DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY A.M.U., ALIGARH M. … and field effects, steric effect, quantitative...

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY A.M.U., ALIGARH

M. Sc. First Semester (CBCS) Analytical Chemistry – I (CHM 1001)

(W.E.F. 2015-2016) Credits = 4; 4 Periods/week M.M. = 100 (10+30+60)

Unit-I. Gas Chromaotography Principles; Instruments; Carrier gases; Columns and stationary phases; Sample injection systems,

Detectors- characteristics of the ideal detectors, thermal conductivity detector, flame ionization detector, electron capture detector and others; Factors affecting the efficiency of the column; Qualitative analysis, Kovats retention index I; Quantitative analysis, analyses based on peak height and peak areas; Temperature programming; Applications.

Unit-II. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Principles; Instrumentations; Isocratic and gradient elution; Pumping systems; Columns and

column packings; Detectors- absorbance, fluorescence, refractive-index and electrochemical detectors; Basic difference between HPLC and conventional liquid chromatography; Advantages

and applications. Unit-III. Size Exclusion Chromatography Principles of separation; Theoretical basis- calibration curve, exclusion limit, total permeation and

selective permeation regions; Relation between elution volume and molecular weight; Packing materials and applications.

Ion-Exchange / Ion Chromatography Principles of separation; Ion-exchange equilibria and selectivity; Types of stationary phases, Effect

of pH on separation of amino acid, effect of complexing agent on separation of metal ions; Distinction between ion-exchange and ion chromatography; Ion-suppression in ion-chromatography; Ion chromatography with eluent suppressor column; Single column ion chromatography; Properties of mobile phases; Detectors; Applications. mobile phases

Unit-IV. Thin-Layer Chromatography Scope; Procedure; Thin-layer plates and stationary phases; Mobile phase; Plate development;

Detection of the spots; Performance characteristics of thin-layer plates- retardation and retention factor, plate heights; High-performance thin- layer chromatography; Qualitative applications- variables that influence Rf, elution methods, two-dimensional planar chromatography; Quantitative measurement;

Chiral Chromatography Introduction; Chiral derivatization; Chiral mobile-phase additive, Chiral stationary phases- protein

derived, commercial polysaccharides, characteristics; Mechanism of chiral interactions; Experimental parameters; Applications.

Books recommended: 1. Chromatography: Concepts and Contrasts, 2nd Ed., James M. Miller, Wiley, 2009, ISBN: 0470530251,978-0470530252.

2. Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry: A Practical Guide, 2nd Ed., O David Sparkman, Zelda Penton and Fulton G. Kitson, Elsevier, 2011, ISBN: 978-0-12-373628-4.

3. Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, 5th Ed., Veronika R. Meyer, Wiley, 2010.

4. Chromatography Theory- Chromatographic Science, 88, Jack Cazes, Raymond P.W. Scott, CRC Press; 2002.

5. Modern Practice of Gas Chromatography, 4th Ed., Robert L. Grob & Eugene F. Barry, John Wiley & Sons, 2004, ISBN: 978-0-471-22983-4.

6. Analytical Chemistry, 6th Ed., Gary D. Christian, Wiley, 2003, ISBN: 0471214728.

7. Instrumental Methods of Analysis, 7th Ed., Willard, Merritt, Dean, Settle, CBS Publishers, 1986.

8. Instrumental Analysis, 2nd Indian Reprint, Douglas A. Skoog, F. James Holler, Stanley R. Crouch, Brooks Cole- Cenage Learning 2008, Pages: 1102, ISBN: 9788131505427.

http://www.amazon.com/Chromatography-Concepts-Contrasts-James-Miller/dp/0470530251/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1369384259&sr=1-1&keywords=chromatography

http://www.amazon.com/James-M.-Miller/e/B001ITTQNO/ref=sr_ntt_srch_lnk_1?qid=1369384252&sr=1-1

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

A.M.U., ALIGARH

M. Sc. First Semester (CBCS) Inorganic Chemistry-I (CHM 1002)

(W.E.F. 2015‒2016) Credits = 4; 4 Periods/week M.M. = 100 (10+30+60)

Unit-I Mechanism of Substitution Reactions in Octahedral Transition Metal Complexes

Thermodynamic and kinetic stability of complexes. Energy profile of a substitution reaction. Inert and labile complexes. Valence bond theory, Henry and Taube concept-crystal field theory and crystal field activation energy. Crystal field splitting of square pyramidal, Trigonal bipyramidal and Pentagonal bipyramidal Intermediates. Kinetics of octahedral substitution. Factors affecting the inert and labile nature, calculation of CFAE (crystal field activation energy). Acid hydrolysis, Garrick SN1 conjugate base mechanism for base hydrolysis of octahedral complexes. Evidence of SN1 CB mechanism. Anation reaction, decarboxylation reaction in octahedral complex and Substitution reaction without breakage of metal to ligand bond.

Unit-II Reaction Mechanism in Square Planar Complexes.

Substitution reactions in square planer complexes trans effect, Green berge polarization theory, ‒bonding theory, M.O. Theory, Reductions oxidation reaction. One electron transfer reaction. Outer sphere, Inner sphere redox reaction, Marcus Hush theory.

Unit-III Metal–Ligand Bonding

Short coming in crystal field theory. Crystal field splitting in octahedral, tetrahedral and square planer complexes. Structural effect of crystal field splitting, variation of ionic radio lattice energy. John Teller dictation Molecular orbital theory, ‒bonding and M.O. theory, variation of Δo with the ‒acceptor and σ‒donor ligand.

Unit-IV Electronic Spectra and Magnetic Properties of Transition Metal Complexes

Grand state term, symbol, splitting of term by ligands. Rules for electron transition. Orgel diagram for d1 to d9 system in octahedral and tetrahedral geometries, calculation of 10 Dq Racah Parameter, Nephelauxetic effect and nature of bond in complexes charge transfer or Redox spectra with spectral reference to M → L and L → M, CT spectra. Anomalous magnetic moment of complexes, Quenching of orbital magnetic moment. Effect on magnetic moment by M ─ M bond, super exchange and spin-spin cross over in the complexes optically active chelates. Determination of absolute configuration of complexes. Especially with chelates ligand.

Books Suggested:

1. Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry eds., G. Wilkinson, R.D. Gillars and J.A. McClevert, Pergamon 2. Magnetochemstry, R.L. Carlin, Springer Verlag. 3. Inorganic Electronic Spectroscopy, A.B.P. Lever, Elsevier. 4. Inorganic Chemistry, J.E. Huhey, Harpes & Row. 5. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, F.A. Cotton and G. Wilkinson, John Wiley 6. Chemistry of the Elements, N.N. Greenwood and A. Earnshaw, Pergamon. 7. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry by J.D. Lee.


A.M.U., ALIGARH

M. Sc. First Semester (CBCS) Organic Chemistry-I (CHM 1003)


Unit-I (a) Nature of Bonding in Organic Molecules Bonding in fullerenes and tautomerism. Alternant and non-alternant hydrocarbons, energy level of -molecular orbitals, annulenes, anti-aromaticity, -aromaticity, homo-aromaticity, PMO approach. Bonds weaker than covalent-addition compounds, crown ether complexes and cryptands, inclusion compounds, cyclodextrins, catenanes and rotaxanes.

(b) Stereochemistry Conformational analysis of cycloalkanes, decalins, effect of conformation on reactivity, conformation of sugars, steric strain due to unavoidable crowding. Elements of symmetry, chirality, molecules with more than one chiral center, threo and erythro isomers, methods of resolution, optical purity, enantiotopic and diastereotopic atoms, groups and faces, stereospecific and stereoselective synthesis. Asymmetric synthesis. Optical activity in the absence of chiral carbon (biphenyls, allenes and spiranes), chirality due to helical shape. Stereochemistry of the compounds containing nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorus.

Unit-II Reaction Mechanism: Structure and Reactivity Types of mechanisms, thermodynamic and kinetic requirements, kinetic and thermodynamic control, Hammond's postulate, Curtin-Hammett principle. transition states and intermediates, methods of determing rxn mechanism isotope effects. Hard and soft acids and bases. Effect of structure on reactivity - resonance and field effects, steric effect, quantitative treatment. The Hammett equation and linear free energy relationship, substituent and reaction constants. Taft equation.

Unit-III (a) Aliphatic Electrophilic Substitution Bimolecular mechanismsSE2 and SEi. The SE1 mechanism, electrophilic substitution accompanied by

double bond shifts. Effect of substrates, leaving group and the solvent polarity on the reactivity.

(b) Aromatic Electrophilic Substitution The arenium ion mechanism, orientation and reactivity, energy profile diagrams. ortho/para ratio, ipso attack, orientation in other ring systems. Quantitative treatment of reactivity in substrates and electrophiles. Diazonium coupling, Vilsmeir reaction, Gattermann-Koch reaction.

Unit-IV (a) Aliphatic Nucleophilic Substitution The SN2, SN1, mixed SN1 and SN2 and SET mechanisms. The neighbouring group mechanism,

neighbouring group participation by and bonds, anchimeric assistance. Classical and nonclassical carbocations, phenonium ions, norbornyl system, common carbocation rearrangements. The SNi mechanism. Nucleophilic substituon at an allylic, aliphatic trigonal and a vinylic carbon.

Reactivity effects of substrate structure, attacking nucleophile, leaving group and reaction medium, phase transfer catalysis and ultrasound, ambident nucleophile, regioselectivity

(b) Aromatic Nucleophilic Substitution The SNAr, SN1, benzyne and SRN1 mechanisms. Reactivity-effect of substrate structure, leaving group

and attacking nucleophile. The von Richter, Sommelet-Hauser, and Smiles rearrangements.

Books Suggested: 1. Advanced Orgnaic Chemistry-Reactions, Mechanism and Structure, Jerry March, 6th Edition John Wiley. 2. Advanced Organic Chemistry, F.A. Carey and R.J. Sundberg, Plenum. 3. A Guide Book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, Peter Sykes, Longman. 4. Structure and Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, C.K. Ingold, Cornell University Press. 5. Organic Chemistry, J.clayden, N.Greevs, S. Wawen, P. Wothers, Oxford Press. 6. Modern Organic Reactions, H.O. House, Benjamin. 7. Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds, D. Nasipuri, New Age International. 8. Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds, P.S. Kalsi, New Age International.


A.M.U., ALIGARH

M. Sc. First Semester (CBCS) Physical Chemistry-I (CHM 1004)


Unit-I. Quantum Chemistry Introduction to Exact Quantum Mechanical Results

The Schrodinger equation and the postulates of quantum mechanics. Hermitian operators, normalization, orthogonality, Discussion of solutions of the Schrodinger equation to some model systems viz., particle in a box, the harmonic oscillator, the rigid rotor.

Unit-II. (A) Angular Momentum Ordinary angular momentum, generalized angular momentum, eigenfunctions, for angular

momentum, eigenvalues of angular momentum, operator using ladder operators, addition of angular momenta, spin, antisymmetry and Pauli exclusion principle.

(B) Electronic Structure of Atoms Russell-Saunders terms and coupling schemes, Slater-Condon parameters, term separation

energies of the pn configuration, term separation energies for the dn configuration, magnetic effects spin-orbit coupling and Zeeman splitting, introduction to the methods of self-consistent field, the virial theorem.

