Seminar international development in defense of globalization essay
Department of Plant, Soil and Environmental Sciences Thesis Defense Seminar
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Transcript of Department of Plant, Soil and Environmental Sciences Thesis Defense Seminar
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Department of Plant, Soil and Environmental SciencesThesis Defense Seminar
Soil Drainage Class Influences on
Soil Organic Carbon in a
New England Forested Watershed
Jay RaymondM.S. Student
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AcknowledgementsCommittee:
Dr. Ivan J. Fernandez, Professor of Soil Science, Advisor
Dr. Tsutomu Ohno, Professor of Soil Chemistry
Dr. Kevin Simon, Associate Professor of Biological Sciences
Funding:
Maine Agricultural & Forest Experiment StationPlant, Soil, Environmental Sciences
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Seminar Overview• Introduction
-Why?-Terrestrial C Cycle -Soil Drainage Classes
-Wetland Soils
- Forest Types
• Hypotheses
• Methods & Results-Site Location & Description-%C & C Content-C Fractions (Active, Stable, Passive)-Soil Respiration (RS)
• Conclusions
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Lal, Kimble, and Follett, 1997
The Pedosphere Focus
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Why Study Carbon?
tececo.com/sustainability.role_soil_sequestration.php
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cargurus.com
boston.com
Sinks Sources
oregrinder.comteara.govt.nz/en/atmosphere/1/1
thew2o.net/
carboncycle.aos.wisc.edu/land-uptake/
C Emissions
Sources
Sinks
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Soil Organic Carbon (SOC)
Kern, 1994; Johnson and Kern 2003; Amichev, 2003
NRCS
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Soil Drainage Classes – NRCS (8)
soils.usda.gov/technical/handbook/contents/part618.html; Soil Survey Manual Ch. 3, MAPSS 2010
Excessively Drained (ED)
Somewhat excessively drained (SWED)
Well drained (WD)
Moderately well drained (MWD)
Somewhat poorly drained (SWPD)
Poorly drained (PD)
Very poorly drained (VPD)
Subaqueous (?)
INCREASING WETNESS
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Moderately Well 25%
Well 20% Excessively
3%
Somewhat Excessively
3%Very Poorly 10%
Poorly20%
Somewhat Poorly19%
Maine Soil Drainage Classes
Source: NRCS
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faculty.msmary.edu/envirothon/current/guide/soil_features_part_1.htm
Wetland (Hydric) Soils
- Histosol- > 40 cm (16”) O.M.- VPD nesoil.com/images/images.htm
- Histic epipedon- Mineral histic
- VPD – PD
- Mineral- PD
nesoil.com/images/images.htm
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Hypothesessoil wetness increases, SOC increases
(decreasing drainage)
• %C, C content- PD > SWPD > MWD- CF > BLD
• C Fractions - Passive: MWD > SWPD > PD- Passive: BLD > CF
• RS - MWD > SWPD > PD start of season- SWPD > PD > MWD end of season- SWPD > MWD entire season
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Site Location
Bear Brook Watershed in Maine (BBWM)
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Adapted from : NRCS, Franklin County, ME Soil Survey
BraytonBrayton
Colonel
Colonel
DixfieldMarlow
Marlow
Tunbridge
Lyman
Marlow
Tunbridge
Abram
Rock Outcrop
Lyman
Dixfield
Tunbridge
Lyman
Gneiss, Schist, Granite and/or Phyllite Bedrock
Dense Glacial Till
Gneiss, Schist, G
ranite and/or P
hyllite Bedrock
Dense Glacial Till
Berkshire
Loose Glacial T
ill
Peacham
Site Description
SWPDPDMWD
CFCF
BLDBLD
Soil Drainage
Forest Types
Colonel : loamy, isotic, frigid,
shallow Aquic Haplorthods
Parent Material: non-calcareous compact Wisconsinan age basal till dominated by mica schist, phyllite, granite and gneiss
Elevations: 165 - 470 m
Aspect: Southeasterly
Slopes: Higher: steeps/benches, 31% avg. Lower: gentler, 15%. avg.
Tunbridge: coarse-loamy,
isotic, frigid, Typic Haplorthods
Dixfield: coarse-loamy,
isotic, frigid, Aquic Haplorthods
• red spruce • balsam fir
• American beech • sugar maple• paper birch
• sugar maple• paper birch• yellow birch
• eastern hemlock• northern white cedar• red spruce
• eastern hemlock• northern white cedar
• yellow birch • red maple• sugar maple
Brayton: loamy, mixed, active,
nonacid, frigid, shallow Aeric Endoaquepts
TunbridgeTunbridge
Lyman Lyman
Abram
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Soil Drainage Classes (3)
MWD (6) SWPD (6) PD (6)
BLDCFBLDCFCF BLD
Experimental DesignSoil Drainage & Forest Type
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Plot Design
15 m
71 cm
RS ,TAIR, TSOIL, GSM
- Monthly, May-Nov.
