Department of Psychology, Florida International...
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0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 2 3 4 - 5 6 - 8 Disengagement (Looks Away per Minute) Age (Months) Social Bimodal Social Unimodal Nonsocial Bimodal Nonsocial Unimodal Bimodal Unimodal Social Nonsocial The Role of Intersensory Redundancy in the Typical Development of Social Orienting Across Infancy: A New Hypothesis for Autism Lorraine E. Bahrick, James T. Todd, Irina Castellanos, Barbara M. Sorondo, Mariana Vaillant-Molina, & Melissa A. Argumosa Department of Psychology, Florida International University Presented at the International Meeting for Autism Research, May, 2009, Chicago, IL. This research was supported by NICHD R01 HD053776 and R03 HD052602, NIMH R01 MH62226, and NSF SLC SBE0350201. The third, fourth, fifth, and sixth authors were supported by NIH/NIGMS R25 GM061347. Requests for reprints should be sent to the first author at [email protected]. Background Children with autism show impairments in social orienting and attention. Understanding these impairments requires understanding the typical development of social orienting across infancy, the period during which it likely develops. However, no research has systematically assessed changes in attention to social versus nonsocial events across infancy. According to the Intersensory Redundancy Hypothesis (IRH; Bahrick & Lickliter, 2000, 2002), infants show heightened attention to multimodal events that provide intersensory redundancy (e.g., synchrony, rhythm, and tempo common to audible and visible stimulation). Relative to nonsocial events, social events provide an extraordinary amount of intersensory redundancy (across face, voice, and gesture) that attract and maintain attention. We hypothesize that if sensitivity to intersensory redundancy underlies the development of social orienting, then infants should show differences in basic measures of attention across age as a function of redundancy. A slight disturbance of intersensory processing could then promote social orienting impairments characteristic of autism. Objectives We assessed the typical developmental trajectory of attention across the ages of 2 to 8 months to social and nonsocial events that provide intersensory redundancy (audiovisual) versus no redundancy (unimodal visual). We predicted that infants would display greater attention (more processing time, longer looks, and fewer disengagements) to events that provide intersensory redundancy (audiovisual) than to events that provide no redundancy (unimodal visual). We also predicted that audiovisual social events would elicit the most attention compared to other event types, given that social events typically provide a great deal of redundancy. Methods Data from 703 infants at 2, 3, 4-5, and 6-8 months of age (N = 150, 157, 227, and 169, respectively) were analyzed from a variety of infant-control habituation studies conducted in our lab. Infants were habituated to dynamic displays of bimodal audiovisual versus unimodal visual (silent) social events (i.e., women speaking in infant- directed speech) or bimodal audiovisual versus unimodal visual (silent) nonsocial events (i.e., a toy hammer tapping a rhythm). Three measures of attention were evaluated: mean number of looks away per minute (disengagement), mean length of time to habituation (processing time), and mean length of look. Results Age (2, 3, 4-5, 6-8 months) x event type (social, nonsocial) x condition (unimodal, bimodal) between subjects ANOVAs indicated main effects of age with decreasing processing time and length of look, and increasing disengagement across age, ps< .001. Consistent with our predictions, main effects of condition and event type indicated longer processing time and length of look and fewer disengagements for bimodal redundant than unimodal nonredundant stimulation (ps < .001) and for social than nonsocial events (ps < .005). These main effects were qualified by interactions with age (ps < .01) indicating that differences between conditions and event types were most apparent for older infants. Linear trend analyses indicated that interest (processing time) in audiovisual (redundant) social events was maintained across age (p > .10), whereas interest in all other event types decreased across age (p < .01). Conclusions Consistent with predictions of the IRH, these findings demonstrate that infants show greater attention (more processing time, longer looks, and fewer disengagements) to events that provide intersensory redundancy (audiovisual) than those that do not (unimodal visual). Moreover, these findings demonstrate that attention to bimodal, social events, which provide an extraordinary