Unit-III. (A) Approximate Methods The variation theorem, linear variation principle. Perturbation theory (first order and non-

degenerate). Applications of variation method and pertubation theory of the Hydrogen atom. (B) Molecular Orbital Theory Huckel theory of conjugated systems, Bond order and charge density calculations,

Applications to ethylene, butadiene, cyclopropenyl radical, cyclobutadiene etc. Unit-IV. (A) Classical Thermodynamics Free energy, chemical potential and entropies. Partial molar properties; Partial molar free

energy, partial molar volume and partial molar heat content and their significances. Determination of these quantities. Concept of fugacity and determination of fugacity. Application of phase rule to three component systems.

(B) Statistical Thermodynamics Concept of distribution, thermodynamic probability and most probable distribution.

Ensemble averaging, postulates of ensemble averaging. Canonical, grand canonical and microcanonical ensembles, corresponding distribution laws (using Langrange’s method of undetermined multiplier). Partition functions – translational, rotational, vibrational and electronic partition functions, calculation of thermodynamic properties in terms of partition functions. Application of partition functions.

Books suggested: 1. Physical Chemistry, P.W. Atkins, Oxford Press. 7th Edn. 2. Introduction to Quantum Chemistry, A.K. Chandra, Tata McGraw Hill. 3. Quantum Chemistry, Ira N. Levine, Prentice Hall. 4. Coulson's Valence, R. McWeeny, ELBS.


A.M.U., ALIGARH

M. Sc. First Semester (CBCS) Fundamentals of Spectroscopy and Diffractions Methods (CHM 1005)

(W.E.F. 2015-2016)

Credits = 2; 2 Periods/week M.M. = 100 (10+30+60)

Unit-I. Theory of Microwave Spectroscopy Classification of molecules, rigid rotor model, effect of isotopic substitution on the

transition frequencies, intensities, non-rigid rotor, Stark effect and Applications. Unit-II. Theory of Infrared Spectroscopy Review of linear harmonic oscillator, vibrational energies of diatomic molecules, zero

point energy, force constant and bond strengths; anharmonicity, Morse potential energy diagram, vibrational-rotation spectroscopy, PQR branches.

Unit-III. Theory of Molecular Spectroscopy: Raman Spectroscopy: Classical and quantum theories of Raman effect. Pure rotational,

vibrational and vibrational-rotational Raman Spectra, selection rules. Electronic spectroscopy of moleculs: Energy levels, vibrational course structure:

progressions Intensity of vibrational-Electranic spatra; Franck-Condon principle. Unit-IV. Methods of Structural analysis of solids. Laue method, Bragg’s method, Debye-Scherrer method (powder method) of X-ray

structural analysis, Description of the procedure for an X-ray structure analysis, Electron diffraction and Neutron diffraction.

Miller indices, index reflections, systematic absences in diffraction pattern. Books Suggested:

1. Modern Spectroscopy, J.M. Hollas, John Wiley. 2. Introduction to Molecular Spectroscopy, G.M. Barrow, McGraw Hill. 3. The Raman Effect: Vol. 1, Principles, Marcel Dekker Inc. 4. Basic Principles of Spectroscopy, R. Chang, McGraw Hill. 5. Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy. C.N. Banwell, Tata McGraw Hill. 6. Solid State Chemistry and its Applications, A.R. West, John Wiley & Sons.


M.Sc. Chemistry, I – Semester (CBCS)

Current Trends in Instrumental Analysis (CHM 1011) (DC– I, Analytical) (w.e.f. 2015-2016)

M.M.: 100 (10+30+60) 2 Periods/week Credits: 2

Unit–I Kinetic Methods of Analysis: Theory and practice, classification of chemical kinetic methods – Direct computation integral methods, direct computation rate methods, curve fitting methods. Quantitative applications – Enzyme catalyzed reactions and non-enzyme catalyzed reactions, non catalytic reactions, problems.

Unit–II Ion Selective Membrane Electrodes: Classification of membranes, properties of ion – selective membranes, glass ion selective electrodes, crystalline solid state ion selective electrodes, quantitative applications and problems.

Unit–III Immunoassay: Principle, specificity of immunoassays, preparation of antibody, fluorescence immunoassay, applications, enzyme immunoassays, applications.

Unit–IV Inductivity Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry: instruments for ICP MS, atomic mass spectra and interferences, applications of ICP MS – Qualitative and semi-quantitative, quantitative analysis.

Recommended Books 1. Modern Analytical Chemistry, D. Harvey, McGraw Hill Higher Education, New York, 2ooo.

2. Analytical Chemistry, G.D. Christian, 6th Edn., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., U.S.A., 2oo4.

3. Instrumental Analysis, D.A. Skoog, F.J. Holler, S.R. Crouch, Cengage Learning, India, 2o1o.



Metal and Health: Inorganic Pharmaceuticals and metalloenzymes (CHM 1012)

(DC-I, Inorganic Chemistry) (w.e.f. 2015-2016)


Unit-I Biochemical bases of essential metal deficiency with special reference

to Cu, Zn.

Unit-II Role of radioactive metal ion for radio diagnosis. Complexes of

transition metal (Pt) as anticancer agent, Mechanism of action. Toxic

effect of Pt complexes to human body.

Unit-III Transition metal containg Protein Viz, Zn-containg Mo, W and Co

containg enzymes. Their structure and few important functions.

Unit-IV Carbonic anhydrase and its mechanism of action super oxide

dismutase. Mechanism of dismulation of super oxide ion.

Books: 1. Inorg. Chemistry by Shriver Alkem Oxford University Press. 2. Modern Inorg. Chemistry by W. Jolly, 2nd Edition Mc Graw Hill Inc. 3. Bioinorganic Chemistry by A.K. Das CBS Publication & distribution.



Photophysical Chemistry (CHM 1014) (DC–I, Physical Chemistry)

(w.e.f. 2015-2016) M.M.: 100 (10+30+60) 2 Periods/week Credits: 2

Unit - I Mechanism of Absorption and Emission of Radiation of Photochemical Interest

Electronic energy states of atoms; The selection rule, spectroscopic terms for electronic states. notation for excited state of organic molocules, Einstein’s treatment of absorption & emission phenomena, Time dependent Schrodinger equation, Intensity of electronic transition, Rules governing the transition between two energy states, d-d transition, charge transfer transition

Unit – II Photophysical Processes in Electronically Excited Molecules.

Types of photophysical processes, Radiationless transition, Fluorescence emission, Fluorescence & Structure, Triplet State & phosphorescence emission, Emission property and the electromic cofiguration. Photophysical kinetics of unimolecular processes.

Unit – III Photophysical Kinetics of Bimolecular Processes.

Kinetic & optical collisions, Biomolecular collision in gases & mechanism of

fluorosence quenching, collision in solution, Stern-Volmer equation Concentration

dependence of quenching, quenching by foreign substances.

Unit - IV Photochemical Primary Processes.

Classification of photochemical reaction, rate constants & lifetimes of reactive

transition states, light intensity and rate of photochemical reactions, Types of

photochemical reaction.

Books: 1. Principles of Physical Chemistry, P.W. Atkins, Oxford Press.

2. Physical Chemistry, Thomas Engel, Philip Reid, Pearson Education (2006)

3. Fundamental of photochemistry, K. K. Rohatgi – Mukherjee, New Age International, 2008.


M. Sc. First Semester (C.B.C.S.) Organic Chemistry (DC-1)

Name Reactions and Molecular Rearrangements –I (CHM-1019) (w.e.f. 2016-2017 )


Unit –I Named Reactions with Mechanism and Applications (Based on Multicomponent Strategy) General introduction to multicomponent strategies. Baylis Hillman reaction, Biginelli reaction, Passerini reaction, Ugi Multicomponent reactions, Mitsunobu reaction, Smith-Tietze Dithiane Linchpin coupling reaction, Strecker reaction.

Unit – II Named Reactions with Mechanism and Applications (Based on Miscellaneous

Strategies) Acyloin Condensation, Bartoli Indole Synthesis, Polonovski reaction, Prins reaction, Krohnke Pyridine synthesis, Wharton Fragmentation reaction, Pauson-Khand reaction.

Unit – III Molecular Rearrangements

A detailed mechanistic study and general applications of the following

rearrangements:Baker-Venkataraman, Brook, Carroll, Dienone-Phenol, Meyer-Schuster and

Rupe rearrangement, Mislow-Evans, Overman, Payne, Pumerer, Ramberg-Backlund, Smiles,

Sommelet-Hauser and Wolf Rearrangements.

Unit – IV Mechenism and Applications of the following rearrangements

Boekelheide, Ciamician-Dennstedt, Bond-Switch, Bouiton-Katritzky, Cornforth, Dimroth,

Gabreil-Colman rearrangement.

Books Suggested:

1. Advanced Orgnaic Chemistry-Reactions, Mechanism and Structure, Jerry March, 6th Edition (John Wiley) 2. Organic Chemistry, J.Clayden, N.Greevs, S. Warren, 2nd Edition (Oxford Press) 3. Named Organic Reactions, Thomas Laue, Andreas Plagens, 2nd Edition (John Wiley) 4. Name Reactions: A Collection of Detailed Reaction Mechanisms, Li, Jie Jack,3rd Edition (Springer) 5. Name Reactions in Heterocyclic Chemistry II, Jie Jack Li, E. J. Corey,

6. Organic Chemistry; J. Clayden, N. Greavs, S. Warren, P. Wothers

7. Reaction Mechanism in Organic Chemistry; S. M. Mukherjee, S. P. Singh

8. Named Organic Reactions; T. Laue, A. Plagens; John-Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


M. Sc. Second Semester (C.B.C.S.) Analytical Chemistry – II (CHM 2001)


Unit-I. UV/Visible Absorption spectrometry Absorbing species containing , and n-electrons, chromophores, absorption involving

d and f electrons, Photometric accuracy-twyman-Lothian and Ringbom plots, sources of Instrumental noise, Differential spectrophotometry-High absorbance method, trace analysis procedure, method of ultimate precision, photometric titrations, Derivative spectrophotometry, spectrophotometric studies of complex ions: Job’s method of continuous variations; mole-ratio and slope –ratio methods, problems.

Unit-II. Molecular Luminesescence Spectrometry Theory of fluorescence and phosphorescence, variables that affect fluorescence and

phosphorescence, emission and excitation spectra, photoluminescence intensity as related to concentration, Instruments for measuring fluorescence and phosphorescence, determination of inorganic and organic species. Applications of fluorometry and phosphorimetry for detection in liquid chromatography, problems.

Unit-III. Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) Introduction to optical atomic spectrometry; Selection criteria of the proper atomic

spectrometric techniques; Basic principles of AAS; Sample introduction methods- nebulization, hydride generation and others; Atomization methods- flame atomization and flame characteristics, electrothermal atomization, glow discharge atomization, and cold vapour atomization. Atomic absorption spectrophotometer and its components- radiation sources and source modulation; Interferences and their elimination- spectral interferences, background corrections and chemical interferences; Applications.

Unit-IV. Atomic Emission spectrometry (AES) Flame emission spectrometry (Flame photometry)-Basic principles, theory of flame

spectra, flame photometer, qualitative & quantitative analysis, errors and applications; comparison with flame atomic absorption.