HWEC: O horizon, 0-5 cm
(late May, July, late October
15 m
71 cm
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Quantitative Excavations
Digging
O horizon0-5
5-25
25-50
50-C
C
Weighing Sieving
Canary et al., 2000
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Sample Processing • Greenhouse drying (1-2 weeks)• Sieving, weighing, moisture content• Soil physical-chemical analysis• %C
Total Soil C Content Calculation
%C100 *
oven dry fine earth increment mass
(kg ha-1)=
Total C of
Increment(kg ha-1)
1000 kg ha-1 = 1 Mg ha-1
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Statistical Analysis • Statistical analysis conducted with R • Levene Test for homogeneity of variance
• Shapiro-Wilk normality test
• Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)- %C, C Content, C Fractions- Tukey HSD multiple comparison of means
• Repeated measures ANOVA- Rs
• Significant differences reported p < 0.05
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% C
0
10
20
30
40
50
C Concentration (%C)
Soil Drainage Class
A A A
a
b b
Forest Type
a a
A
A
MWD SWPD PD CF BLD O M O M O M O M O M
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%C with Depth – Soil Drainage
% C0 10 20 30 40
C
50-C
25-50 cm
5-25 cm
0-5 cm
O Horizon
MWDSWPDPD
a b b
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%C
0 10 20 30 40 50
C
50-C
25-50
5-25 cm
0-5 cm
O Horizon
CFBLD
%C with Depth – Forest Type
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Forest Type
MWD SWPD PD N.a.N. CF BLD0
100
200
300
400
C (M
g ha
-1)
C Content
a
a
a
a a
A
AB
B
A
B
a
a
a
a
ab
b
a
a
Soil Drainage Class
?
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Summary
SOC was different - among soil drainage classes, but not as expected - forest types
• O Horizon: NSD
• Mineral Soil- MWD > SWPD, PD
• Entire Soil (O horizon + mineral)
- Drainage: MWD > PD- Forest : CF > BLD
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Why? • Greater ecosystem productivity – belowground
- roots: MWD > PD- numerical data from QP- qualitative pedon descriptions effective rooting depth
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C Fractionation Mineral Soil
Active• labile, or active (< 2 yrs)
Stable• intermediate (>2 - < 100’s yrs)
Passive• recalcitrant, extremely resistant C (>100’s yrs)
(Stevenson, 1994; Boyer and Groffman, 1996; Zsolnay, 2003) (Leavitt et al., 1996; Paul et al., 2006; D’Angelo et al, 2009) (Martel and Paul, 1974; Sollins et al.,1999; MacLauchlan and Hobbie, 2004)
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C Fractionation – Sequential Extraction
Active C Fraction – HWEC (Ghani et al. 2003; D’Angelo et al. 2009)- Air dry soil in 50 ml tubes: 1:10 for O horizon, 1:2 mineral- Tubes in 80˚C for 16h- 0.4 µm polycarbonate filters- Measure TC w/ Shimadzu TOC 5050- Oven dry residue overnight
Passive Fraction – Acid Hydrolysis (Sollins et al., 1999; D’Angelo)
- 1 g soil w/ 6 M HCl. 1:20 organics, 1:10 mineral- Refluxed for 16 hrs in digestion tube at 116◦C- Filtered through Whatman no. 50 - Oven dry residue overnight, send to lab for %C
Stable Fraction = (%C Original Sample) - (Passive %C) – (Active %C)
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C FractionsProportion of Total C
Stable C Fraction 69%
Passive C Fraction31%
Active C Fraction < 1%
Fig. 4. Overall mean of the mineral soil for the active, stable, and passive C fractions across all soils in this study.
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Soil Organic Carbon Fraction
Passive Stable Active
% C
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
MWDSWPDPD
C Fractions - %C
a
b b
a
b b
a b b
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Passive Stable Active
C (M
g ha
-1)
0
50
100
150
200
250MWDSWPDPDCF
C Fractions – C Content
BLD
b
b
a b b
a
a
a
a
a b
b
a
a a
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Why? • Similar aerobic conditions in upper soil horizons
Zone of saturationSeasonal HWT
April May June July August September October NovemberMarch
Zone of saturationSeasonal HWT
Zone of saturationSeasonal HWT
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Soil Respiration (Rs) Methods• Collars installed March-April 2010 (5” PVC pipe)
• Monthly measurements w/ Li-Cor 6400-09- May-June until Oct.-Nov.
• Total 72 collars for this study – 3 days - (4/plot * 3 plots/drainage * 2 forest types) - 3 days of measurement- measurements 8am-1pm
• Additional variables measured- Gravimetric soil moisture (GSM) - O & 0-5 cm- Air temp (TAIR)- Soil temp – top 10 cm (TSOIL)- Seasonal HWEC
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May-June July August Sept. Oct.-Nov.
RSO
IL (µ
mol
m-2
s-1)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
MWDSWPD PD
Soil Respiration
(a) (ab)
(b)
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Conclusions• SOC different - soil drainage classes & forest types - MWD > SWPD, PD- CF > BLD - belowground productivity (roots) & coarse fragments- wetland type matters (O vs. mineral)
• Similar SOC dynamics in aerobic near surface soil- distribution of C in fractions similar drainage/forest
• Some imperfectly drained soils (SWPD, PD) could be
robust to extremes in moisture stress
• Complexity of forested landscapes- soil drainage, forest types, parent material, wetland type, land use
history
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Acknowledgements
Sean Hutchinson
Matt Labonty
Nick Berry
Hope Hopkins
Chris, Sara, Morgan, Sarah, Ben
Cheryl Spencer
Bruce Hoskins, Analytical Lab
Mike, Farrah, Andrea, Sarah, Erin
Chris Dorion
Dr. Ivan Fernandez
Anja Whittington
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?