amount of intersensory redundancy, is maintained across age from 2 to 8 months, whereas attention to unimodal and nonsocial events declines across this period. These findings are the first to suggest that social orienting develops gradually across infancy as a function of intersensory redundancy. These results are consistent with findings of impaired intermodal functioning in autism (e. g., Bebko, Weiss, Demark, & Gomez, 2006) suggesting an intermodal processing disturbance may underlie social orienting impairments in autism. References Bahrick, L. E., & Lickliter, R. (2000). Intersensory redundancy guides attentional selectivity and perceptual learning in infancy. Developmental Psychology, 36, 190- 201. Bahrick, L. E., & Lickliter, R. (2002). Intersensory redundancy guides early perceptual and cognitive development. In R. Kail (Ed.), Advances in Child Development and Behavior, Vol. 30 (pp. 153-187). New York: Academic Press. Bebko, J. M., Weiss, J. A., Demark, J. L., & Gomez, P. (2006). Discrimination of temporal synchrony in intermodal events by children with autism and children with developmental disabilities without autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 88-98. 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 2 3 4 - 5 6 - 8 Average Length of Look (Seconds) Age (Months) Social Bimodal Social Unimodal Nonsocial Bimodal Nonsocial Unimodal Figure 2. Average Length of Look Figure 1. Disengagement (Looks Away per Minute) 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 2 3 4 - 5 6 - 8 Processing Time (Seconds to Habituation) Age (Months) Social Bimodal Social Unimodal Nonsocial Bimodal Nonsocial Unimodal 3 Months Figure 3. Processing Time Main effect of age (2, 3, 4-5, 6-8): F(3, 653) = 36.36, p < .001 Main effect of condition (bimodal, unimodal): F(1, 653) = 42.65, p < .001 Main effect of event type (social, nonsocial): F(1, 653) = 7.97, p = .005 Interaction of age by condition: F(3, 653) = 6.00, p < .001 Interaction of age by event type: F(3, 653) = 3.74, p = .01 Main effect of age (2, 3, 4-5, 6-8): F(3, 653) = 19.06, p < .001 Main effect of condition (bimodal, unimodal): F(1, 653) = 19.42, p < .001 Main effect of event type (social, nonsocial): F(1, 653) = 11.01, p = .001 Interaction of age by condition: F(3, 653) = 3.59, p = .01 Interaction of age by event type: F(3, 653) = 5.18, p = .002 Main effect of age (2, 3, 4-5, 6-8): F(3, 687) = 22.65, p < .001 Main effect of condition (bimodal, unimodal): F(1, 687) = 13.64, p < .001 Main effect of event type (social, nonsocial): F(1, 687) = 39.74, p < .001 Interaction of age by condition: F(3, 687) = 4.36, p = .005 Interaction of age by event type: F(3, 687) = 5.09, p = .002 Bimodal Unimodal Social Nonsocial 2 Months Bimodal Unimodal Social Nonsocial 4 – 5 Months Bimodal Unimodal Social Nonsocial 6 – 8 Months 45
Transcript of Department of Psychology, Florida International...
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The Role of Intersensory Redundancy in the Typical Development of Social Orienting Across Infancy:A New Hypothesis for Autism
Lorraine E. Bahrick, James T. Todd, Irina Castellanos, Barbara M. Sorondo, Mariana Vaillant-Molina, & Melissa A. ArgumosaDepartment of Psychology, Florida International University
Presented at the International Meeting for Autism Research, May, 2009, Chicago, IL. This research was supported by NICHD R01 HD053776 and R03 HD052602, NIMH R01 MH62226, and NSF SLC SBE0350201. The third, fourth, fifth, and sixth authors were supported by NIH/NIGMS R25 GM061347. Requests for reprints should be sent to the first author at [email protected].
Background
Children with autism show impairments in social orienting and attention.Understanding these impairments requires understanding the typical development ofsocial orienting across infancy, the period during which it likely develops. However, noresearch has systematically assessed changes in attention to social versus nonsocialevents across infancy. According to the Intersensory Redundancy Hypothesis (IRH;Bahrick & Lickliter, 2000, 2002), infants show heightened attention to multimodal eventsthat provide intersensory redundancy (e.g., synchrony, rhythm, and tempo common toaudible and visible stimulation). Relative to nonsocial events, social events provide anextraordinary amount of intersensory redundancy (across face, voice, and gesture) thatattract and maintain attention. We hypothesize that if sensitivity to intersensoryredundancy underlies the development of social orienting, then infants should showdifferences in basic measures of attention across age as a function of redundancy. Aslight disturbance of intersensory processing could then promote social orientingimpairments characteristic of autism.