Atomic emission spectrometry with plasma sources- inductively coupled plasma (ICP) and direct current plasma, plasma source spectrometers, interferences and applications; Atomic emission spectrometry with electrical discharges- arc and spark sources; comparison of ICP-AES with AAS.

Books recommended: 1. Spectrochemical analysis by atomic absorption and emission, 2nd Ed, Lauri H. J. Lajunen, Royal Society of

Chemistry, 1992, ISBN: 0851868738, 9780851868738. 2. Analytical Atomic Spectrometry with Flames and Plasmas, 2nd Ed., José A. C. Broekaert, John Wiley & Sons,

2005, ISBN: 978-3-527-31282-5. 3. Principles of Instrumental Analysis, 6thEd., Skoog, Holler, Crouch, Brooks/Cole-Cengage Learning, 2007,

ISBN: 9780495012016, p.1056. 4. Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis, Ed. 5, G.W. Ewing, McGraw-Hill, 1985, p. 538. 5. Atomic absorption spectrometry, 3rd Ed., Bernhard Welz and Michael Sperling, Wiley-VCH, 1999. 6. Analytical Chemistry, Seamus P. J. Higson, Oxford University Press, 2004, ISBN-13: 978-0198502890. 7. Instrumental Analysis, 2nd Ed.., Henry H. Bauer, Gary D. Christian, James E. O'Reilly, Allyn and Bacon

chemistry series, 1978, ISBN: 0205065562, 9780205065561.

http://www.google.com/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Lauri+H.+J.+Lajunen%22

http://www.google.com/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Galen+Wood+Ewing%22

http://www.google.com/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Bernhard+Welz%22

http://www.google.com/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Michael+Sperling%22

http://www.google.com.cu/search?hl=en&tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Henry+H.+Bauer%22

http://www.google.com.cu/search?hl=en&tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Gary+D.+Christian%22

http://www.google.com.cu/search?hl=en&tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22James+E.+O%27Reilly%22


M. Sc. Second Semester (C.B.C.S.)

Inorganic Chemistry-II (CHM 2002) (W.E.F. 2015-2016)


Unit-I Metal Carbonyls Introduction, Synthesis of metal carbonyls, Structure and bonding (Synergic niteractions), Vibrational spectra of metal carbonyls for bonding and structural elucidation (monomuclear and polymuclear metal carbonyls), Identification of isomers, Reactivity of metal carbonyls.

Unit-II Metal Nitrosyls Introduction, modes of bonding of NO as NO+, Nitrosylating agents for synthesis of metal nitrosyls, Structure, bonding and important reactions of transition metal nitrosyls, Vibrational spectra for structural elucidation and bondig in metal nitrosyls. Structure of Roussins red and black salts. Dinitrogen, dioxygen and tertiary phosphine as Ligands. Bonding Schemes.

Unit-III Metal Clusters Factors farouring M-M bondig, Carbonyl Clusters, Classification Low – Nuclearty Carbonyl Clusters (M3 and M4 Clusters), Structural Patterns in M3(CO)12 (M=Fe, Ru, Os) and M4(CO)12 (M=CO, Rh, Ir) Clusters. Metal Carbonly Scrambling; High Nuclearity Clusters, M5,M6,M7, M8 and M10 clusters, Electron Count theory and capping rule. Metal Halide Clusters: major structural types in Dimuclear Metal-Metal systems-Edge Sharing Bioctahedra, face sharing Bioctahedra, Tetragonal prismatic and trigonal antiprismetic structures, Quadruple bonds, Structure and bonding in (Re2Cl8)2-

Unit-IV Metal-Ligand Equilibria in Solution Stepwise and overall formation constants and their interaction, trends in stepwise constants, factors affecting the stability of metal complexes with reference to the nature of metal ion and ligand, chelate effect and its thermodynamic origin, determination of binary formation constants by pH-metry. Formation of coloured complexes in solution in different metal to ligand ratios. Calculation of stability constant of a complex formed in 1:1 metal to ligand ratio by spectrophotometric method. Determination of .

Books Suggested:

1. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, F.A. Cotton and G. Wilkinson, John Wiley 2. Inorganic Chemistry, J.E. Huhey, Harpes & Row. 3. Chemistry of the Elements, N.N. Greenwood and A. Earnshaw, Pergamon. 4. Inorganic Electronic Spectroscopy, A.B.P. Lever, Elsevier. 5. Magnetochemsitry, R.L. Carlin, Springer Verlag. 6. Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry eds., G. Wilkinson, R.D. Gillars and J.A. McCleverty, Pergamon.


A.M.U., ALIGARH

M. Sc. Second Semester (C.B.C.S.) Organic Chemistry-II (CHM 2003)


Unit- I (a). Free Radical Reactions Types of free radical reactions, free radical substitution mechanism, mechanism at an aromatic

substrate, neighbouring group assistance. Reactivity for aliphatic and aromatic substrates at a bridgehead. Reactivity in the attacking radicals. The effect of solvents on reactivity.

Allylic halogenation (NBS), oxidation of aldehdyes to carboxylic acids, auto-oxidation, coupling of alkynes and arylation of aromatic compounds by diazonium salts. Sandmeyer reaction. Free radical rearrangement. Hunsdiecker reaction.

(b). Elimination Reactions The E2, E1 and E1cB mechanisms and their spectrum, Orientation of the double bond. Reactivity -

effects of substrate structures, attacking base, the leaving group and the medium. Mechanism and orientation in pyrolytic elimination.

Unit-II. Addition to Carbon-Carbon Multiple Bonds Mechanistic and stereochemical aspects of addition reactions involving electrophiles, nucleophiles

and free radicals, regio- and chemoselectivity, orientation and reactivity. Addition to cyclopropane ring. Hydrogenation of double and triple bonds, hydrogenation of aromatic rings. Hydroboration. Michael reaction. Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation.

Unit-III. Addition to Carbon-Hetero Multiple Bonds Mechanism of metal hydride reduction of saturated and unsaturated carbonyl compounds, acids,

esters and nitriles. Addition of Grignard reagents, organozinc and organolithium reagents to carbonyl and unsaturated carbonyl compounds. Wittig reaction.

Mechanism of condensation reactions involving enolates - Aldol, Knoevenagel, Claisen, Mannich, Benzoin, Perkin and Stobbe reactions.

Hydrolysis of esters and amides, ammonolysis of esters. Unit-IV. Pericyclic Reactions Molecular orbital symmetry, Frontier orbitals of ethylene, 1,3-butadiene, 1,3,5-hexatriene and allyl

system. Classificaiton of pericyclic reactions. Woodward -Hoffmann correlation diagrams. FMO and PMO approach. Electrocyclic reactions- conrotatory and disrotatory motions, 4n, 4n+2 and allyl systems. Cycloadditions - antarafacial and suprafacial additions, 4n and 4n+2 systems, 2 + 2 addition of ketenes, 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions and cheleotropic reactions.

Sigmatropic rearrangements - suprafacial and antarafacial shifts of H, sigmatropic shifts involving carbon moieties, 3,3- and 5,5 - sigmatropic rearrangements. Claisen, Cope and aza-Cope rearrangements. Fluxional tautomerism. Ene reaction.

Books Suggested:

1. Advanced Organic Chemistry-Reactions, Mechanism and Structure, Jerry March, John Wiley. 2. Advanced Organic Chemistry, F.A. Carey and R.J. Sundberg, Plenum. 3. Organic Chemistry, R.T. Morrison and R.N. Boyd, Prentice-Hall. 4. Modern Organic Reactions, H.O. House, Benjamin. 5. Principles of Organic Synthesis, R.O.C. Norman and J.M. Coxon, Blackie Academic & Professional. 6. Pericyclic Reactions, S.M. Mukherji, Macmillan, India. 7. Reaction Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, S.M. Mukherji and S.P. Singh, Macmillan. 8. Organic Chemistry J.Clayden, N Greavs, S. Warren, P.Wothers.



Physical Chemistry-II (CHM 2004) (W.E.F. 2015-2016)


Unit-I. Non Equilibrium Thermodynamics Thermodynamic criteria for non-equilibrium states, entropy production and entropy flow,

entropy balance equations for different irreversible processes (e.g., heat flow, chemical reaction, etc.) transformations of the generalized fluxes and forces, non equilibrium stationary states, phenomenological equations, Onsager's reciprocity relations, electrokinetic phenomena, diffusion.

Unit-II. Chemical Dynamics Methods of determining rate laws, collision theory of reaction rates, steric factor, activated

complex theory, Arrhenius equation and the activated complex theory; ionic reactions. Steady state kinetics, kinetic and thermodynamic control of reactions, treatment of unimolecular reactions.

Dynamic chain (hydrogen-bromine reaction, pyrolysis of acetaldehyde, decomposition of ethene), general features of fast reactions, study of fast reactions by flow method, relaxation method.

Unit-III. Surface Chemistry (A) Adsorption Surface tension, capillary action, pressure difference across curved surface (Laplace

equation), vapour pressure of droplets (Kelvin equation), Gibbs adsorption isotherm, estimation of surface area (BET equation).

(B) Macromolecules Polymer-definition, types of polymers, mechanism of polymerization. Molecular mass,

number and mass average molecular mass. Molecular mass determination (osmometry, viscometry.

Unit-IV. Electrochemistry Nonideal Systems: Excess functions for nonideal solutions. Activity, activity coefficient,

Debye-Huckel Theory for activity coefficient of electrolyte solutions, Determination of activity and activity coefficients, ionic strength. Debye-Huckel-Bjerrum model. Overpotential, exchange current density, derivation of Butler-Volmer equation, Tafel plot.

Books suggested:

1. Chemical Kinetics, K.J. Laidler, McGraw-Hill. 2. Kinetics and Mechanism of Chemical Transformations, J. Rajaraman and J. Kuriacose, McMillan. 3. Modern Electrochemistry, Vol. I and Vol II, J.O.M. Bockris and A.K.N. Reddy, Plenum. 4. The Colloidal Domain: Where Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Technology Meet, D.F. Evans and H.

Wennerstrom, VCH, Weinheim (Germany), 1994. 5. Introduction to polymer Science, V.R. Gowarikar, N.V. Vishwanathan and J. Sridhar, Wiley

Eastern.



Group Theory and Spectroscopy (CHM 2005) (W.E.F. 2015-2016)


Unit-I. Concept of Group theory in Chemistry Symmetry elements and symmetry operation, definitions of group, subgroup, relation

between orders of a finite group and its subgroup. Conjugacy relation and classes. Point symmetry group. Schonflies symbols, representations of groups: Cn, Cnv, Cnh, Dnh etc.

Unit-II. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Nuclear spin, nuclear resonance, saturation, shielding and deshielding of magnetic nuclei,

chemical shifts and its measurements, factors influencing chemical shift, spin-spin interactions, coupling constant 'J' and spin decoupling; NMR spectroscopy of nuclei other

than proton (-13C, 19F and 31P) with examples. Unit-III . Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy Basic principles, zero field splitting, factors affecting 'g' value. Isotropic and anisotropic

hyperfine coupling constants, spin Hamiltonian, measurement techniques, applications of ESR specrtoscopy.

Unit-IV. Nuclear Qudrupole Resonance (NQR) spectroscopy Introduction, Quadrupole moment and field gradient, Quadrupole relaxation energies of

quadrupole states, effect of magnetic field on the NQR spectra, applications and structural informations from NQR spectra.

