2013 A &WMA Regional Specialty Conference on

“Sustainable Resources and Air Quality Management”

October 23, 2013 ～October 26, 2013

Shangrila Boutique Hotel

Contents

目錄

Particulate Emissions to the Atmosphere from Point and Fugitive Emissions with Optical Remote Sensing Techniques1

Coexistence between effective photocatalytic hydrogen production and energy saving based on sulfur cycle system using H2S2

The Important Role of Aerosol in Climate Change, Environment and Human Health4

Sampling and Detection of Fine Particles and Precursor Gases5

Aerosol Generation and Deposition in the Human Lung6

Biomass burning aerosol and related pollutants over northern Southeast Asia: What we have learned from the Seven South East Asian Studies (7-SEAS)7

From Solid Waste Control to Sustainable Material Management10

廣州天湖冬夏季大氣PM2.5及其組分特徵研究11

雙馬地區冬春季高濃度懸浮微粒指紋特徵及污染源解析13

溫濕度對生物源二次有機氣溶膠的影響研究14

不同類型黑碳（焦炭與煙炱）- 聯接氣溶膠與沉積物和土壤黑碳的研究的橋樑15

東亞地區春季氣溶膠輻射和氣候效應研究17

Influence of aerosol hygroscopic growth parameterizations on aerosol optical depth and direct radiative forcing over East Asia18

模擬自然環境重油燃燒排放多環芳香烴污染物之成份特性19

Measurement Methods and Compliance Monitoring of PM/PM2.5 Emissions: Experience Sharing from the US and Asia Pacific Region20

The Transfer Function of spherical Nanoparticle In The Aerosol Particle Mass Analyzer21

Sampling and conditioning artifacts of PM2.5 in filter-based samplers22

A Combustion Chamber at IEECAS for measurement of Biomass open Burning Emission: Design, Characterization and Laboratory Tests23

東亞區域高臭氧污染事件形成機制之探討24

使用WRF/CMAQ模式模擬東南亞生質燃燒污染物的傳輸及物理特性25

西南地區氣溶膠對太陽輻射影響及氣候回應分析26

一個基於遙感觀測的近地面層PM2.5品質濃度估算模型27

Climatology of dust optical properties and dust direct radiative forcing in North China Plain29

大氣涵容能力之推估-以阿里山地區為例30

我國西南部碳氣溶膠來源特徵31

Comparisonof personal exposure to fine particulate and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from an urban office environmentand high ambient concentrations in Xi’an, China32

Aerosol composition, formation and its effect on visibility variation under stable atmospheric condition, in Xi’an, China34

Characterization and Seasonal Variations of Levoglucosan in Atmospheric Fine Particulate Matter in Xi’an, China35

Extended Producer Responsibility for Waste Fluorescent Lamp Recycling in China and the Case Study of Subsidy Standard from Fund36

Secondary organic aerosols and their precursors in the Pearl River Delta region37

Individual particle characteristics and formation mechanisms of haze in the Pearl River Delta region: cases study39

Concentrations and sources of secondary organic aerosols in PM2.5 in Shanghai40

Characteristics of water-soluble organic nitrogen and free amino acids in fine particulate matter of Xi’an, China42

Mixing state of black carbon aerosol in a heavily polluted urban area of China44

The study of the Effects of Aeolian Dust of Jhuoshuei River on the Air Quality46

Air-soil exchange of parent, oxygenated and nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in four climate zones, China48

Characteristics of water-soluble humic-like substances at an urban site of Xi’an in Northwest China and source apportionment using positive matrix factorization50

Biomass Burning and Bioaerosol Source Contributions to Organic Aerosol in Taiwan and South China51

Modeling and Measurement of ENP Dynamics in a Ventilated Two-Zone Chamber52

Applying OP- and Extractive-FTIR on Odor Nuisance Investigation54

Visualization of Volatile Organic Plumes from a Large Industrial Ground Flare by Fourier Transform Infrared Image Spectrometer56

Vertical Radial Plume Mapping Methodology for Emission Measurement of Industrial Hazardous Air Pollutants58

Remote Sensing of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Landfills59

Atmospheric PM2.5pollution and haze formation in China60

Application of Catalytic Filtration for PCDD/F Removal in an IWI61

鉍封裝介孔碳用於氣溶膠中重金屬的檢測63

微粒防護衣的穿透特性64

臺中市綠能交通推動成效探討65

An Experimental study on Performance Improvement of the Stairmand Cyclone66

Experimental study of positive pressure type virtual cyclonesas pre-air cleaners for CBRN incidents69

