DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION - G.G.U. M.S Dhapola - Cell, Tissue...Functions of Cell 1....
Transcript of DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION - G.G.U. M.S Dhapola - Cell, Tissue...Functions of Cell 1....
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DEPARTMENT OF
PHYSICAL EDUCATION
Subject:- Anatomy, Physiology and Health
Education
Class:- B.P. Ed. Semester- I
Presented By:- Dr. Mahesh Singh Dhapola
© Dr. Mahesh Singh Dhapola
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© Dr. Mahesh Singh Dhapola
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Cell Theory• All living things are made up of cells.
• Cells are the smallest working units of all
living things.
• All cells come from preexisting cells through
cell division.
Definition of Cell:- A cell is the smallest unit
that is capable of performing life functions.
OR
Cell is the structural and functional unit of life.
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Examples of Cells
Amoeba Proteus
Plant Stem
Red Blood Cell
Nerve Cell
Bacteria
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“Typical” Animal Cell
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Cell Parts and Functions
Nucleolus (Nucleoli)
Makes ribosomes
Location: inside the nucleus
(dark spot)
Nuclear Membrane
Protects nucleus
Lets things in/out of nucleus (pores)
Location: around nucleus
cell© Dr. Mahesh Singh Dhapola
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Cell Parts
Organelles
Surrounding the Cell
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Cell Membrane
• Outer membrane of cell
that controls movement
in and out of the cell
• Double layer
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Cell Wall
• Most commonly found
in plant cells &
bacteria
• Supports & protects
cells
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Inside the Cell
© Dr. Mahesh Singh Dhapola
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Inside the Cell
Nucleus
• Largest structiure almost in the center of a
cell, bounded by nuclear membrane.
Directs cell activities
• Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear
membrane
• Contains genetic material – DNA
• Contains nucleolus and chromatin
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Nuclear Membrane
• Surrounds nucleus
• Made of three layers
contains lipids and
proteins.
• Openings allow
material to enter and
leave nucleus
• It measures 70A*
Approx.
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Chromosomes
• In nucleus
• Made of DNA
• Contain instructions
for traits &
characteristics
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Nucleolus
• Inside nucleus
• Contains RNA to build
proteins
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Cytoplasm
• Gel-like mixture
• Lying between the cell membrane and
nucleus.
• It contains cell organells like endoplasmic
reticulum, golgi apparatus, mitochondriya,
lysosomes and centrosome.
• Surrounded by cell membrane
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Endoplasmic Reticulum• Moves materials around in
cell.
• Most extensive cell
organelle. It is of two types
i.e. Granular & Agranular
• Consists of two membranes
separated by a space
• Smooth type: lacks
ribosomes
• Rough type (pictured):
ribosomes embedded in
surface
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Ribosomes
• Each cell contains
thousands
• Make proteins
• Found on ribosomes
& floating throughout
the cell
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Mitochondria
• Produces energy through
chemical reactions –
breaking down fats &
carbohydrates
• Controls level of water and
other materials in cell
• Recycles and decomposes
proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates
• Also known as “Power
house of the Cell”© Dr. Mahesh Singh Dhapola
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Golgi Bodies (Apparatus)• Cup shaped
structured.
• Lies between the
nucleus and apex of
the cell
• Concerned with
concentration of
proteins prior to their
secretion
• Move materials within
the cell
• Move materials out of
the cell© Dr. Mahesh Singh Dhapola
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Lysosome• Transports undigested
material to cell
membrane for removal
• Contain variety of
hydrolytic enzymes.
• Small spherical or oval
bodies surrounded by a
single membrane
• It break down bacteria
and cell debris engulfed
by the cell© Dr. Mahesh Singh Dhapola
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Cell Parts and Functions
Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.)
Transports materials and sends messages to all
parts of the cell
Two types: smooth and rough (has ribosomes)
Location: attaches from cell membrane to nuclear
membrane
Rough E.R.
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Vacuoles
• Membrane-bound
sacs for storage,
digestion, and waste
removal
• Contains water
solution
• Help plants maintain
shape
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Functions of Cell
1. Ingestion and Assimilation
2. Growth and Repair
3. Metabolism
4. Respiration
5. Excretion
6. Irritability and Contractility
7. Reproduction
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Tissue Types in the HumanA group of cells having the same origin, similar
shape and specific or common generalisedfunction is known as tissue.