Books Suggested

1. Modern Spectroscopy, J.M. Hollas, John Wiley. 2. NMR, NQR, EPR and Mossbauer Spectroscopy in Inorganic Chemistry, R.V. Parish, Ellis

Harwood. 3. Vibrational Spectroscopy- Modern Treheb, Barnes, A.J., and W.J. Orville-Thomas, Elsevier,

1977. 4. Physical Methods in Chemistry, R.S. Drago, Saunders College. 5. Chemical Applications of Group Theory, F.A. Cotton. 6. Introduction to Magnetic Resonance, A. Carrington and A.D. Maclachalan, Harper & Row. 7. Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy. C.N. Banwell, Tata McGrew Hill.


M.Sc. Chemistry, II – Semester (C.B.C.S.)

Current Trends in Chemical Analysis – CHM 2011 (DC–II, Analytical Chemistry)

(w.e.f. 2015-2016) M.M.: 100 (10+30+60) 2 Periods/week Credits: 2

Unit-I Biosensors Introduction, Producing the biological surface – theoretical consideration in designing an immobilization, Methods of immobilization, Achievement of bio-transduction: Optical – interpretation of signal, extrinsic labelled assays, intrinsic labelled assays, Problems

Unit-II Optical Rotatory Dispersion and Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy Theory, Optically active molecules, optical rotatory dispersion, circular Dichroism, Cotton effect, Octane rule, Faraday and Kerr effects, Instrument for circular Dichroism measurement, Application of circular Dichroism spectroscopy.

Unit-III Atomic Force Microscopy Principle, Tapping mode, Operation modes – constant force mode and constant height mode, Force-distance curve, Analytical applications.

Unit-IV Photoacoustic Spectroscopy Principle, Instrumentation, Applications, Problems

Recommended Books and Monographs 1. Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis, 5th Ed., G.W. McGraw Hill Education (India), New

Delhi, 2013. 2. Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis, G.R. Chatwal & S.K. Anand, Himalaya Publishing

House, Bombay, 2014. 3. Instrumental Approach to Chemical Analysis, A.K. Srivastava & P.C. Jain, S. Chand &

Company, New Delhi, 2013. 4. Analytical Chemistry, Kellner et.al., WILEY-VCH, Germany, 2004.


A.M.U., ALIGARH

M.Sc. Chemistry, II – Semester (C.B.C.S.) Inorganic Polymers (CHM 2012)

(DC-II, Inorganic Chemistry) (w.e.f. 2015-2016)


Unit-I Introduction, Properties and classification of Inorganic Polymers. Phosphorous,

Sulphur, Boren and Silicon based polymers. Polyphosphaszenes, polycarboanes,

polyboron, nitride and silicones. Natural, Chain, 2D and 3D coordination

polymers.

Unit-II Isopoly and heteropoly acids and anions. Polymerization of chromate, and

vanadates, Keggin structure. Reactions of iso and heteropoly anions.

Unit-III Basic, nanotechnology science and chemistry concepts, basic Inorganic

nanostructures, nano composites, thin films, nano foam.

Unit-IV Advanced Inorganic Materials: Nanotechnology and its industrial applications,

Introduction to nano scale, Potential applications of Inorganic nano materials.

Books: 1.Fundamentals of Inorganic Chemistry by Puri-Sharma and Kalia 2.Inorganic Chemistry by A-K.De 3. Inorganic Chemistry by Cotton & Wilkinsen


M. Sc. Second Semester (C.B.C.S.) Organic Chemistry (DC-2)

Bioorganic Chemistry (CHM-2019) (w.e.f. 2016-2017 )


Unit - I Basic considerations, proximity effect and molecular adaptation, orientation and steric effect, strain or distortion.

Unit -II Catalysis, Types of catalysis (with example of enzymes): acid-base catalysis, electrostatic catalysis, metal ion catalysis, covalent catalysis (electrophilic and nucleophilic catalysis).

Unit - III Cofactor as derived from vitamins, coenzymes, prosthetic groups, apoenzymes. Enzyme catalysed reactions of coenzyme A, thiamine pyrophosphate, pyridoxal phosphate, NAD+, NADP, FMN, FAD, lipoic acid, vitamin B12.

Unit - IV Nucleophilic displacement on a phosphorus atom, multiple displacement reactions and the coupling of ATP cleavage to endergonic processes. Enzyme catalysed carboxylation and decarboxylation.

Books Suggested

1. Bioorganic Chemistry: Chemical approach to enzyme action, Hermann Dugas and C. Penny, Springer-

Velag, 1981.

2. Enzyme structure and Mechanism, A. Fersht, W. H. Freeman, 1995.


M. Sc. Chemistry, II-Semester (C.B.C.S.) Advanced Quantum Chemistry (CHM 2014)

(DC-2, Physical Chemistry) (w.e.f. 2015-2016 )


Unit – I i. Matrices: Determinant of a matrix, Diagonal Matrix, Unit Matrix, Symmetric Matrix.

ii. Algebra of Matrices: Addition, Multiplication, Scalar and matrix, Transpose of Matrix, Inverse of Matrix, Diagonal Matrix, Unitary Matrix, Singular & Non Singular Matrix, Matrix representation of operator.

Unit – II Molecular symmetry: Symmetry elements & Operations, products of Symmetry Operations, Symmetry and optical activity, Symmetry operations & quantum mechanics, Matrices & symmetry operations.

Unit – III Symmetry Point Group: Groups with no Cn axis, Groups with single C2 axis, Groups with one Cn axis and nC2 axis, Groups with more than one Cn axis, multiplication table, reducible & irreducible representation.

Unit – IV Electronic Structure of Diatomic Molecules: the Born-Oppenheimer approximation, Nuclear motion in diatomic molecules, Approximate Treatments of H2+ ground electronic state, molecular orbital from H2+ excited states.

Books:

1. Quantum Chemistry, By R.K. Prasad, new age International. 2. Quantum Chemistry, By I.R.N. Levine, Privatice, Hall of India Ltd.


M. Sc. Third Semester (C.B.C.S.) (Common to All)

Bioinorganic and Biophysical Chemistry (CHM 3001) (w.e.f. 2016-2017)


Unit-I Essential and trace metal ions in biological system. Deficiency/excess of Mn, Co, and Zn metal ions. Structure of chlorophyll , Photosynthesis, Photo system I and Photo system II.

Unit-II Metalloenzymes; cytochromes and iron-sulphur proteins, nitrogen fixation, Zinc enzymes; carboxypeptidase, carbonic anhydrase. Iron enzymes-catalase and peroxidase. Copper enzyme –superoxide dismutase. Cobalt enzyme; cyanocobalamin.

Unit-III Biopolymer interactions and Thermodynamics of Macromolecular solutions:

Non-covalent interaction, Electrostatic : dipole-dipole interaction, Dispersion force interaction, Hydrophobic interaction. Multiple Equilibria and various types of binding processes in biological systems. Thermodynamics of biopolymer solutions, Flory-Huggins model of macromolecular solvation, Osmotic pressure and Donnan membrane equilibrium.

Unit-IV Statistical Mechanics and Biomolecular simulations:

Chain configuration of macromolecule, Random walk model and statistical distribution of end to end dimension. Calculation of average dimension of various chain structures. Conformational transitions: Helix-coil transition, Protein folding problem. Molecular mechanics and dynamics: Basic principles – molecular representations – force fields – atom-atom pair potentials – bond length and bond angle and torsion angle potential – van der Waals and electrostatic potential concepts of molecular dynamics – introduction to time-step integration algorithms and force fields.

Books Sugested:

1. Principles of Bioinorganic Chemistry, S.J. Lippard and J.M. Berg, University Science Books. 2. Bioinorganic Chemistry, I. Bertini, H.B. Gray, S.J. Lippard and J.S. Valentine, University Science

Books. 3. Inorganic Biochemistry, vols I and II. ed., G.L. Eichhorn, Elsevier. 4. Progress in Inorganic Chemistry, Vols. 18 and 38 ed. J.J. Lippard, Eiley. 5. Biophysical Chemistry Part I, II, III – Charles R Cantor, Paul R. Schimmel, W. H. Freeman of Company. 6. Biophysical Chemistry – P.S. Kalsi and N. Mahanta New Age International Publishers. 7. Textbook of Biophysical Chemistry- U N Dash Macmillan India.



Applications of Spectroscopy to Inorganic System (CHM 3002) (w.e.f. 2016-2017)


Unit-I. Vibrational Spectroscopy Symmetry and shapes of AB2, AB3, AB4, AB5 and AB6, mode of bonding of ambidentate

ligands, ethylenediamine and diketonato complexes, application of resonance Raman spectroscopy particulary for the study of active sites of metalloproteins.

Unit-II. Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy Hyperfine coupling, spin polarization for atoms and transition metal ions, spin-orbit

coupling and significance of g-tensors, application to transition metal complexes (having one unpaired electron) including biological systems and to inorganic free radicals.

Unit-III. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of Paramagnetic Substances in Solution The contact and pseudo contact shifts, factors affecting nuclear relaxation, some applications

including biochemical systems, an overview of NMR of metal nuclides with emphasis on 195Pt and 119Sn NMR.

Unit-IV Mossbauer Spectroscopy Basic principles, spectral parameters and spectrum display. Application of the technique to

the studies of (1) bonding and structures of Fe2+ and Fe3+ compounds including those of

intermediate spin, (2) Sn+2 and Sn+4 compounds-nature of M-L bond, coordination number, structure, and (3) detection of oxidation state and inequivalent MB atoms.

Books Suggested:

1. Physical Methods for Chemistry, R.S. Drago, Saunders Company. 2. Structural Methods in Inorganic Chemistry, E.A.V. Ebsworth, D.W.H. Rankin and S. Cradock,

ELBS. 3. Infrared and Raman Spectra: Inorganic and Coordination Compounds, K. Nakamoto, Wiley. 4. Progress in Inorganic Chemistry vol., B, ed., F.A. Cotton, vol., 15 ed. S.J. Lippard. Wiley. 5. Transition Metal Chemistry ed, R.L. Carlin vol. 3, Dekker 6. Inorganic Electronic Spectroscopy, A.B.P. Lever, Elsevier. 7. NMR, NQR, EPR and Mossbauer Spectroscopy in Inorganic Chemistry, R.V. Parish, Ellis

Horwood.

..



Organic Photochemistry (CHM 3003) (w.e.f. 2016-2017)


Unit-I Fundamental Principles of Photochemistry

Absorption of light by molecules: direct and indirect excitation, electronically excited states, types of excitation, and laws of photochemistry. Properties of excited states: decay of electronically excited states, spin allowed and spin forbidden transitions. Photophysical processes: radiative (fluorescence, phosphorescence), non-radiative (state-to-state crossing, vibrational relaxation), combination of radiative and non-radiative processes, Jablonski diagram. Transfer of excitation energy- photosensitization and quenching. Excited-state complex formation: excimer and exciplex. Photoinduced electron transfer: homogeneous and heterogeneous photoelectron transfer reactions.

Unit-II A. Photochemistry of Alkenes Intramolecular reactions of the olefinic bond: geometrical isomerism, cyclisation reactions, rearrangement of 1, 4-and 1, 5-dienes.