Deciphering mediating characteristics of electron shuttles for reductive decolorization via microbial fuel cells71

A Case Study of Regional Livestock Waste Recycling and Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction in Eastern Taiwan72

Preparation of activated carbon from oil sand coke for removal of gaseous Hg73

添加柑橘類廢棄物對拜香燃煙特徵影響之初探75

Observed aerosol optical depth and Angstrom exponentinurban area of Nanjing, China76

Is frequent haze in central-eastern China related to Tibetan Plateau？77

夏季期間台灣海峽跨域大氣懸浮微粒物化特徵及時空分佈趨勢探討79

Master Planning for Singapore’s Jurong Lake District, A Case Study in Sustainable Resource Management80

Gasficationof Solid Waste Residuals as Part of a Zero Waste Strategy82

Product Positioning and Business Risk in Green Supply Chain84

2013 A&WMA Regional Specialty Conference on

“Sustainable Resources and Air Quality Management”, 23-26 October

I

Particulate Emissions to the Atmosphere from Point and Fugitive Emissions with Optical Remote Sensing Techniques

Mark J. Rood1, Wangki Yuan1, Ke Du2, Sotiria Koloutsou-Vakakis1, Byung J. Kim1,3, Michael R. Kemme3, H.K. Son4

1University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA

2Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China

3Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, Champaign, IL, USA

4Kosin University, Busan, Korea

Principal Contact: Mark J. Rood, Professor of Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA, 61801, 217-333-6963, 217-333-9464, mrood@illinois.edu

Abstract

Atmospheric particulate matter adversely affects human health, contributes to visibility degradation, and impacts the radiative balance of the Earth’s atmosphere. Emissions of particulate matter is generated by a wide range of sources including point sources such as stationary exhaust stacks and fugitive sources such as vehicles traveling on roads, and open-detonation and open-burning of energetic materials. Real-time and in-situ optical remote sensing techniques, such as digital still cameras and micro-pulse LIDAR, have been developed and implemented to characterize particulate emissions from these sources due to the spatial and temporal heterogeneities of theseplumes that are challenging to characterize with point measurements. This presentation describesthe development of these techniques, implementation of these techniques in the field, and validation/verification of these techniques to quantify the opacity of plumes generated by stationary-point sources with digital-still cameras and mass-emission factors for mobile sources and for open-burning and open-detonation of energetic material sources.

Coexistence between effective photocatalytic hydrogen production and energy saving based on sulfur cycle system using H2S

Hideyuki Takahashi

Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Japan

Merits for using H2S as the reactant for photocatalytic reactions

There are many attempts for utilizing the H2S gas as hydrogen source because of its low decomposition energy as compared with that of H2O (H2S:0.298eV, H2O:1.3eV). This decomposition process smoothly progress under the electro- and also photo- chemical reaction. In this meaning, it can be said that H2S has the great potential for the source of hydrogen. Moreover, decomposition of H2S by using solar energy and photocatalysts may gives us the candidate for the resolution of environmental problems, since quite large amounts of energy was consumed for the decomposition of H2S which evolved large amounts from the distillation of fossil fuel.

Among the various semiconductor materials, only the sulfide type photocatalysts can act stably in the H2S solution, while metallic and/or oxide type photocatalysts is sulfurized. To increasing the photocatalytic efficiency, we tried to synthesize the sulfide type (CdS, ZnS, Ag2S, etc) photocatalysts with the specific morphology which had capsule form with the gradient metal concentration in its nano sized wall, called as “stratified photocatalysts”[1]. These materials showed the high photocatalytic activities for the decomposition of H2S. In this meaning, photocatalytic decomposition of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) into hydrogen (H2) by using the stratified type photocatalyst is considered as efficient route for the conversion of natural energy (solar energy) into clean energy (H2).