Objectives
We assessed the typical developmental trajectory of attention across the ages of 2to 8 months to social and nonsocial events that provide intersensory redundancy(audiovisual) versus no redundancy (unimodal visual). We predicted that infants woulddisplay greater attention (more processing time, longer looks, and fewerdisengagements) to events that provide intersensory redundancy (audiovisual) than toevents that provide no redundancy (unimodal visual). We also predicted that audiovisualsocial events would elicit the most attention compared to other event types, given thatsocial events typically provide a great deal of redundancy.
Methods
Data from 703 infants at 2, 3, 4-5, and 6-8 months of age (N = 150, 157, 227, and169, respectively) were analyzed from a variety of infant-control habituation studiesconducted in our lab. Infants were habituated to dynamic displays of bimodalaudiovisual versus unimodal visual (silent) social events (i.e., women speaking in infant-directed speech) or bimodal audiovisual versus unimodal visual (silent) nonsocial events(i.e., a toy hammer tapping a rhythm). Three measures of attention were evaluated:mean number of looks away per minute (disengagement), mean length of time tohabituation (processing time), and mean length of look.
Results
Age (2, 3, 4-5, 6-8 months) x event type (social, nonsocial) x condition (unimodal,bimodal) between subjects ANOVAs indicated main effects of age with decreasingprocessing time and length of look, and increasing disengagement across age, ps <.001. Consistent with our predictions, main effects of condition and event type indicatedlonger processing time and length of look and fewer disengagements for bimodalredundant than unimodal nonredundant stimulation (ps < .001) and for social thannonsocial events (ps < .005). These main effects were qualified by interactions with age(ps < .01) indicating that differences between conditions and event types were mostapparent for older infants. Linear trend analyses indicated that interest (processing time)in audiovisual (redundant) social events was maintained across age (p > .10), whereasinterest in all other event types decreased across age (p < .01).
Conclusions
Consistent with predictions of the IRH, these findings demonstrate that infantsshow greater attention (more processing time, longer looks, and fewer disengagements)to events that provide intersensory redundancy (audiovisual) than those that do not(unimodal visual). Moreover, these findings demonstrate that attention to bimodal,social events, which provide an extraordinary amount of intersensory redundancy, ismaintained across age from 2 to 8 months, whereas attention to unimodal and nonsocialevents declines across this period. These findings are the first to suggest that socialorienting develops gradually across infancy as a function of intersensory redundancy.These results are consistent with findings of impaired intermodal functioning in autism(e. g., Bebko, Weiss, Demark, & Gomez, 2006) suggesting an intermodal processingdisturbance may underlie social orienting impairments in autism.
References
Bahrick, L. E., & Lickliter, R. (2000). Intersensory redundancy guides attentionalselectivity and perceptual learning in infancy. Developmental Psychology, 36, 190-201.
Bahrick, L. E., & Lickliter, R. (2002). Intersensory redundancy guides early perceptualand cognitive development. In R. Kail (Ed.), Advances in Child Development andBehavior, Vol. 30 (pp. 153-187). New York: Academic Press.
Bebko, J. M., Weiss, J. A., Demark, J. L., & Gomez, P. (2006). Discrimination of temporalsynchrony in intermodal events by children with autism and children withdevelopmental disabilities without autism. Journal of Child Psychology andPsychiatry, 47, 88-98.
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Figure 1. Disengagement (Looks Away per Minute)
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Figure 3. Processing Time
Main effect of age (2, 3, 4-5, 6-8): F(3, 653) = 36.36, p < .001Main effect of condition (bimodal, unimodal): F(1, 653) = 42.65, p < .001Main effect of event type (social, nonsocial): F(1, 653) = 7.97, p = .005Interaction of age by condition: F(3, 653) = 6.00, p < .001Interaction of age by event type: F(3, 653) = 3.74, p = .01
Main effect of age (2, 3, 4-5, 6-8): F(3, 653) = 19.06, p < .001Main effect of condition (bimodal, unimodal): F(1, 653) = 19.42, p < .001Main effect of event type (social, nonsocial): F(1, 653) = 11.01, p = .001Interaction of age by condition: F(3, 653) = 3.59, p = .01Interaction of age by event type: F(3, 653) = 5.18, p = .002
Main effect of age (2, 3, 4-5, 6-8): F(3, 687) = 22.65, p < .001Main effect of condition (bimodal, unimodal): F(1, 687) = 13.64, p < .001Main effect of event type (social, nonsocial): F(1, 687) = 39.74, p < .001Interaction of age by condition: F(3, 687) = 4.36, p = .005Interaction of age by event type: F(3, 687) = 5.09, p = .002
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