B. Photochemistry of Carbonyl Compounds Intramolecular reactions of carbonyl compounds: saturated, cyclic and acyclic, β, λ- Unsaturated and α, β- unsaturated compounds, and Cyclohexadienone. Intramolecular cycloaddition reactions-dimerisations and oxetane formation.

Unit-III Photochemistry of Aromatic Compounds

Photoinduced isomerisations of benzene and its alkyl derivatives. 1, 2; 1, 3 and 1, 4-photocycloaddition reactions of benzene. Nucleophilic photosubstitution reactions in aromatic compounds.

Unit-IV Miscellaneous Photochemical Reactions Photo-Fries rearrangement. Barton reaction. Hoffmann-Loeffler-Freytag reaction. Singlet molecular oxygen reactions. Photo-Bergman cyclisation. Photochemical Nazarov cyclisation. Photo-Favorskii rearrangement. Bicycle rearrangement. Photochemical Wolff rearrangement.

Books Suggested: 1. Fundamental of Photochemistry, K.K.Rohtagi- Mukherji, Wily- Eastern. 2. Essentials of Molecular Photochemistry, A.Gilbert and J.Baggott, Blackwell Scientific Publication. 3. Molecular Photochemistry, N.J. Turro, W.A. Benjamin. 4. Introductory Photochemistry, A. Cox and T. CAMP, Mc Graw-Hill, 5. Photochemistry, R.P. Kundall and A. Gilbert, Thomson Nelson. 6. Organic Photochemistry, J. Coxon and b. Halton, Cambridge University Press.


M. Sc. Third Semester (C.B.C.S.) Analytical Chemistry

Instrumental Methods of Analysis (CHM 3011) (w.e.f. 2016-2017)


Unit-I Atomic X-ray Spectrometry

Introduction, Generation of X-rays, X-ray spectra, X-Ray absorption: Fundamental principle, X-ray absorption edge method, instrumentation, applications, limitations. X-Ray fluorescence: Principle, electron source and optics, sample and sample holders, Transducers; Wavelength dispersive, energy dispersive and non-dispersive X-ray instrument, Qualitative and quantitative analysis.

Unit-II Radiochemical Methods: Nuclear reactions and radiations, interaction of nuclear radiation with matter, radioactive decay, Detection of radiation: Gas Ionization detectors- ionization chamber, proportional counter, Geiger- Miller counter, scintillation counter, semiconductor detectors, pulse height analyzer, counting statistics, background corrections, coincidence correction, Neutron activation method- Neutron sources, interaction of neutrons with matter, theory of activation methods, experimental considerations, applications, Isotopes dilution method: Principle and applications.

Unit-III Solid-Phase Extraction (SPE)

Importance of sample preparation; Objectives; Principle-partitioning, completeness of extraction, sample breakthrough; Basic steps-conditioning, retention, washing and elution; Apparatus-cartridges, pipet tips, disks, membranes, fibers, performance characteristics; Sorbents and its desirable features; Solvents and its properties of importance; Introduction to Solid-phase microextraction.

Unit-IV Super Critical Fluid Chromatography and Extraction

Super critical fluids and its properties, Principle, Instrumentation, Stationary and Mobile phases, Detectors, Operating variables, Comparisons with other types of chromatography, Applications; Super critical fluid extraction, choice of super critical fluids, Advantages, Applications.

Books Recommended: 1. Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis, 5th Ed, Ewing, McGraw-Hill, 1985. 2. Instrumental Analysis, 2nd Ed., Bauer, Christian, O'Reilly, Allyn and Bacon, 1978.

3. Principles of Instrumental Analysis, 5th Ed- Indian Reprint, Skoog, Holler, Nieman, Harcourt Asia, 2001.

4. Principles of Instrumental Analysis, 6th Ed- ISE, Holler, Skoog, Crouch, Thomson Brookd/Cole, 2007.

5. Vogel's Text Book of Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 6th Ed, Pearson Education Ltd, 2000. 6. Analytical Chemistry, 6th Ed., G.D. Christian, John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte. Ltd, New Delhi, 2004.

7. Exploring Chemical Analysis, 4th Ed, Daniel C. Harris, W. H. Freeman, 2008, ISBN: 9781429201476.

8. Analytical Solid-Phase Extraction, James S. Fritz, Wiley-VCH, 1999.

9. Solid-Phase Extraction: Principles, Techniques, and Applications, Nigel J.K. Simpson, CRC Press, 2000. 10. Solid-Phase Extraction: Principles and Practice, E. M. Thurman and M. S. Mills, Wiley, 1998.

11. Instrumental Methods of Analysis, 7th Ed., Willard, Merritt, Dean and Settle, CBS Publishers, 1986. 12. Analytical Chemistry: A Modern Approach to Analytical Science, 2nd Ed, Jean-michel, Wiley, 2004.

http://www.google.com/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Galen+Wood+Ewing%22




M. Sc. Third Semester (C.B.C.S.) Analytical Chemistry

Advanced Methods of Chemical Analysis (CHM 3012) (w.e.f. 2016-2017)


Unit-I. Acid - Base Equilibria in Non-Aqueous Media: Acidic and Basic properties of solvents, the autoprotolysis constant, acid base equilibria in acetic acid, behavior of acid-base indicators, the Hammett acidity function, Ho.

Metal Complex equilibria General metal complex equilibria, cases where the equilibrium concentration of ligand is known, cases where the equilibrium concentration of ligand is not known, effect of pH on metal complex equilibria, quantitative treatment of extraction equilibria, chelate extraction system and ion-association extraction systems.

Unit II. Redox Equilibria and Titration

Electrode potentials, Electrochemical cell, Nernst equation, Effects of concentrations on potentials, Equilibrium constant of redox reactions, Oxidation–reduction titration, Calculation of potential before titration, with the addition of titrant and at equilibrium, Titration curves, End point detection, redox indicator, Redox titration using potentiometry, Applications, Limitations of electrode potentials.

Unit III. Capillary Electrophoresis:

Theory of capillary electrophoresis, instrumentation- capillary tubes, sample injections, detectors, capillary electrophoresis methods- capillary zone electrophoresis, capillary gel electrophoresis, capillary isotachophoresis, capillary isoelectric focusing, problems.

Unit-IV. Thermal and Calorimetric Methods of Analysis :

Thermogravimetric analysis, apparatus, methodology, application; differential thermal analysis, apparatus, methodology; derivative thermogravimetry, instrumentation, methodology. Comparative study of TGA and DTA. Interpretation of TGA and DTA curves of important compounds e.g., calcium oxalate monohydrate, magnesium oxalate monohydrate. Analysis of silver-copper alloy and dolomite sample by TGA. Thermometric titrimetry and applications to acid-base and complexometric titrations.

Books recommended: 1. Analysis and Detection by Capillary Electrophoresis, Marina , Rios Valcarcel, eds,Vol. 45 of

Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry, D. Barceloed. Elsevier, 2005. 2. Instrumental Methods of Analysis, 7th Ed., Willard, Merritt, Dean and Settle, CBS Publishers, New Delhi . 3. Instrumental methods of Chemical Analysis, 5th edn., G.W. Ewig, McGraw Hill Book Co., 1985. 4. Instrumental Methods of Analysis by G.D. Christian and C.N. Reilly. 5. Principle of Instrumentatal Methods of Analysis; D.A. Skoog,. D.M. West and F.J. Holler, Sounders College

Publishing New York, 2001. 6. Ionic Equilibria in Analytical Chemistry; Freiser and Fernando. 7. Chemical Analysis, 2nd Ed., H.A. Laitinen and W.E. Harris, McGraw Hill Kogakusha, Ltd., 1975.


M. Sc. Third Semester (C.B.C.S.) Inorganic Chemistry

Organotransition Metal Chemistry (CHM 3021) (w.e.f. 2016-2017)


Unit-I. Compounds of Transition Metal-Carbon Multiple Bonds Alkylidenes, alkylidynes, low valent carbenes and carbynes-synthesis, nature of bond,

structural characteristics, nucleophilic and electrophilic reactions on the ligands, role in organic synthesis.

Transition Metal -complexs with unsaturated organic molecules, alkenes, alkynes, allyl, diene, dienyl, arene and trienyl complexes, preparations, properties, nature of bonding and structural features.

Unit-II. Transition Metal Hydrides Transition metal compounds with bonds to hydrogen. (Fe and Co) General consideration, preparations, properties, bonding and structure. Unit-III. Homogeneous Catalysis

Stoichiometric reactions for catalysis, homogeneous catalytic hydrogenation, Zeigler-Natta polymerization of olefines, catalytic reactions involving carbon monooxide such as hydrocarbonylation of olefins (oxo reaction).

Unit-IV. (a) Fluxional Organometallic Compounds

Fluxional and dynamic equilibria in compounds such as 2- olefin, 3- allyl and enyl complexes.

Books Suggested:

1. Principles and Application of Organotransition Metal Chemistry, J.P. Collman, L.S. Hegsdus, J.R. Norton and R.G. Finke, University Science Books.

2. The Organometallic Chemistry of the Transition Metals, R.H. Crabtree, John Wiley. 3. Metallo-organic Chemistry, A.J. Pearson, Wiley. 4. Organometallic Chemistry, R.C. Mehrotra and A. Singh, New Age International.


M. Sc. Third Semester (C.B.C.S.) Inorganic Chemistry

Supramolecular Chemistry and its application (CHM 3022) (w.e.f. 2016-2017)


Unit-I Concepts and language of Supramolecular chemistry. Molecular recognition, Non-covalent interactions, self assembly, Molecular receptors for

different types of molecules, cationic and anionic substrates. Transport processes and carrier design. Synthetic strategy for design of supramolecular assemblies.

Unit-II. Supramolecular reactivity and catalysis. Applications of Supramolecular Compounds Supramolecular devices viz., electronic, ionic and switching devices. Light conversion

devices etc Unit-III. Crystal as a supramolecular entity, crystal engineering, crystal design strategies, synthons

in crystal engineering. Unit-IV. DNA as a supramolecular motif .Intermolecular forces. Complimentary H-bonding in

nucleic acids. Stacking interactions. Drug design and supramolecules. Books Suggested: 1. Supramolecular Chemistry - Fundamentals and Applications, Advanced Textbook

Ariga, Katsuhiko, Kunitake, Toyoki. Springer. 2. Supramolecular Chemistry: Concepts and perspectives, J.M. Lehn, VCH. 3. Bioinorganic Chemistry, Bertini,Gray, Lippard and Valentine


M. Sc. Third Semester (C.B.C.S.) Organic Chemistry

Organic Synthesis-I (CHM 3031) (w.e.f. 2016-2017)


Unit-I Organometallic Reagents-I. Principle, preparations, properties and

applications in organic synthesis with mechanistic details of organometallic compounds of:

Li, Mg, Hg, Cd, Zn

Unit-II (a) Organometallic Reagents- II. Principle, preparations, properties and applications in organic synthesis with mechanistic details of organometallic compounds of: -

Cu, Pd, Ni and Rh.

(b) Preparations and properties of organosilicon and trialkylboranes.

Unit-III (a) Oxidation: Introduction. Different oxidative processes. Oxidation of alkenes, aromatic rings, Saturated C-H groups (activated and inactivated). Alcohols, diols, aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids.

(b) Reduction: Introduction. Reduction of alkenes, alkynes, aromatic rings, aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids.