However, there is one serious problem for using H2S. HS-ion was synthesized by dissolving the H2S as follows; H2S → HS－+ H+ Photodecomposition of HS-ion was obeyed to the following formula ; 2HS－→ 2H++ S22－+ 2e－ 2H++ 2e－→ H2 From these formulas, it is apparent that polysulfide ion (S22-) is simultaneously produced as the by-products. These by-products decrease the efficiency of H2S decomposition process as the hydrogen source, since these decrease the light absorption efficiency of photocatalysts and also these obstacles the absorption of reactant because of sulfur poisoning. Thus, it considered that poly sulfide ion should be removed from the solution. The easiest method for collecting the S22-from solution was reaction with metal ions, such as Fe2+, however it caused dissipation of useful metal substance. Chemical conversion into sulfuric acid by the oxidation was also reported, nevertheless this method was not adequate to keep solution state, since basic material, such as NaOH, was neutralized by the sulfuric acid synthesized in the oxidation process of polysulfide ion. The third idea was adsorption on the surface of solid absorbent. However, it was not chemically adsorbed on the solid absorbent surface since its surface potential was negative in basic condition, such as pH13. Sulfur cycle system; for the effective hydrogen generation. Therefore, for the effective hydrogen generation from H2S, it should be compatible that the increscent of the photocatalytic (or electrochemical) activities and the development of effective utilization method of by-products (poly sulfide ion). In our presentation, “system integration” to construct the sulfur cycle system for the new energy generation, which including the following research objective, will introduce. 1) Development of the photocatalysts with high activities for the effective hydrogengeneration from H2S solution 2]. 2) Development of the concentration method of S22－ion dissolved in the water without using the metal ions, neutralization and adsorption.It is focused on the development of elemental sulfur resource circulation method [3]. 3) Development of the conversion route of S22－ion dissolved in solution into industrial variable materials, such as vulcanized rubber. 4) Development of the effective conversion route from elemental sulfur collected by 2) method into H2S gas by using the bio reaction [4]

The Important Role of Aerosol in Climate Change, Environment and Human Health

ZHANG Ren-Jian 1[footnoteRef:2]*, HO K.F.2, SHEN Zhen-Xin 3 [2: ]

1RCE-TEA, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China

2Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

3Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China

Abstract

Aerosol is an important component in atmosphere; its source, composition, distribution and effects are very complicated. Aerosol has been paid much attention by governments and scientists and has become a hot problem due to its important role in climate change and earth environment. In this paper, the importance of aerosol in climate change, atmospheric environment, and human health is summarized; the recent serious problems of aerosol pollution and shortage of current aerosol research in China are pointed out; the necessary to enhance aerosol research in China is also emphasized.

Sampling and Detection of Fine Particles and Precursor Gases

TSAI, Chuen-Jinn[footnoteRef:3]*; LIU, Chun-Nan; HUNG, Yi-Hung; LIN, Shih-Fan; [3: ]

Institute of Environmental Engineering, Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan

Abstract

PM2.5 air quality standards have been promulgated in many countries around the world to protect human health and environments. PM2.5 FRM (federal reference method) manual samplers are often used to determine the compliance of the daily-average PM2.5 concentrations with the standards. Other semi-continuous monitors are available for the determination of hourly PM2.5 concentrations and chemical compositions. Manual devices are available for stationary source sampling for PM2.5 and its precursor gases however semi-continuous monitors are not readily available yet.

In this talk, the evaporation loss of the current PM2.5 FRM samplers will be addressed followed by the study of the accuracy of semi-continuous PM2.5 monitors and OC/EC analyzers for the ambient air. Evaluation results of inorganic gaseous and particulate compositions of semi-continuous monitors made in Taiwan for ambient (wet-denuder + PILS, particle-into-liquid system) and stack monitoring (PPWD, parallel-plate wet denuder) will then be discussed. Finally, the newly developed NCTU micro-orifice cascade impactor (NMCI) and a PM2.5 sampling cyclone used for direct source sampling will be presented together with the results obtained from several stacks. With the NMCI, much more detailed mass distribution data were obtained which showed the major fraction of PM2.5 consisted of submicron particles in mass basis. This indicates the control of submicron particle emission could be much more difficult and expensive than PM2.5 emission. Field monitoring results of PPWD for acid and basic gas emission from stacks showed significant concentration variation with time, which justified the need to use semi-continuous monitors for stack emission measurement of PM2.5 precursor gases.

