Depositional Environment of Sediments Along the Cuddalore Coast of Tamilnadu

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Indian Journal of Geo-Marine SciencesVol. 42(3), June 2013, pp. 375-382

Depositional environment of sediments along the Cuddalore coast of Tamilnadu,India

S.Viveganandan1, C.Lakshumanan1*, M.Sundararajan2*, S. Eswaramoorthi3& Usha Natesan41Centre for Remote Sensing, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli-620 023, India

2National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR),Thiruvananthapuram, 695 019, India

3Department of Civil Engineering, Anna University of Technology, Thiruchirappalli-620 023, India4Centre for Environmental Studies, Anna University, Chennai- 600 025, India.

[*E-mail: [email protected]/rajanmsundar77 @yahoo.com]

Received 11 April 2011; revised 8 February 2012

Surficial sediments of beaches along the Cuddalore, central coast of Tamilnadu from Ponnaiyar estuarine toThirumulaivasal were studied for their textural parameters namely Mean (Grain size) phi, Standard deviation, Skweness andKurtosis and mineral percentages. Observed variation of energy conditions are controlled by the fluvial profile in the riverchannel. Textural analysis of medium sand shows the existence of comparatively high energy condition in the marineenvironment and low energy conditions in the fluvial zone. Linear Discriminant Function (LDF) analysis of the samplesindicates a shallow marine environment origin for most of the samples and very few numbers of samples originated fromfluvial environment. Heavy mineral content serves as an index for stratigraphic correlation of unfossilferrous strata. Thelowest heavy mineral content indicates progradational activity and low energy wave conditions. These results show thatreworked sediments, submerged during the Holocene marine transgression are being deposited on present day beaches bywaves, currents and rivers in the study region.

[Keywords:Beach sediments, Grain size, Depositional environment, India]

Introduction

In India, coastal regions are increasingly being usedfor placer sand mining, recreation, aquaculture, coralmining, and fishing. Earlier workers1-4 attempted theapplication of light mineral analysis in provenancestudies. Anirudhan5 illustrated the petrography of lightdetrital minerals of Bharathapuzha to decipher thedepositional history. Muthukrishnan6 studied lightminerals from the Gadilam River in order to understandthe maturity of quartz, orthoclase and microcline. Thestudies of light minerals from Vaippar and GadilamRiver sediments concluded that they are influenced thecontinental block provenances7-8. The introduction of the

Coastal Regulation Act and the Offshore Mining Bill forthe exploitation of mineral deposits off the Indian coasthas highlighted the importance of documenting coastalprocesses and sediment characteristics. The increasingdemand for exploring and exploiting non-living coastalresources like placer deposits emphasises the need tocompile more extensive inventories of these depositsthat include sediment systematics such as grain size.Present study consists he documentation and thecharacteristics of grain size and mineral content from theCuddalore coast to characterize the sediment source.

Materials and Methods

Study area

The study area is located on the Cuddalore coast ofTamilnadu in Southern India and it is bordered on theeast by Bay of Bengal. It lies Ponnaiyar estuarine innorth and Thirumulaivasal in south and liesbetween11 50 to 11 10 N latitude and 79 45 to79 55E longitude Fig. 1. The nearest major sediment

Fig. 1Location map of the study area


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INDIAN J. MAR. SCI., VOL. 42(3), JUNE 2013376

source for this coastal segment is the Ponnaiyar,Gadilam, Uppanar Rivers in the north and Vellar andColeroon River in the south.

Sediment samples were collected from 18 locationsof different landforms from Cuddalore beach andlocations of samples were recorded carefully with GPS.Sediment samples were collected from 100-150 ftdistance from water using spatula to a depth of 15cm.Distance between samples were used for 2-3 kmparallel to the coast at the elevation of above 10ft.Sediment samples were stored in polythene bags.Samples were heated constant temperature of 60C ina hot air oven to remove moisture. In order to ensurethe uniformity of heavy mineral distribution, about120 grams was removed by repeated coning and

quartering method, while the remaining samples werekept for further reference. From the subsamples,100 g was used for granulometry study and 20 g wasused for heavy mineral separation. Then the sampleswere washed under mechanical stirring, with liberalamount of distilled water and decanted carefully toprevent losses. Process of washing and decantationwas repeated until a clear water column was present.After decantation, the samples were kept for drying.