Unit-IV Rearrangements:

General Mechanistic considerations: nature of migration, migratory aptitude, and memory effects. A detailed study of the following rearrangements: -

Pinacol-pinacolone, Wagner-Meerwein, Demjanov, Benzil-Benzilic acid, Favorskii, Arndt- Eistert synthesis, Neber, Beckmann, Hofman, Curtius, Schmidt, Baeyer-Villiger.

Books Suggested:

1. Modern Synthetic Reactions, H.O. House, W.A. Benjamin. 2. Some Modern Methods of Organic Synthesis, W.Carruthers, Cambridge Univ. Press. 3. Advanced Organic Chemistry, Reactions Mechanisms and Structure, J. March, JohnWilley. 4. Principles of Organic Synthesis, R.O.C. Norman and J.M. Coxon, Blackie Academic &

Professional. 5. Advanced Organic Chemistry Part B, F.A. Carey and R.J. Sundberg, Plenum Press. 6. Rodds Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, S. Coffey,(2nd Edition) Elsevier. 7. Organic Synthesis: Special Techniques, V.K. Ahluwalia & Rennu Aggarwal, Narosa

Publishing House. M.SC. SE


M. Sc. Third Semester (C.B.C.S.) Organic Chemistry

Heterocyclic Chemistry (CHM 3032) (w.e.f. 2016-2017)


Unit-I (a) Nomenclature of Heterocycles.

Replacement and systematic nomenclature (Hantzsch-Widman system) of monocyclic, fused and bridged heterocycles.

(b) Aromatic Heterocycles General chemical behaviour of aromatic heterocycles, classification (structural type),

criteria of aromaticity ( bond lengths, ring current and chemical shifts in 1H NMR-spectra, emperical resonance energy, delocalization energy and Dewar resonance energy). Heteroaromatic reactivity and tautomerism in aromatic heterocycles.

(c) Non-aromatic Heterocycles Bond angle and torsional strains and their consequences in small ring heterocycles.

Conformation of six-membered heterocycles with reference to molecular geometry, barrier to ring inversion, pyramidal inversion and 1,3-diaxial interaction.

Unit-II Small Ring Heterocycles.

(a) Three-membered Heterocycles: Synthesis and reactions of aziridines, oxiranes, thiiranes.

(b) Four-membered heterocycles: Synthesis and reactions of azetidines, oxetanes and thietanes.

Unit-III (a) Six-Membered Heterocycles with one Heteroatom Synthesis and reactions of pyrylium salts and pyrones, and their comparison with pyridinium salts & pyridones. Synthesis and reactions of benzopyrylium salts, coumarins and chromones.

(b) Six-Membered Heterocycles with Two or More Heteroatoms. Synthesis and reactions of diazines, triazines, tetrazines. Unit (IV) (a) Seven- and Large-Membered Heterocycles. Synthesis and reactions of azepines, oxepines and azocines. (b) Heterocyclic Systems Containing P, As and Sb. Heterocyclic rings containing phosporus; introduction, nomenclature, synthesis and

characteristics of 5- and 6-memebered ring systems- phospholes and phophorines. Heterocyclic rings containing As and Sb: introduction, synthesis, reactivity and characteristics

of 5- and 6- memebered ring systems-arsoles, stiboles, arsenines and antimonenes.. Books Suggested: 1. Heterocyclic Chemistry Vol. 1-3, R.R. Gupta, M. Kumar and V. Gupta, Springer Verlag. 2. The Chemistry of Heterocycles, T. Eicher and S. Hauptmann, Thieme. 3. Heterocyclic Chemistry, J.A. Joule, K. Mills and G.F. Smith, Chapman and Hall. 4. Heterocyclic Chemistry, T.L. Gilchrist, Longman Scientific Technical 5. Contemprary Heterocyclic Chemistry, G.R. Newkome and W.W. Paudler, Wiley-Inter Science. 6. An Introduction to the Heterocyclic Compounds, R.M. Acheson. John Wiley. 7. Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry, A.R. Katrizky and C.W. Rees, eds. Pergamon Press.


M. Sc. Third Semester (C.B.C.S.) Physical Chemistry

Chemical Dynamics and surfactant (CHM 3041) (w.e.f. 2016-2017)


Unit-I. Heterogeneous Reactions Gas-solid adsorption, adsorption with dissociaiton, competitive adsorpton, non-ideal

adsorption, statistical mechanics of adsorption, rates of adsorption and desorption, kinetics of

unimolecular and bimolecular reactions at gas-solid interfaces, exchange reaction; application

of transition - state theory to uni- and bimolecular surface reactions including chemisorption

and desorption.

Unit-II. Kinetics of Polymerization

Reactions of functional groups, kinetics of step polymerization, kinetics of reversible

reactions, open and closed systems, molecular weight control, stoichiometric and quantitative

aspects; molecular weight distribution in linear and non-linear polymerization.

Unit-III. Surfactants and their solution properties

Normal, reverse and mixed micelles, micellization in non-aqueous media, effect of solvent,

micellar solubilization, Micellar growth- various micellar morphologies, surfactant packing

parameter, factors affecting micellar growth (nature and concentrtion of surfactant,

temperature, additives, etc.), implication of micellar growth.

Unit-IV. (A)Microemulsion Phase behaviour, percolation, Winsor nomenclature for microemulsion systems, phase

inversion temperature (PIT), applications to diverse fields.

(B)Methods for studying micellar/microemulsion systems Conductivity, surface tension, viscosity, light scattering and small-angle neutron scattering.

Books Suggested:

1. Chemical Kinetics (Harper International Edition, 1987), Keith J. Laidler.

2. Kinetics and Mechanism (John Wiley), A.A. Frost and R.G. Pearson.

3. Principles of Polymerization (John Wiley, 1981), George Odian.

4. Surfactants and Interfacial Phenomenon, M. J. Rosen, Wiley, New York, 1978.

5. Catalysis in Micellar and Macromolecular Systems, J. H. Fendler and E. J. Fendler, Academic Press,

New York, 1975.

6. Cationic Surfactants, E. Jungermann, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1970.

7. Microemulsion Systems, H.L. Rosano and M. Clausse, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1987.

8. Intermolecular and Surface Forces, J.N. Israelachvili, Academic Press, New York, 1991 (2nd

edn.).

9. Surfactant Solutions: New Methods of Investigation, R. Zana, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1987.


M. Sc. Third Semester (C.B.C.S.) Physical Chemistry

Solid State Chemistry (CHM 3042) (w.e.f. 2016-2017)


Unit-I Solid state reactions: experimental procedures, factors influencing solid state

reactions. Characterization of solids: Physical techniques diffraction methods;

X-rays diffraction, electron diffraction and neutron diffraction; microscopic

techniques; SEM and TEM.

Unit-II Crystals defects and non stoichiometry: perfect and imperfect crystals,

thermodynamics of Schottky and Frenkel defects, colour centres. extended

defects; stacking faults, grain boundaries and dislocations.

Unit-III Solid solutions: substitutional and interstitial solid solutions, requirement for

solid solution formation, experimental methods for studying solid solutions,

Phase transitions, Buerger’s and thermodynamic classifications of phase

transitions.

Unit-IV Conductivity in solids: structure and conduction mechanism in ionic

conductors and superionic conductors, band theory of metals, band structure

of semiconductors, n-type and p-type semiconductivity.

Books Recommended:

1. Solid State Chemistry and its Applications: A.R. West John Wiley & Sons.

2. Solids: Azaroff.

3. Solid State Electrochemistry Edited by P.J. Gellings. H.J.M. Bouwmeester.


M. Sc. Fourth Semester (C.B.C.S.) (Common to All)

Analytical Techniques (CHM 4001) (w.e.f. 2016-2017 )


Unit-I Electron Spectroscopy

Definition of a solid surface, Types of surface measurements; X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS/ESCA): Introduction, principle, chemical shifts as a function of oxidation states, instrumentation, applications; Auger electron spectroscopy: principle, instrumentation- radiation source, energy analyzer, detector, auxiliary system; applications- quantitative analysis.

Unit-II Electron Microscopy

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM): basics, instrumentation, applications. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM): Introduction, Basic theory, Eelectron gun, Electromagnetic lenses, Imaging, Operating parameters- magnification, resolution, depth of field; Sample preparation, Specimen orientation and manipulation; Applications; Selected Area Electron Diffraction.

Unit-III Particle Size Determination

Introduction to Particle Size Analysis, Selection criteria for choosing appropriate analytical techniques,; Low Angle Laser Light Scattering (LALLS): Instrumentation, Theoretical models, Particle size distribution analysis, Applications; Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS): Principles, Instrumentation - sample cell & its handling, photodetector, Photosedimentation: Setting velocity & particle size, The Stokes equations, Instrumentation, Applications.

Unit-IV Automated Methods of Analysis

Principles of automation, Advantages and disadvantages of automatic analysis, Unit operations in chemical analysis, Process control, Types of automatic analytical systems; Flow Injection Analysis (FIA)- principles, instrumentation- sample and reagent transport system, sample injectors and detectors; Sequential injection analysis; Applications.

Books recommended:

1. Instrumental Analysis, 2nd Ed., Bauer, Christian, O'Reilly, Allyn and Bacon, 1978.

2. Instrumental Methods of Analysis, 7th Ed., Willard, Merritt, Dean and Settle, CBS Publishers, 1986.

3. Principles of Instrumental Analysis, 5th Ed- Indian Reprint, Skoog, Holler, Nieman, Harcourt Asia, 2001.

4. Instrumental Analysis, 1/e, Skoog, Holler, Crouch, Brooks Cole- Cenage Learning, 2003.

5. Transmission Electron Microscopy, Williams and Carter, Plenum Press, New York and London, 1996.

6. Nature and Science, 4(3), 2006, Ma, et al, Transmission & Scanning Electron Microscopy.

7. Principles of Instrumental Analysis, 6th Ed- ISE, Holler, Skoog, Crouch, Thomson Brookd/Cole, 2007.

8. Analytical Chemistry, 6th Ed., G.D. Christian, John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte. Ltd, New Delhi, 2004.

9. Modern Analytical Chemistry, David Harvey, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000.

10. Analytical Chemistry: A Modern Approach to Analytical Science, 2nd Ed, Jean-michel, Wiley, 2004.



http://www.google.com/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22F.+James+Holler%22&source=gbs_metadata_r&cad=5

http://www.google.com/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Stanley+R.+Crouch%22&source=gbs_metadata_r&cad=5


A.M.U., ALIGARH

M. Sc. Fourth Semester (C.B.C.S.) Structural Elucidation of Organic Systems by Spectroscopic Methods

(CHM 4002)

(w.e.f. 2016-2017) Credits = 4; 4 Periods/week M.M. = 100 (10+30+60)

Unit I A Ultraviolet and Visible Spectroscopy Various electronic transitions (185-800 nm), Beer-Lambert law, effect of solvent on electronic transitions, ultraviolet bands for carbonyl compounds, unsaturated carbonyl compounds, dienes, cojugated polyenes. Fieser-Woodward rules for conjugated dienes and carbonyl compounds, ultraviolet spectra of aromatic and hetercyclic compounds. Steric effect in biphenyls.