Epithelial
primarily used for protection
Connective
primarily used for support
Nerve
primarily used for control
Muscle
primarily used for movement© Dr. Mahesh Singh Dhapola
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Epithelial Tissue Consists almost entirely of cells, little extracellular material
One side always exposed to:
body exterior
organ cavity
Cells have high regeneration potential *
Cells are avascular * …. (Perfusion)
Some epithelial cells rest on a “Basement Membrane”
Basement Membrane
nonliving adhesive substance secreted by epithelial cells (Similar to
Scotch® tape)
composed of connective tissue (collagen and glycoproteins)
© Dr. Mahesh Singh Dhapola
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Adjectives Describing Epithelial Tissue
Squamous (meaning “scale”) - flat cells
Cuboidal - cells as tall as they are wide
Columnar - tall and column shaped
Simple - having a single layer of cells
Stratified - having multiple or stacked layers
Transitional - dome shaped surface cells
Examples
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
permeable - used for filtration and exchange
examples: capillaries, alveoli, kidney glomeruli
STRATEFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
used for protection - basil cells may be cuboidal
examples: skin, inside of mouth© Dr. Mahesh Singh Dhapola
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© Dr. Mahesh Singh Dhapola
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Kidney tubules, glands, lining of terminal bronchioles, etc.© Dr. Mahesh Singh Dhapola
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Glands, bronchioles, stomach, intestines, bile ducts, etc.© Dr. Mahesh Singh Dhapola
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Mouth, throat, esophagus, urethra, skin (keratinized)© Dr. Mahesh Singh Dhapola
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Sweat gland ducts, salivary gland ducts, etc.© Dr. Mahesh Singh Dhapola
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Mammary gland ducts, larynx, urethra (males)© Dr. Mahesh Singh Dhapola
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Lines nasal cavity & sinuses, auditory tubes, trachea, bronchi© Dr. Mahesh Singh Dhapola
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Bladder lining, ureters, and superior urethra© Dr. Mahesh Singh Dhapola
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[A] Epithelium Tissue:-
1. Simple Epithelial Tissue (Single Layered)
i. Squamous
ii. Cuboidal
iii. Columnar
iv. Ciliated
v. Glandular
2. Stratified Epithelium Tissue:- (More than one
layer)
i. Stratified Squamous Epithelium
ii. Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
iii. Stratified Columnar Epithelium © Dr. Mahesh Singh Dhapola
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[B] CONNECTIVE TISSUE
1. Areolar Tissue
2. Adipose Tissue
3. White Fibrous Tissue
4. Tendon
5. Ligament
6. Blood
7. Bone i. Compact ii. Spongy
8. Cartilage
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Collagen Fibers
© Dr. Mahesh Singh Dhapola
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Fibrocyte Nucleus
Collagen Fiber
Elastic Fiber
Areolar Tissue
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Adipose Tissue
200 X
(bv = blood
vessel)
(arrow: adipocyte
nucleus)
bv
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Fibrocartilage
© Dr. Mahesh Singh Dhapola
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Elastic Cartilage(note numerous chondrocytes and elastic fibers)
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Endosteum
Periosteum
Haversian System (osteon)
Trabecular (Cancellous) Bone
Compact (Cortical) Bone
Haversian Canal
(contain blood vessels)
Osteocytes in
Lacunae
Volkmans
Canal
Epiphyseal
Plates
Marrow
Canaliculi
(connecting tunnels)
Bone Histology
Lamellae
(concentric rings of
hard bone)
© Dr. Mahesh Singh Dhapola
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Cartilage Tissue is further classified into:-
i. Hyaline Cartilage (Collagen fibres)
ii. White Fibrous Cartilage
iii. Elastic Cartilage
[C] MUSCULAR TISSUE:- This tissue is
specialized for contraction, and by means of
this movement is performed. It is composed of
cylindrical fibers which correspond to the other
tissues. Three are three types of Muscles:-
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1. Striped (Striated, Skeletal or Voluntary)
2. Unstriped (Unstriated, Smooth or
Involuntary)
3. Cardiac Muscles (Only found in the heart)
[D] NERVOUS TISSUE:- The nervous tissue
consist of three kinds of matter i.e. grey matter
forming the nerve cells, white matter, forming
the nerve fibers and neuroglia, a special kind of
supporting cell, found only in the nervous
system, which holds together and support nerve
cells and fibers. Each nerve cell with its
processes is called a neuron.© Dr. Mahesh Singh Dhapola
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Anatomy of Nerve
© Dr. Mahesh Singh Dhapola
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Sensory Neuron
Free Nerve Endings
(type of receptor)
Axon
Hillock
Motor
Neuron
Effector
Muscle
Higher Neural Processing Centers
Afferent Signal Efferent Signal
Sensory - Motor
Structure & Signal
transmission
Efferent Signal
© Dr. Mahesh Singh Dhapola
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ESSENTIAL PROPERTIES OF LIFE
1. Presence of protoplasm
2. Excitation and Irritability
3. Contractility and Conductivity
4. Respiration
5. Assimilation and Digestion
6. Metabolism
7. Growth and Development
8. Excretion and Secretion
9. Reproduction © Dr. Mahesh Singh Dhapola