The 30% by volume of H2O2 was added to thesample to remove the organic debris in the sediments.Sample was then washed with distilled water and dried.

After drying it was weighed to measure the organicmaterial losses. Same samples were treated with ~10%HCl to remove the calcareous materials present in thesediments. After proper washing and drying, samplewas weighed to measure the carbonate losses. Driedsamples were used for heavy mineral separation.

For sieving, ASTM sieves from +10 to -230 meshsizes (2 mm to 63m) were used with 1/2 phi intervals9.Ro-tap sieve shaker was employed for separation with a15 minutes shaking time for every sample. Sievedmaterials were weighed separately. Then the fractionswere properly tabulated and the sands of the respective

fractions were kept for further studies. Grain sizeparameters like Graphic Mean (Mz), Inclusive GraphicStandard Deviation (SD), Inclusive Graphic Skewness(Sk1) and Graphic Kurtosis (KG) were determined usingthe software package. Linear Discriminant Function(LDF) of Sahu10was used for the multivariate analysis ofthe beach sediments. Separating funnel was used forheavy mineral separation with Bromoform of 2.89specific gravity11. Separated heavy fraction was washedfirst with methyl alcohol and then with distilled water.Washed fractions were dried in a hot air oven (60C),

until the moisture was completely removed. Then thedried fractions were weighed and the values noted.

Results and Discussion

Mean Grain size

Mean is the arithmetic average size of the sedimentand is expected to be influenced by source of supply,transport and environment of deposition. The momentmean values are observed to be identical to the graphicmean data for the analysed samples, Folk and Ward9,observed that the graphic mean values are twice asaccurate an approximation as the moment means value.Coarsest sediments were found in the northern part ofCuddalore (stations 1 and 2) and southern part (stations14, 15 and 16), the graphic mean size ranges from 0.6 to0.94 (Fig. 2). Because of the prevailing high wave

energy environment, strong winnowing must haveremoved the fine sediments, leaving the coarsersediments. This is also evidenced by the erosive actionof the waves. Varadachari12 reported high energycondition is also attributable to the presence ofsubmarine canyons in the Pondicherry and Cuddaloreregions. Chauhan13 also reported the coarser sedimentsat Cuddalore to be the result of erosion. In other areas(Stations 3 and 11), the mean size ranged from 1.03 to1.78 indicating the predominance of medium sands.

Standard Deviation

The sorting values for sample stations (1, 2, 5, 6, 7,

9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, and 17) range from0.42 to 0.70 indicated that the sediments are wellsorted (0.35-0.5 range) to moderately well sorted(0.5-0.7range) (Fig. 3). This well sorted nature

Fig. 2

Mean grain size of Cuddalore beach sediments from northto south (station 1-18)

Fig. 3Standard deviation of Cuddalore beach sediments (n = 18)


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VIVEGANANDAN et al: DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT OF SEDIMENTS ALONG THE CUDDALORE COAST 377

(station 1, 15, 16 and 17) can be put down to the mixing ofsediments brought by waves and currents, in addition to theinput of palaeo-sediments from the major river systems

(Ponnaiyar and Coleroon). Moderately sorted sands arepredominant on the beaches (station 4, 8 and 18) of the eastcoasts of India14. Sorting values from 0.51 to 0.70 and0.72 to 0.97 (Table 1) indicate that these sediments aremoderately well (0.5-0.7 range) to moderately sorted(0.7-1.0 range). This is the result of the mixing of thesediments brought from the adjacent beach ridges.