B Infrared Spectroscopy Instrumentation and sample handling. Characteristic vibrational frequencies of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic compounds, alcohols, ethers, phenols and amies. Detailed study of vibrational frequencies of carbonyl compounds (ketones, aldehydes, esters, amides, acid anhydrides, lactones, lactams and conjugated carbonyl compounds). Effect of hydrogen bonding and solvent effect on vibrational frequencies, overtones, combination bands and Fermi resonance. FT IR. IR of gaseous, solids and polymeric materials.

Unit II Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy General introduction and definition, chemical shift, spin-spin interaction, shielding mechanism, chemical shift values and correlation for protons bonded to carbon (aliphatic, olefinic, aldehydic and aromatic) and other nuclei (alcohols, phenols, enols, carboxylic acids, amines, amides & mercapto), chemcial exchange, effect of deuteration, complex spin-spin interaction between two, three four and five nuclei (first order spectra), virtual coupling. Stereochemsitry, hindered rotation, Karplus curve-variation of coupling constant with dihedral angle. Simplification of complex spectranuclear magnetic double resonance, contact shift regents, solvent effects. Fourier transform technique, nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE). Resonance of other nuclei-F, P.

Unit III A Carbon-13 NMR Spectroscopy General considerations, chemical shift (aliphatic, olefinic, alkyne, aromatic, heteroaromatic and carbonyl carbon), coupling constants. Two dimension NMR spectroscopy - COSY, NOESY, DEPT, INEPT, APT and INADEQUATE techniques.

B Optical Rotatory Dispersion (ORD) and Circular Dichroism (CD) Definition, deduction of absolute configuration, octant rule for ketones.

Unit IV Mass Spectrometry Introduction, ion production - El, Cl, FD and FAB, factors affecting fragmentation, ion analysis, ion abundance. Mass spectral fragmentation of organic compounds, common functional groups, molecular ion peak, metastable peak, McLafferty rearrangement. Nitrogen rule High resolution mass spectrometry. Examples of mass spectral fragmantation of organic compounds with respect to their structure determination.

Books Suggested:

1. Practical NMR Spctroscopy, M.L. Martin, J.J. Delpeuch and G.J. Martin, Heyden. 2. Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds, R.M. Silverstein, G.C. Bassler and T.C. Morrill, John Wiley. 3. Introduction to NMR Spectroscopy, R.J. Abraham, J. Fisher and P. Loftus, Wiley. 4. Application of Spectroscopy of Organic Compounds, J.R. Dyer, Prentice Hall. 5. Spectroscopic Methods in Organic Chemistry, D.H. Williams, I. Fleming, Tata McGraw-Hill.


M. Sc. Fourth Semester (C.B.C.S.) Photo inorganic Chemistry and Reaction Mechanism of Coordination compounds

(CHM 4011)


Unit-I. Basics of Photochemistry Absorption, excitation, photochemical laws, quantum yield, electronically excited states,

Flash photolysis, Energy dissipation by radiative and non-radiative processes, absorption spectra, Franck-Condon Principle, photochemical stages-primary and secondary processes.

Unit-II. Properties of Excited States and Excited States of Metal Complexes

Electronically Excited States of Metal Complexes, Chanrge Transfer Spectra, Photochemical rate law, Kinetics of some important photochemical reactions, Energy Transfer in Photochemical Reactions, Photosensitization and Quenching.

Unit-III. Ligand Field Photochemistry Photosubstitution, Photooxidation and Photoreduction. Mechanism of Photosubstitution

and photoreduction reactions of Co(III) complexes and photosubstitution reaction of Cr(III) complexes, Examples, Adamson’s rule.

Unit-IV. Binding Strength and Reaction Rates: Acids, Bases, Various Theories specific acid

catalysis specific Base Catalysis. General Acid Catalysis, Bronsted Equation. General influence of Solvents on reaction rates. Identification and isolation of intermediates, kinetic isotopic effects.

Books Suggested;

1. Inorganic Reaction Mechanism F. Basolo & R.G. Pearson 2. Inorganic Reaction Mechanism J.O. Edwards. 3. Photochemistry – Rohtagi Mukherjea.


M. Sc. Fourth Semester (C.B.C.S.) Theoretical aspects of bonding in Transition Metal Complexes

(CHM 4012) (w.e.f. 2016-2017)


Unit-I. Atomic spectroscopy The free ion. Free ion terms, terms wave functions, spin-orbit coupling.

Free Ions in Weak Crystal Fields The effects of a cubic crystal field on S,P,D,F, G H and I terms. Thermodynamic aspects of

crystal field: Crystal field stabilization energies (c.f.s.e.), Lattice energies and c.f.s.e. Heats of ligation and c.f.s.e., chemical stability and c.f.s.e.

Unit-II. Free ion in medium and strong crystal fields Strong field configurations, transitions from weak to strong crystal fields, term energy level

diagramscorrelation diagram of d1, d9 and stereochemistry; d2 (Oh), d8(Td), d3(Oh), d4(Td), d6(Oh) and d5(Oh) and Td).

Unit-III. Electronic spectra of Complex Ions Selection rules, spectra in solids, spectra of aquous solutions of M(H2O)m+, the spectra of

individual ions e.g. d1 (Ti3+). d9(Cu2+), d8(Ni2+), d3 (Cr3+), d7(Co2+) d6(Fe2+) and d5(Mn2+, Fe3+). Spectra of spin free and spin paired [ML6]n+, spectra of distorted Octahedral Complexes. The spectrochemical and naphelauixetic series, Charge Transfer Spectra.

Unit-IV. Molecular orbital Theory Qualitatvie principles, MO as applied to linear molecules, tetrahedral and octahedral

complexes. The MO of sigma bonded compounds, the effect of double-bonding. Quantitative calculations according to simple semi-emperical method.

Books Recommended:

1. Introduction to Ligand Field by B.N. Figgis, Wiley Eastern Ltd. New Delhi. 2. Introduction to Ligand Field Theory by C.J. Ballhausen, McGraw Hill, New York. 3. Inorganic Electronics spectroscopy by A.B.P. Lever, II Edition Elsevier, Amstadam, 1984.


M. Sc. Fourth Semester (C.B.C.S.) Organic Synthesis II (CHM 4021)


Unit-I. (a) Reagents in Organic Synthesis II Use of the following reagents in organic synthesis and functional group transformations:

complex metal hydrides, Gilman’s reagent (Lithium dimethyl cuprate), lithium di-isopropyl amide (LDSA), dicyclohexyl carbodiimide (DCC) and selenium dioxide (SeO2).

(b) Protection of the following groups: Principles of protection of carbon-carbon double bonds, alcohol, amine, carbonyl and

carboxyl groups. Unit-II. Disconnection approach to syntheses of organic molecules: An introduction to synthons and synthetic equivalents, conversion and interconversions of

functional groups, selective reactions (Chemo-, regio- and stereoselective), formation of C-C, C-O and C-N bonds.

Unit-III (a) One Group C-C Disconnection: Alcohols and carbonyl compounds, consideration of regioselectivity. Alkene synthesis and

uses of acetylenes in organic synthesis. (b) Two Group C-C Disconnection:

Diels Alder reaction, 1,3-difunctionalised compounds, , -unsaturated carbonyl compounds, 1,5-difunctionalised compounds. Michael addition and Robinson annulation.

Unit-IV. Application of the above for designing the synthesis of: -

N-2-chloroethyl piperidine, cyclohexylpropanol, 3,4-diphenyl-3-hydroxy-butane-2-one, cyclohexane-1, 3-dione, carboxymethylcyclohexanone, , -unsaturated ketone, nitrocinnamaldehyde, citral, -terpenol, multistrialein.

Books Suggested:

1. Designing Organic Synthesis, S. Warren, Wiley. 2. Organic Synthesis-Concept, Methods and Starting Materials, J. Fuhrhop and G. Penzillin, Veriage VCH. 3. Some Modern Methods of Organic Synthesis. W. Carruthers, Cambridge Univ. Press. 4. Modern Synthetic Reactions, H.P. House, W.A. Benjamin. 5. Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms and Structure, J. March, Wiley. 6. Principles of Organic Synthesis, R. Norman and J.M. Coxon, Blackie Academic & Professional. 7. Advanced Organic Chemistry Part B, F.A. Carey and R.J. Sundberg, Plenum Press.


M. Sc. Fourth Semester (C.B.C.S.) Chemistry of Natural Products (CHM 4022)


Unit-I. Alkaloids Definition, nomenclature, occurrence, isolation, general methods of structure elucidation,

degradation, classification based on nitrogen heterocyclic ring. Role of alkaloids in plants and their physiological action.

Structure, stereochemistry, synthesis and biosynthesis of the following : Ephedrine, (+)- Coniine, Quinine and Morphine. Unit-II. Steroids. Occurrence, nomenclature, basic skeleton, Diel's hydrocarbon and stereochemistry.

Isolation, structure determination and synthesis of Cholesterol, Bile acids, Androsterone, Testosterone, Estrone, Progesterone, Aldosterone, Cortisone. Biosynthesis of steroids.

Unit-III. Terpenoids: Isolation and general methods of structure elucidation of terpenoids. Structure

determination and synthesis of Geraniol, -Pinene, Camphor, Menthol, Zingiberene and Phytol. Biosynthesis of terpenoids.

. Unit-IV Flavonoids: Occurrence, nomenclature and general methods of structure determination.

Isolation and synthesis of Apigenin, Luteolin, Quercetin, Myrcetin, Vitexin, Diadzein, Cyanidin, Hirsutidin. Biosynthesis of flavonoids: Acetate pathway and Shikimic acid pathway.

Books Suggested: 1. Natural Products: Chemistry and Biological Significance, J. Mann, R.S. Davidson, J.B. Hobbs, D.V. Banthope and

J.B. Harborne, Longman, Essex. 2. Organic Chemistry, Vol, I.L. Finar ELBS. 3. Stereoselective Synthesis: A Practical Approach, jM. Norgradi, VCH. 4. Rodd's Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, Ed. S. Coffey, Elsevier. 5. Chemistry, Biological and Pharmacological Properties of Medicinal Plants from the Americas, Ed. Kurt

Hostettmann, M.P. Gupta and A. Marston, Harwood Academic Publishers. 6. Introduction to Flavonoids, B.A. Bohm, Harwood Academic Publishers. 7. New Trends in Natural Product Chemistry, Atta-ur-Rahman and M.I. Choudhary, Harwood Academic Publishers. 8. Insecticides of Natural Origin, Sukh Dev, Harwood Academic Publishers.


M. Sc. Fourth Semester (C.B.C.S.) Physical Chemistry

Electrochemistry (CHM 4031) (w.e.f. 2016-2017)


Unit-I. Interfacial Potential Difference: Electrochemical potentials. Liquid junction potentials: Potential differences at

electrolyte – electrolyte boundary, types of liquid junctions, transference numbers and mobility, calculation of liquid junction potentials.

Selective electrodes: selective interfaces, glass electrodes, other ion-selective membranes, gas sensing electrodes, enzyme-coupled devices.

Unit-II. Non-Faradaic Processes and Nature of Electrode/Solution Interface Ideal polarized electrode, capacitance and charge of an electrode, thermodynamics of

electrical double-layer, surface excess, experimental evaluation of surface excesses and electrical parameters, Models for double-layer structure: Helmholtz, Gouy-Chapman, Stern and BDM models, specific adsorption.

Unit-III. (A) Kinetics of Electrode Reactions Elementary treatment of principles of electrode kinetics, factors affecting electrode

reaction rate, model based on free-energy curves, kinetic model based on electrochemical potentials, implications of the current-potential characteristics.

