Department of Information Science and Telecommunications Interactive Systems Michael B. Spring...
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Department of Information Science and Telecommunications
Interactive SystemsInteractive Systems
Michael B. SpringDepartment of Information Science and Telecommunications
University of PittsburghPittsburgh, Pa 15260
Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.sis.pitt.edu/~springVoice: (412) 624-9429 Fax: (412) 624-2788
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Department of Information Science and Telecommunications
OverviewOverview
The value of history The evolution of interactive systems Direct manipulation The Xerox STAR WIMPS programming model
Components and Containers Scrollbars Cursors
The future of interfaces A Challenge
New metaphor New scroll tool
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Department of Information Science and Telecommunications
The Value of HistoryThe Value of History
1950 20502000
1970 Unix 1980
STAR
Community of 3000
14000 NOK
Human1993 Window
s
2000 Good Windows
1995 Mosaic
1981 IBM PC
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Department of Information Science and Telecommunications
The Evolution of Interactive SystemsThe Evolution of Interactive Systems
Command based systems Unix as an example Command line control Effort to develop lexical and syntactic
consistency Basic model is action-object
GUI, WIMP, Direct Manipulation systems Windows, Word as examples Situated controls Complex but simplified interactions Basic Model is object-action
Agents, Virtual Reality, Distributed systems
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Department of Information Science and Telecommunications
The Direct Manipulation ApproachThe Direct Manipulation Approach
Model the process or system User versus designer models Procedural versus structural models
Use metaphors that maximize transfer Desktop metaphor Other metaphors…
Object-action model Drag and drop Universal commands Properties
Knowledge in the world Affordances Mapping
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Department of Information Science and Telecommunications
1972 – The Xerox Alto1972 – The Xerox Alto
Networked Personal
Workstation
Bit Mapped Display
Floppy Disk Drive
Floppy Disk
Mouse
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Department of Information Science and Telecommunications
Star Icon DevelopmentStar Icon Development
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Department of Information Science and Telecommunications
Star Icon DevelopmentStar Icon Development
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Department of Information Science and Telecommunications
1981 – The Xerox Star1981 – The Xerox Star
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Department of Information Science and Telecommunications
Star Screen DetailStar Screen Detail
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Department of Information Science and Telecommunications
Star KeyboardStar Keyboard
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Department of Information Science and Telecommunications
Star Keyboard DetailStar Keyboard Detail
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Department of Information Science and Telecommunications
WIMPS – A Programming ModelWIMPS – A Programming Model
WIMP interfaces are developed within a “sandbox”
The sandbox is an event collector and dispatcher Objects within the sandbox are event generators
Objects exist as a hierarchy of objects Some objects are containers Some objects are components
Objects are capable of generating multiple types of events
Mouse action events Exposure events Mouse motion events Change events Action events
Code fragments may be written to handle events Event handlers register an interest in objects
and event classes
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Department of Information Science and Telecommunications
Common Elements of A User Interface Common Elements of A User Interface TookitTookit
Command Tools Menus Dialog boxes
Selection Tools Command buttons Radio buttons Check boxes Text fields Palettes and choosers
Navigation Tools Scroll bars Hands Murals/Maps
Status Tools Status bars Cursors
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Department of Information Science and Telecommunications
A closer look at ScrollbarsA closer look at Scrollbars
components bar thumb controls
operation bar position relative to thumb controls thumb click versus drag
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Department of Information Science and Telecommunications
How does a scroll bar work?How does a scroll bar work?
Move the paper or the window
Variable or fixed size
How much does it move?What happens if held?
What happens with click?What happens if held
What does sprite show?
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Department of Information Science and Telecommunications
A Digression on the CursorA Digression on the Cursor
How many cursor shapes are there and what do they mean?
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Department of Information Science and Telecommunications
CursorsCursors
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Department of Information Science and Telecommunications
More CursorsMore Cursors
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Department of Information Science and Telecommunications
And More CursorsAnd More Cursors
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Department of Information Science and Telecommunications
And More CursorsAnd More Cursors
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Department of Information Science and Telecommunications
The FutureThe Future
The future of interfaces is no interface Consider the interface to your car Consider the interface to an automatic door
Ubiquitous computing Intelligent devices Sensors and actuators Ubiquitous connectivity
Agents What is an agent in the real world
Doctors Gardeners Travel
Design of an agent “intelligence” “memory” “personality”
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Department of Information Science and Telecommunications
Two challengesTwo challenges
Define a new metaphor for an OS
Define a new tool for “scrolling”