Standard deviation varies between 1.3 and 1.18,indicating that the sediments are poorly sorted(1.0-2.0 range). It is characterized by high energy waveconditions and mixed type of sediments. Folk and Ward9observed that the medium to fine sediments are bettersorted than very fine sediments. However our studyshows that the medium grained sands are poorly sorted.This may be due to the influence of various modes oftransport leading to poorly sorted sediments. Duringmonsoon and cyclonic storms enormous quantities ofsuspended sediments are pushed from north to south.This may result in for the poor sorting of sediments inthis area. Figures 4 and 5 shows the frequency weightpercentage and cumulative weight percentage diagramsof the 18 sampled beach sediments. Frequency curveindicated symmetrical distribution for most of thestations. But the curve is showing very poor sorting anddeficiently peaked kurtosis to the phi values in the caseof stations 3 and 11. Cumulative weight of the beachsediments shows sigma distribution between the phivalues of 0 to 2.5 in the case of stations 3 and 11whereas the distribution is typically very poor. Bivariant

plot of mean vs standard deviation (Fig. 6) also showsthat the sediments in both the stations are poorly sorted.

Skewness

The positively skewed distribution indicates adepositional tendency15. All the tested sediments arepositively skewed suggesting the influence of finesediments discharged by the rivers. River mouths arealso marked by the growth of small sand bars.Stations from non-river point show positive Skewness

Table 1Statistical analysis of Grain size distribution of Cuddalore beach sediments.

S.No Mean Standard deviation Skewness Kurtosis Mean Standard deviation Skewness Kurtosis

1 0.6 0.49 0.18 1.15 Coarse sand Well sorted Fine skewed Leptokurtic2 0.94 0.55 0.49 1.38 Coarse sand Moderately Well sorted Very fine skewed Leptokurtic3 1.64 1.3 0.13 0.74 Medium sand Poorly sorted Fine skewed Platykurtic4 1.16 0.97 0.1 1.29 Medium sand Moderately sorted Fine skewed Leptokurtic5 1.25 0.7 0.18 1.01 Medium sand Moderately Well sorted Fine skewed Mesokurtic6 1.19 0.51 0.14 1.12 Medium sand Moderately Well sorted Fine skewed Leptokurtic

7 1.09 0.58 0.13 1.31 Medium sand Moderately Well sorted Fine skewed Leptokurtic8 1.78 0.72 0.2 1.02 Medium sand Moderately sorted Fine skewed Mesokurtic9 1.03 0.52 0.14 1.3 Medium sand Moderately Well sorted Fine skewed Leptokurtic10 1.26 0.66 0.08 0.87 Medium sand Moderately Well sorted Fine skewed Platykurtic11 1.76 1.18 0.22 1.03 Medium sand Poorly sorted Fine skewed Mesokurtic12 1.16 0.51 0.14 1.18 Medium sand Moderately Well sorted Fine skewed Leptokurtic13 1.44 0.54 0.45 1.3 Medium sand Moderately Well sorted Very fine skewed Leptokurtic14 0.79 0.6 0.15 0.73 Coarse sand Moderately Well sorted Fine skewed Platykurtic15 0.72 0.48 0.13 1.12 Coarse sand Well sorted Fine skewed Leptokurtic16 0.84 0.42 0.3 1.13 Coarse sand Well sorted Fine skewed Leptokurtic17 1.07 0.48 0.15 1.13 Medium sand Well sorted Fine skewed Leptokurtic18 1.06 0.77 0.36 2.52 Medium sand Moderately sorted Very fine skewed Very

Leptokurtic

Fig. 4Frequency weight percentage curves of Cuddalore beachsediments (n = 18)

Fig. 5Cumulative weight percentage curves of Cuddalore beachsediments (n = 18)


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(Fig. 7). Positive value indicates an excessive supplyof fine materials brought in by littoral currents. Rao16reported the positive Skweness of the beach sediments

of False Devi point in Andhra Pradesh to theexcessive supply of fine sediments brought in bylittoral current. In the present study mean size VsSkewness plot (Fig. 8) indicates that, the severecontribution of supplying fine sediments from theoffshore region except low current estuaries.

