Describe the characteristics of the Renaissance and understand why it began in Italy. Identify...
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Transcript of Describe the characteristics of the Renaissance and understand why it began in Italy. Identify...
Renaissance in Italy
Describe the
characteristics of
the Renaissance and understand why it began in
Italy.
Identify Renaissance artists and explain how new ideas affected the
arts of the period.
Understand how writers of the time addressed Renaissance themes
Analyze how the Renaissa
nce shaped Europea
n thought, art and religion
Obj
ectiv
es
The Renaissance was a time of creativity and great change in
many areas:
Political
social economic
cultural
The Renaissance was a time of creativity and great change in
many areas:
social
cultural
Political/Economi
c
Political/Economic Change
Kings and church leaders had to make room at the top of the power structure for wealthy bankers and merchants.
During the Middle Ages, artists had worked not for themselves, but for the church. They were members of
the working class.
During the renaissance, however, great artists such as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael mingled socially with nobles.
Raphael’s work
Raphael’s St. George
Raphael’s work
Sistine Cherub
Raphael’s work
Economic/Political Change
System based on King granting land to his important noblemen who became barons.
Economic/Political Change
The nobles in exchange pledged loyally to the king and to provide supplies and soldiers in time of war
Feudalism: System based on labor of the lowest rung of the social order.
Most Europeans were peasant farmers working on the land of a Feudal nobleman.
Marked the transition from medieval times to the early modern world
Slow shift from
agricultural to an urban society
Trade assumed greater importance than in the
past
Creative thinking let people comprehend
world more accurately
New technolo
gy let people
comprehend
world more
accuratelyRenaissanc
e
Peasants didn’t own their land, but worked it in exchange for a share of the
crop and labor when required.
As the Feudal system developed, the peasants or serfs became tied to the land, not allowed to leave it without permission of the lord of the manner.
Changes from the old Feudal System of the Middle Ages
resulted in a more flexible and liberal class system.
The divisions consisted of the old rich, the new rich nobles, the middle class, and the lower middle class (The poor didn't count)
The poor underneath coliseum
The poor underneath coliseum
Humanism
Perhaps of greatest importance was that Europeans began to develop a radically different self image as they moved from a God-centered to a more humanistic outlook.
BeforeBeforeAfterAfter
Europeans began to develop a radically different self image as
they moved from a God-centered to a more humanistic outlook.
Beauty was believed to afford at least some glimpse of a transcendental existence.
Human experience, man himself, tended to become the
practical measure of all things.
The ideal life was no longer a monastic escape from society, but a full participation in rich and varied human relationships.
Renaissance thinkers continued to use Latin as the language of the church as well as for scholarship
Renaissance man may indeed have found himself suspended between
faith and reason.
Living in the here and now was challenged by philosophical beliefs
As the grip of medieval supernaturalism began to
diminish,
secular and human interests became more prominent.
Creative minds set out to transform their own age
Felt their era was a time of rebirth after what they saw as the disorder and disunity of the medieval world.
Michelangelo’s David statute commissioned to express the power
& strength of Florence
Michelangelo sculpted his masterpiece out of a block of marble
Influence of Renaissance artists on present
Reawakened interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome which medieval scholars had preserved
However, Medieval scholars had focused more on religious beliefs & spirituality
Yesterday I was Today I am Tomorrow I don’t know
thelma & louise
In contrast, Renaissance thinkers explored the richness & variety of human experience in here and now
Worshiped the creation
Instead of the creator titans
Society placed new emphasis on individual achievement
Renaissance ideal included a person with many talents
“Spirit of Adventure”
Curiosity led people to explore new worlds or to reexamine old ones.
Navigators sailed across the ocean
Scientists looked at the universe in new ways
Writer’s and artists experimented
With new forms and techniques e40
Spirit of adventure came from new view of man himself
“To (man) it is granted to have whatever he chooses, to be whatever he wills.”
Italian thinker: Pico della
Mirandola idol
Expressing Humanism
Humanist studied classical culture of Greece and Rome and used that study to increase understanding of their own times
grammar
rhetoric
language
history
poetry
Humanities : include study of the following subjects…
Francesco Petrarch: assembles a library of Greek and Roman manuscripts
Believed that it stimulated the individual’s creative powers
Humanists valued education
Francesco Petrarch’s efforts
Encouraged others to preserve the works of Great Roman and Greek classics,
Renaissance resulted in a
new world view based on human
experience and emphasis on education,
humanism and the spirit of adventure
Italy’s Vibrant City-States
Italy was divided into many small city-states
Each Italian city-state was controlled by a powerful family and dominated by a wealthy and powerful merchant family.
Merchant families exerted both political and economic leadership.
-their interest in art and emphasis on personal achievement helped to shape the Italian Renaissance.
The Medici (med uh chee) family
of Florence ranked among the richest merchants and bankers in Europe.
Cosimo de’ Medici gained control of the florentine government in
1434
-family continued as uncrowned rulers of the city for many years
Pope Pius II, said: "Political questions are settled in [Cosimo's] house. The man he chooses holds office...He it is who decides peace and war...He is king in all but name.”
Cosimos grandson: Lorenzo, aka “The Magnificent” represented the Renaissance ideal
Clever politician that held Florence together during the difficult times in The late 1400’s
Lorenzo de' Medici (January 1, 1449 – April 9, 1492) was an Italian statesman and de factor ruler of the Florentine Republic during the Italian Renaissance.