(B) Mass Transfer Modes of mass transfer: migration, diffusion and convection, semi-empirical treatment

of steady-state and non-steady-state mass-transfer, mathematical treatment of mass transfer by migration and diffusion.

Unit-IV. (A) Contolled Potential Microelectrode Techniques: Potential Step Methods: Types of techniques, potential step under diffusion control,

limiting currents at d.m.e., sampled current voltammetry for reversible electrode reaction.

(B) Potential Sweep Methods: Introduction, reversible systems, Reversal Techniques:

Nernstian systems.

Books suggested:

1. Electrochemistry for Chemists, D. T. Sawyer, A. Sobkowiak and J. L. Roberts, Jr., 2nd ed., John

Wiley, 1995.

2. Electrochemical Methods, A. J. Bard and L. R. Faulkner, John Wiley, 1980.

3. Ion Selective Electrodes, J. Koryta and K. Stulik, Cambridge Univ. Press.


M. Sc. Fourth Semester (C.B.C.S.) Physical Chemistry

Statistical Thermodynamics (CHM 4032) (w.e.f. 2016-2017)


Unit-I.

Systems of Independent Particles Concept of a distribution, number of wave functions for a distribution: for Fermi-Dirac and

Bose Einstein cases, Distinguishable particles, corrected Boltzons, fundamental distribution

law, parameters and , perfect gas and , statistical expression for heat change, heat

change statistical mechanical entropy, thermodynamic functions for a system of corrected

boltzons, comments on the Boltzmann distribution and corrected Boltzmann statistics,

Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein statistics, conditions for the applicability of Boltzmann

statistics.

Unit-II. (A) Statistical Mechanics and Chemical Equilibrium

Equilibrium constant in terms of partition functions, change in the zero of energy, partition

functions for translational and internal degrees of freedom, free energy and q/N for different

standard states.

(B) Distribution laws, Partition Functions and Thermodynamic Functions for Atoms and

Diatomic molecules

Distribution law and thermodynamic functions for separable degrees of freedom, electronic

partition function of atoms, rigid rotor, vibrational energy levels, rotational and vibrational

partition function and their thermodynamic functions, electronic states and partition

function.

(C) Nuclear Spin Statistics & Isotope Effects

Ortho and para hydrogen and its equilibrium mixtures, other examples of nuclear spin

statistics, isotopes and symmetry numbers, isotope effects for diatomic molecules.

Unit-III. Canonical and Grand Canonical Ensembles

Canonical ensemble and ensemble average, perfect gas in canonical ensemble, entropy and

free energy, grand canonical ensemble, entropy and other thermodynamic functions in

grand canonical ensemble.

Unit-IV.(A) Fluctuations Mean of the distribution and the mean-square deviation, fluctuation in energy in a

canonical ensemble, density fluctuations in grand ensemble: one component systems,

energy fluctuations in grand ensemble.

(B) Real Gases Virial Expansions, configuration Integral and the canonical partition function, the second

virial coefficient.

Books suggested:

1. Norman Davidson, Statistical Mechanics, McGraw-Hill, New York.

2. R.P.H. Gasser and W.G. Richards, Introduction of Statistical Thermodynamics, World Scientific,

Singapore (1995).

3. T.L. Hill, An Introduction to Statistical Thermodynamics, Dover, New York (1986).

A. Ben-Naim, Statistical Thermodynamics for Chemists and Biologists, Plenum, New York (1992).


M. Sc. Fourth Semester (C.B.C.S.) Analytical Chemistry

Ion Exchange and Polymers (CHM 4041)


Unit I (a). Basic Principles and Capacity Determination Definition and units, classification, preparation and basic properties of ion exchange resin. weight

capacity, sorption and overall sorption capacity, volume capacity, concentration of fixed charges, apparent capacity, pH- titration, determination of pK values problems.

(b). Ion-Exchange Equilibria Theoretical approaches and models, swelling: swelling-principles and general rules, water of

hydration and free water, sorption of solutes, Donnan potential, ion exchange equilibria, ligand exchange, reactions with materials of low solubility.

Unit-II Ion Exchange Kinetics Mechanism of ion exchange, rate determining step, rate laws of ion exchange, isotopic exchange,

particle diffusion control, film diffusion control, ion exchange, ideal limiting laws, experimental distinction between particle and film diffusion controlled exchange, theoretical prediction of the rate controlling process problems.

Unit-III. Polymers, Polymerization Reactions and Kinetics Importance of polymers; Basic concepts: monomers, repeat units, degree of polymerization;

Classification of polymers: skeletal structures, monomer arrangements, properties and polymerization mechanism; Polymerization reactions: linear step polymerization, Carothers theory, statistical theory, non- linear step polymerization, Chain polymerization- free radical, cationic, anionic and coordination; Kinetics of chain polymerization.

Unit IV. Polymer Characterization, Structure and Properties

Polydispersion and average molecular weight concept: Number, weight & viscosity average

molecular weights; Measurement of molecular weights: End-group, membrane osmometry light scattering and viscometry; Polymer cystaliization, morphology and chain tacticity; Melting (Tm) and glass transition(Tg) temperature, efects of molecular weight, dilutents, chemical structure, branching and cross linking, relationship between Tm and Tg; Thermal analysis and visco-elastic properties.

Books Recommended:

1. Ion Exchange, F. Helfferich, McGraw Hill Book Co. New York 1962. 2. Inorganic Ion Exchangers, C.B. Amphlett, Elsevier Publ. Co. New York (1964). 3. Inorganic Ion Exchange Materials, A. Clearfield, CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton (1982). 4. Zeolite, A. Dyer. 5. Textbook of Polymer Science, F.W. Billmeyer Jr., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2000. 6. Introduction to Polymers, R.J. Young and P.A. Lovel, Chapman & Hall, London. 7. Polymer Chemistry-An Introduction, R.B.Seymour & C.E. Carraher, Jr., Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York. 8. Principles of Polymerization, G. Odian, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. 9. Polymer Science and Technology, Joel Fried, Prentice Hall PTR, ISBN : 0130181684. 10. Polymer Chemistry: An Introduction, Malcolm P. Stevens, Oxford University Press, ISBN: 0195124448. 11. Fundamentals of Polymer Science, Paul C. Painter, Michael M. Coleman, CRC; 2 ed, ISBN: 1566765595


M. Sc. Fourth Semester (C.B.C.S.) Analytical Chemistry

Electro-analytical Methods (CHM 4042) (w.e.f. 2016-2017)


Unit I. Electrolytic Separation Fundamentals, electrochemical cells (galvanic, electrolytic), electrode potentials (theoretical,

actual), current (residual, limiting, capacitive), over potential, electrogravimetry, constant current electrolysis, separation with controlled electrode potential, constant voltage electrolysis, mercury cathode, internal electrolysis, electrography.

Unit II. Coulometric Methods Fundamentals, current efficiency, measurement of charge transfer, coulometers (silver, copper and

gas), controlled potential coulometry, constant current coulometry, potential buffers, coulometric titrations.

Amperometric titrations Fundamentals, amperometric titration curves, amperometric titrations with one indicator electrode

(precipitation, neutralization, complexation and oxidation-reduction reactions, successive titrations), amperometric titrations with two indicator electrodes, biamperometric titrations, comparison with other titrimetric methods.

Unit III. Voltammetry and Polarography General principles, excitation signals, instrumentation, voltammogram; Polarography- the dropping

mercury electrode (DME) and potential range, limiting current, diffusion current & Ilkovic equation, factors affecting the diffusion current, dependence of 'm' upon mercury height, effect of temperature, residual current, interferring electrode reactions, polarographic maxima, linear scan polarography, normal and differential-pulse polarography, square-wave polarography; Cyclic voltammetry; Stripping voltammetry.

Unit IV. Potentiometry General principles, liquid-junction potential, reference electrodes, pH meter, direct potentiometric

measurements, potentiometric pH measurements with glass electrode and combination pH electrode, potentiometric titration.

Conductometry Basic principles, instrumentation, conductance cells, conductometric titrations- acids of different

pka

values at various concentrations by strong and weak base, modifications for titration of weak

acid, mixture of a strong and weak acid. Books recommended: 1. Introduction to chemical Analysis, R. D.Braun, Mc. Graw-Hill, International Book Co., 1983 2. Quantitative Chemical Analysis; Kolthoff, sandell Meehan and Bruckestein; Mcmillan Co., London, 1969 3. Instrumental methods of chemical Analysis, G.W. Wing, McGraw-Hill (London), 1975. 4. Instrumental Methods of Analysis, 7th edn. H.H. Willard, L.L. Merritt, Jr. and J.A. Dean and F.A. Settle, Jr.

Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi, 1986. 5. Instrumental Analysis, G. D. Christian, (Second Edition) James E. Reilly, Allyn and Bcon, Inc., Bostan

London. 6. Fundamental of Analytical Chemistry, D.A. Skoog D.M. West and F.J. Holler, Saunders College Publishing,

New York, 1988. 7. Principles of Instrumental Analysis by Skoog Holler, Neiman (2001). V. Edn.


M.Sc. IV– Semester (CBCS)

Chemistry in Daily Life (CHM 4091) Open Elective Course

(w.e.f. 2016-2017)


Unit - I Chromatography:

Introduction, general description of chromatography, classification of chromatographic methods, Ion exchange: principles and applications, paper chromatography, thin layer chromatography, column chromatography (liquid-liquid), size-exclusion, gas chromatography, applications.

Unit – II Occurrence of mineral and ores of Fe, Cu, Zn and Al. Roasting, Calcination and Froth flotation method of concentration of ores. Extraction of Fe and Al metal. Hydrogen peroxide preparation, manufacture, physic-chemical properties and applications. Zeolite - its application in daily life. Electron deficient compounds involving 3C – 2e― bonding in B2H6 and (BeH2)x .

Unit – III (a) Polymers: Monomers, Polymers and Polymerisation. Classifications based on source, structure of polymer, mode of polymerisation, molecular forces. Types of polymer reactions; addition and condensation polymerisation and copolymerisation, preparation of polythene, teflon, nylon 6,6, polyester, natural and synthetic rubber; vulcanisation of rubber.

(b) Drugs: Classificant of Drugs. Therapeutic action of different classes of Drugs (Antacids, antihistamines, Tranquilizers Analgesics, Antimicrobial, antiseptic/ disinfectants. Some important drugs from each class.

Unit – IV Solid state Batteries; Sodium Sulfur Batteries, Lithium iron Sulfide Batteries, Sodium Chloride Batteries and Lithium chloride Batteries, Advantages of Solid State Battery Technology.

Books:

1. Quantitative Analysis, R.A. Day & A.L. Underwood, Pearson. 2. Analytical Chemistry, G.D. Christian, P.K. Dasgupta & K.A. Schug, Wily, 2013. 3. Principle of Inorganic Chemistry, Puri and Sharma. 4. Polymer Chemistry, Billmayer. 5. Polymer Chemistry, Gowarikar. 6. Solid State Chemistry and its Application by Anthony R. West.

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY A.M.U., ALIGARH M. … and field effects, steric effect, quantitative...

Documents

Transcript of DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY A.M.U., ALIGARH M. … and field effects, steric effect, quantitative...