Standard deviation Vs Mean plot (Fig. 9) showsmost of the sediments are moderately well tomoderately sorted. This sector has no fluvial influenceexcept the two samples (stations 3 and 11) were poorlysorted. This plot clearly indicates these sediments arethe influence of fluvial environment because the riverinput is more than the littoral current.

Scatter plot of standard deviation Vs Skewness(Fig. 10) also helps to characterize these sediments. Inthe study area from north to southern region, all the

samples have no fluvial influence except at thestations 3 and 11 but the station 4 is closer to thefluvial influence. Station 4 is nearer to the mouth ofUppanar River and based on the wave and seasonalinfluence play an important role.

Kurtosis

The graphic kurtosis is the qualitative measures ofthe part of sediments already sorted elsewhere in ahigh energy environment and later transported andmodified such as beach, shallow marine and fluvialenvironment. Values of the graphic Kurtosis rangebetween 0.73 and 2.52 (Fig. 11). Majority of the

Fig. 6Scatter plot of Mean Vs Standard deviation for Cuddalore

beach sediment

Fig. 7Skewness of Cuddalore beach sediments (n = 18)

Fig. 8Scatter plot of Mean Vs Skewness for Cuddalore beachsediment

Fig. 9Scatter plot of Standard deviation Vs Mean for Cuddalore

beach sediment

Fig. 10

Scatter plot of Standard deviation Vs Skewness forCuddalore beach sediment

Fig. 11Kurtosis of Cuddalore beach sediments (n = 18)


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samples falls under leptokurtic nature of distribution.Very small number of samples falls under the platykurticand mesokurtic nature but station 18 falls under the very

leptokurtic nature. Variation in the kurtosis values is areflection of the flow characteristics of the depending upon the medium, the dominance of medium size sands ofleptokurtic nature reflecting the maturity of the sand.This may be due to the aggregation of sediment particlesize by dense and the variations in the sorting values arelikely due to continuous addition of medium/coarsematerials in varying proportions.

4.5 Linear Discriminant Function analysis (LDF)

According to the variations in the energy andfluidity factors seem to have excellent correlation withdifferent processes and the environment of

depositions17. Sahus 10 Linear Discriminant FunctionAnalysis (LDF) of Y1 (Aeolien, Beach), Y2 (Beach,Shallow agitated water) and Y3 (Shallow marine,Fluvial) were used to decipher the process andenvironment of deposition. With reference to the Y1and Y2 values, all the samples fall in beach process andten samples fall in shallow agitated water and rest ofthem falls in Beach. Further the samples in Y3 indicatethat they were of the combination of shallow marineand fluvial process (Table 2). Most of the samples fallin shallow marine process except those from thelocations 3, 4 and 11. These samples located in the

mouth of the river Uppanar and Vellar reflect theinfluence of a fluvial environment. The sedimentsdischarged by the river Uppanar and Vellar must havebeen redeposited in this region by the wave action. It

can be inferred that the sediments in the present daybeaches must have been deposited in a shallow marineenvironment and marine deterioration must have led to

the development of the present day shorelines.Minerals

Beach is a temporary or short lived deposit on theshore. Most of the materials are sand and silt sizedgrains. The waves and tides have played a major rolein the shaping of shoreline. Weight percentage ofheavy minerals varies from 0.92 to 23.22% with anaverage of 5.6% (Fig. 12). Stations 11, 12, 15 and17 show a relative high percentage of heavy minerals(Fig. 13). Heavy mineral percentage of sample atstation 11, 12, 15, and 17 (9.24%, 10.52%, 6.41% and23.22% respectively). This percentage is attributed to

Table 2Linear discriminate function values (Sahu 10)