In practice but not ordained by law. “In fact”
In practice but not ordained by law. “In fact”
Fragile peace that Lorenzo held between the states ended with
his death
Death marked the end of Golden Age in
Florence
Buried in Medici Palace in Florence
Lorenzo, a generous patron and financial supporter of the art
He invited poets and philosophers to the Medici Palace
Artists learned their craft by sketching Roman statute displays
in the Medici gardens
Florence symbolized the energy and brilliance of the Italian Renaissance
Medici’s great wealth and influence informed Florence more than any other city
Like the ancient city of Athens, it produced a dazzling number of poets, artists, architects, scholars, and scientists in a short span of time
Renaissance attained its most glorious expressions in its paintings, sculptures,
and architecture.
Wealthy patrons, popes, and princes played a major role in the
architect flowering
Renaissance artists revived many classical forms
Donatello’s soldier
Realism: the depiction of subjects as they appear in everyday life
During the Renaissance, painters returned to the realism of classical times by developing new techniques for representing both humans and landscape
Rules of perspective allowed Renaissance artist to create
realistic art
Perspective: By making distant objects smaller than those closer to the viewer,
artist could paint scenes that appear three-dimensional
Realism in Art
Giving their work energy and realism, Renaissance artists used setting to make objects look round and real-- and new oils to reflect light.
Painters and sculptures also studied human anatomy and drew from observing live models.
As a result they were able to portray the human body more accurately than Medieval artists
Social art: architecture was transformed in Renaissance Italy
Renaissance architecture
Social Art Defined:
Architect Leon described architecture as a “…form meant to blend beauty with utility and improvement of society.”
Architecture rejected the gothic style of the late Middle
Ages as disorderly
Greek and Roman Influence
Renaissance artists adopted the column, arches, and domes that had been favored by the Greek and Roman
Similar arch depicted in
Renaissance art
Cathedral in Florence
Filippo Brunelleschi (Broo Nay Lays Kee) created a majestic dome of the Pantheon in Rome
Brunelleschi: Renaissance man
*multi-talented
*studied the arts and sculptures with Donatello
*accomplished engineer * inventing many of the machines
used to construct his dome.
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo had endless curiosity that fed his genius for invention
Leonardo Da Vinci
He made sketches of nature and of models in his studio, and dissected corpses to learn how bones and muscles work.
Mona Lisa
As a result, Leonardo’s paintings grip people with their realism. The Mona Lisa is a portrait of a woman whose mysterious smile has baffled viewers for centuries.
Last Supper
The Last Supper, showing Jesus and his apostles on the night before the crucifixion, is both a moving religious painting and a masterpiece of perspective.
Leonardo Da Vinci self- proclamation as an artist
However he had many talents including botany, anatomy, optics, music, architecture, and engineering
Stroke of Genius
Though most of his paintings are lost today, his many notebooks survive as a testament to his genius and creativity.
Michelangelo Buonarroti
He was a sculptor, engineer, painter, architect, and poet.
“Melancholy Genius”
Michelangelo has been called a “melancholy genius” because his work reflects his many life-long spiritual and artistic struggles.
Masterpieces
In his twenties, he created masterpieces such as David and the Pietà marble. The Pietà which captures the sorrow of the Biblical Mary as she cradles her dead son Jesus on her knees.
Michelangelo’s heroic statue of David
The biblical shepherd who killed the giant Goliath, recalls the harmony and grace of ancient Greek tradition.
Michelangelo decorates the Sistine Chapel
Temptation and fall
Temptation and fall
Sistine Chapel
The enormous task, which took four years to complete and left the artist partially crippled, depicted the biblical history of the world from the Creation to the Flood.
Michelangelo: famous architecture
His most famous design was for the dome of St. Peter’s Cathedral in Rome.
Served as a model for later structures like the White House
Raphael
Raphael (rah fah el) (1483–1520) was widely admired both for his artistic talent and “his sweet and gracious nature.”
Raphael studied the works of the great masters but developed his own style of painting that blended Christian and classical styles.
Madonna
Tender portrayal of the Mother of Jesus
The School of Athens Raphael pictured an imaginary gathering
of great thinkers and scientists, including Plato, Aristotle, Socrates, and the Arab philosopher Averroës.
Renaissance Confidence
Raphael included the faces of Michelangelo, Leonardo—and himself.
Giorgio Vasari writes biography on Leonardo Da Vinci
“. . so great was his genius, and such its growth, that to whatever difficulties he turned his mind, he solved them with ease.”
“In him was great bodily strength . . . with a spirit and courage ever royal and magnanimous; and the fame of his name so increased, that not only in his lifetime was he held in esteem, but his reputation became even greater among posterity after his death.”
Handbook: The Book of the Courtier describes the manners, skills, learning, and virtues that a court member should
have
Castiglione’s ideal courtier was a well-educated, well-mannered aristocrat who mastered many fields, from poetry to music to sports.
Castiglione’s ideal differed for men and women.
Ideal man: athletic—but not overactive; good at games—but not a gambler; plays musical instrument, knows history and literature—but is not arrogant dw highlights
The ideal woman offers a balance to men.
She is graceful and kind, lively but reserved. She is beautiful, “for outer beauty,” wrote Castiglione, “is the true sign of inner goodness.”
Niccolò Machiavelli (mahk ee uh vel ee)
wrote a guide for rulers on how to gain and maintain power
Unlike ancient writers such as Plato, Machiavelli did not discuss leadership in terms of high ideals.
The Prince looked at real rulers in an age of ruthless power politics
Machiavelli stressed that the end justifies the means. He urged rulers to use whatever methods were necessary to achieve their goals. ruthless
Machiavelli saw himself as an enemy of oppression and
corruption,
but critics attacked his cynical advice.
Machiavellian” came to refer to the use of deceit in politics.)
Later students of government, however, argued that Machiavelli provided a realistic look at politics.
Questions?