logistic, 349MIKE BASIN, 151optimization, 75regional-scale, 401standard framework, 57water resources management, 121

modelling catchment, 83flood, 305groundwater, 175interdisciplinary, 373numerical, 167reservoir, 373runoff, 285spatial, 113system, 191

monitoring, 31multi-objective, 159

decision making, 3multi-party decisions, 19multiple reservoir systems, 257multi-state water law, 139Murray-Darling basin, Australia, 83neural network, 237, 285New Zealand, 379nitrogen, 91nonlinear

prediction method, 285programming, 263modelling, 167simulation, 341

nutrients, 91oasis, 431optimization, 191, 263

model, 75Oxfordshire, UK, 319parameter elasticity, 243

participative approaches, 113peaks-over-threshold, 401Peoria Lake, Illinois River, USA, 365permissible load, 387phosphorus, 91physically-based model, 221phytoplankton, 91planning, 133, 305possibility theory, 3precipitation vs water level relation, 417public participation, 69quality, 425rainfall, 325rainwater use system, 121rating curve, 269reach transmissivity, 183real-time operation, 257Red River basin, Vietnam, 341Region of Valencia, Spain, 311regional-scale model, 401regression relationships, 355reliability, 229, 333reservoir, 151, 191, 263

capacity and yield, 229ecological capacity, 387ecosystems, 373management, 373modelling, 373

resilience, 229, 333resource water conservancy, 107response matrix approach, 159restoration, 91riparian vegetation, 277risk, 325, 333

assessment, 425evaluation, 311maps, 401

River Adige, Italy, 305river, 379, 401

basin management, 69, 75catchment, 243environment, 197junctions, 349regulation for HEP, 277systems, 83

River Nile, 297River Rhine, 31RMA-2, 393runoff

modelling, 285-erosion model, 221-producing unit, 387

Sahel, 113, 297salinization, 431sapflow velocity, 249sapwood area, 249scale, 379scanning subgrid, 183scientific investigation, 127Scottish rivers, 45sea level rise, 63sediment

concentration, 401disposal, 365transport, 243

sedimentation, 365serendipity, 297Shasta Lake, California, USA, 373simulated annealing, 257social

impacts, 319participation, 133

soil erosion, 243South Africa, 151South Platte, Colorado USA, 183southeastern Australia, 249Spain, Region of Valencia, 311spatial modelling, 113 Sri Lanka, 297stakeholder participation, 63standard framework models, 57standardized precipitation index, SPI, 291storm water pollution, 127stream–aquifer interaction, 175, 197stream–aquifer interrelations, 205stress, 319subsurface water, 197surface water, 167sustainability, 229

criteria, 151sustainable

development, 3rivers, 45

system modelling, 191systems analysis, 19The Netherlands, 51, 63Tunisia, 431Turkey, 291

Küçük Menderes River basin, 417, 425two-dimensional, 393UK

Cairngorm Mountains, Scotland, 45Oxfordshire, 319Yorkshire, 401

uncertainty, 269ungauged drainage basins, 355urban actions, 311USA

Blue Mesa Reservoir, Colorado, 373California, 191Colorado River, 139Cosumnes River, California, 175Florida Everglades restoration, 25Guadalupe River, 393Peoria Lake, Illinois River, 365Shasta Lake, California, 373South Platte, Colorado, 183regional water conflicts, 19

user interface, 63vadose zone, 167validation, 431Vietnam, Red River basin, 341volcanic aquifers, 411vulnerability, 311, 319, 333

water balance, 243conflicts, 19deficits, 113erosion, 113level fluctuation, 417management, 63management planning, 297protection, 25, 91, 99, 127, 387quality, 25, 91, 127, 387quality objectives, 401resource supply-demand analysis, 159resources, 145, 213, 277, 333resources management, 57management model, 121resources planning and management, 83, 159rights, 205saving in residential buildings, 121saving society, 107supply systems, 3table rise, 213use efficiency, 75users, 145yield, 249

Winnipeg, Canada, 257Yorkshire, UK, 401

hydrologie.orghydrologie.org/redbooks/a272/P272 description, contents, … · Web viewedited by...

Documents

Transcript of hydrologie.orghydrologie.org/redbooks/a272/P272 description, contents, … · Web viewedited by...