S.No Y1 Y2 Y3 Y1 Y2 Y3

1 1.95 49.70 -2.75 Beach Beach Shallow marine2 1.04 68.99 -4.71 Beach Shallow agitated Shallow marine3 2.43 152.76 -14.93 Beach Shallow agitated Fluvial4 3.15 105.66 -8.33 Beach Shallow agitated Fluvial5 0.12 73.71 -4.76 Beach Shallow agitated Shallow marine6 -0.08 58.97 -2.57 Beach Beach Shallow marine

7 1.16 65.76 -3.20 Beach Shallow agitated Shallow marine8 -1.67 84.42 -4.961 Beach Shallow agitated Shallow marine9 1.08 60.48 -2.69 Beach Beach Shallow marine10 -0.34 65.89 -3.80 Beach Shallow agitated Shallow marine11 1.62 142.08 -12.72 Beach Shallow agitated Fluvial12 0.20 59.61 -2.57 Beach Beach Shallow marine13 -0.94 73.90 -4.28 Beach Shallow agitated Shallow marine14 0.47 52.24 -3.62 Beach Beach Shallow marine15 1.50 49.48 -2.39 Beach Beach Shallow marine16 0.55 51.08 -2.71 Beach Beach Shallow marine17 0.24 55.51 -2.39 Beach Beach Shallow marine18 5.50 108.70 -6.53 Beach Shallow agitated Shallow marine

Note: This table indicates all the samples in beach sediments and the depositional environment is mostly shallow marine

Fig. 12Heavy mineral distribution map of the study area


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the intensive role of winnowing action of waves andcurrents. The higher percentage indicates that the lightminerals are removed by winnowing of waves.

Weight percentage of light mineral deposits variesfrom 76.78% to 99.08% (Fig. 14) with an average of94.4% for the 18 sampled Cuddalore beach sediments.Relative higher percentages were recorded at the stations5, 7, 9, 13, 14 & 16 (>98%). This higher percentage oflight minerals indicates the progradational activity andlow energy wave condition in the study area.

Heavy minerals

Sediment samples were used for microscopic studyfor the identification of heavy minerals. Only fiveestuarine stations such as Ponnaiyar, Gadilam, Uppanar,Vellar and Coleroon were selected and five different

heavy minerals were identified but Ponnaiyar estuaryhas resulted two types of heavy minerals whereas, Vellarand Coleroon have resulted similar type of mineral.

Pyroxene, Amphibole

The pyroxenes are a group of importantrock-forming inosilicate minerals found in manyigneous and metamorphic rocks. Amphiboles areminerals of either igneous or metamorphic origin; inthe former case occurring as constituents (hornblende)of igneous rocks, such as granite, diorite, andesite andothers. Calcium is sometimes a constituent of

naturally occurring amphiboles18. The occurrence of

ferro and calcium magnesium- silicate minerals, suchas amphiboles and pyroxenes in prominent amounts,and lesser amount of kyanite could indicate igneous

and/or metamorphic sources

11

. Presence of pyroxenesreflects basic igneous rocks; and amphiboles, representsigneous and/or metamorphic rocks19-20(Fig. 15).

Kyanite

Kyanite is a polymorph mineral that shares the samechemistry but a different crystal structure with another.It is an attractive mineral that has a near sapphire-likeblue colour but also can be white, gray or green.Kyanite has a nearly unique characteristic in that it hasa wide variation in hardness in same crystal face(Fig. 16a). The hardness of Kyanite is approximately4.5 to 6.5 and specific gravity of 3.58. It is a refractory

material and it has a high melting point, low thermalconductance and maintains its strength upto 1100C.

Hypersthene

Hypersthene is a relatively common mineral and isfound in igneous and some metamorphic rocks as wellas in stony and iron meteorites. Hypersthene is theintermediate member with around 50% iron andferrosilite is the iron rich end member of the series. It isan orthopyroxene or a pyroxene with an orthorhombicsymmetry (Fig. 16b). At high temperatures, its structurechanges to a monoclinic symmetry and a clinopyroxene.

Hypersthene has an ornamental variety. A weatheredvariety that has a sub metallic luster and a bronze likecolour is called bronzite. It is sometimes used as anornamental stone. It is a gray, brown colour mineral andhardness is approximately 5-6. The specific gravity ofthis mineral is approximately 3.4-3.9.

Ilmenite

Ilmenite is an economically important and blackcolour mineral. It is named for its place of discovery atIlmen Lake in the Ilmen Mountain, Russia. It forms as aprimary mineral in mafic igneous rocks. It also occurs inpegmatites and some metamorphic rocks as well as inthe sedimentary rocks that are formed from theweathering and erosion of them (Fig. 16c). The hardnessof ilmenite is 5-6 and its specific gravity is 4.5 -5.

Fig. 13Heavy mineral percentage of Cuddalore beach sediments(n = 18)

Fig. 14Light mineral percentage of Cuddalore beach sediments(n = 18) Fig. 15Mineral composition


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Laterite

Laterites are soil types rich in iron and aluminum,formed in hot and wet tropical areas. Nearly alllaterites are rusty-red because of iron oxides. Theydevelop by intensive and long-lasting weathering ofthe underlying parent rock. Tropical weathering

(laterization) is a prolonged process of chemicalweathering which produces a wide variety in thethickness, grade, chemistry and ore mineralogy of theresulting soils (Fig. 16d).

Sillimanite

Sillimanite is an alumino-silicate mineral. It is anorthorhombic with square cross sections and rounded.It is presented in white to gray, also brown, yellow,and yellow-green. A polymorph is a mineral thatshares the same chemistry but a different crystal

structure with another, or other minerals. Sillimaniteis the rarest of the three trimorphs (Fig. 16e and f).The hardness is 7.5 in large crystals but more fibrousforms are softer and the specific gravity isapproximately 3.2.

ConclusionMost of the sediments are medium to coarser

grained sand as beaches are steeply sloping and highwave energy conditions. The location 3, 4 and 11under moderate sloping beach sediments are mediumowing the fluvial discharge. Mixing of sedimentsunder high and low energy conditions has affected thesorting of sediments. Beach processes have affectedthe sorting characteristics of the sediments. Skewnessvalues indicates the depositional processes such aswinnowing action of waves and currents and

Fig 16Different type of heavy minerals in Cuddalore estuaries: (a) Pyroxene ,Amphibole, Kyanite (Ponnaiyar estuary), (b) Pyroxene,Amphibole, Hypersthene (Ponnaiyar estuary),(c) Pyroxene ,Amphibole, Ilemnite (Gadilam estuary), (d) Pyroxene ,Amphibole, Laterite(Uppanar estuary), (e) Pyroxene, Amphibole, Sillimanite (Vellar estuary), (f) Pyroxene ,Amphibole, Sillimanite (Coleroon estuary).


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decreasing energy of the transporting process in someof the places. This is endorsed by the development ofsand bars at the mouth of the river point. Bivariant

plots such as mean vs standard deviation, mean vsskewness, standard deviation vs mean and standarddeviation vs skewness present an overlapping of thefluvial, marine and beach environments in the beachsamples of the study area. LDF result shows that mostof the sediments are deposited under shallow marineenvironment by beach and fluvial processes due to nearshore agitating turbidity action of water. Landformshelp to infer various stages of the study region. Natureof the concentration of heavy mineral is suggestive ofthe influence of higher wave energy in middle andsouthern part of the study area. Poor concentration ofheavy mineral have been attributed to largeprogradational activity and the low energy wavecondition, whereas the higher concentration of heavymineral percentage is ascribed to accurate coast line. Italso suggests that these minerals are derivatives ofcommon source like palaeo sediments influence whichare reworked by present day coastal processes.

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Depositional Environment of Sediments Along the Cuddalore Coast of Tamilnadu

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