Aerosol Generation and Deposition in the Human Lung

Chih-Chieh Chen

Human lung is not only an aerosol collector but also an aerosol generator. The main objective of this work was to investigate the relationship between the generation rate of exhaled breath aerosols (EBA) and the lung deposition efficiency. The experimental system consisted of a test chamber, a mouthpiece, a pneumotachograph flow meter, and a particle counter. Both tests shared the same experimental apparatus except the aerosol generating system. For regional lung deposition measurement, a stable aerosol output was essential, while aerosol-free air was supplied to the chamber when conducting the EBA measurements, using a condensation particle counter. The volunteers were asked to follow sinusoidal breathing patterns which were generated by using a piston-cylinder breathing simulator. The subjects were instructed to perform percentage of forced vital capacity (20, 40, 60%FVC) and fixed tidal volume (500, 750 and 100 mL) with different breathing frequency (10, 12, 14, 15 breath/min). The results showed that the EBA counts increased with increasing tidal volume, but nearly not affected by the breathing frequency. Aerosol deposition efficiency in the respiratory tract was strongly dependent on particle size, breathing pattern, aerosol charge distribution and lung morphometric parameters. The regional deposition data showed that local deposition efficiency increased with penetration volume. The correlation analysis showed that total lung deposition efficiency increased with increasing EBA counts, a somewhat confusing phenomenon, indicating that a subject who collects aerosols more efficiently, generates more aerosol particles through tidal breathing.

Biomass burning aerosol and related pollutants over northern Southeast Asia: What we have learned from the Seven South East Asian Studies (7-SEAS)

Neng-Huei (George) Lin1, Si-Chee Tsay2, Brent N. Holben2, Christina Hsu2, Nguyen Xuan Anh3, Jeffrey S. Reid4, Guey-Rong Sheu1, Kai-Hsien Chi5, Sheng-Hsiang Wang2, Chung-Te Lee6, Lin-Chi Wang7, Jia-Lin Wang8, Wei-Nai Chen9, Ellsworth J. Welton2, Shu-Ting Liang Chu10, Khajornsak Sopajaree11, Hal Maring12, Serm Janjai13, Somporn Chantara14

1 Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Chung-Li, Taiwan

2 Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA

3 Institute of geophysics, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam

4 Naval Research Laboratory, Monterey, California, USA

5 Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan

6 Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University, Chung-Li, Taiwan

7 Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

8 Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Chung-Li, Taiwan

9 Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan

10 Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration, Taipei, Taiwan

11 Department of Environmental Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand

12 NASA Headquarters, Washington DC, USA

13 Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand

14 Chemistry Department and Environmental Science Program, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand

Abstract

The Seven South East Asian Studies (7-SEAS) is a grass-root program and seeks to perform interdisciplinary research in the field of aerosol-meteorology and climate interaction in the Southeast Asian region, particularly for the impact of biomass burning on cloud, atmospheric radiation, hydrological cycle, and regional climate. Participating countries include Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Taiwan, Vietnam, and USA (NASA and NRL). Field experiments have been conducted in boreal springtime SE Asian region: Dongsha Experiment in 2010, Son La Campaigns in 2011 and 2012, and BASELInE (Biomass burning Aerosols & Stratocumulus Environment: Lifecycles and Interactions Experiment) in 2013, respectively. The main goals of Dongsha Experiment are (1) to develop the Dongsha Island (about 2 km2, 20°42'52" N, 116°43'51" E) in the South China Sea as an atmospheric observing platform of atmospheric chemistry, radiation and meteorological parameters, and (2) to characterize the chemical and physical properties of biomass burning aerosols in the northern SE Asian region. A monitoring network for ground-based measurements includes the Lulin Atmospheric Background Station (LABS, 2,862 m MSL) in central Taiwan, Hen-Chun (coastal) in the very southern tip of Taiwan, Dongsha Island in South China Sea, Da Nang (near coastal region) in central Vietnam, and Chiang Mai (about 1,400 m MSL) in northern Thailand. This experiment provides a relatively complete dataset of aerosol chemistry and physical observations conducted in the source/sink region for below marine boundary layer and lower free troposphere of biomass burning/air pollutants in the northern SE Asia. The Son La Campaigns were conducted in Son La meteorological station (21.33 °N, 103.9 °E; 675m MSL) in northern Vietnam for characterizing the chemical and physical properties of biomass burning aerosols in northern Vietnam. For BASELInE, in conjunction with satellite overpasses, the strategic deployments of ground-based supersites (e.g., four supersites in northern Thailand, northern Vietnam and Taiwan, and NASA SMARTLabs mobile laboratories) combined with distributed networks (e.g., NASA AERONET/MPLNET) and regional contributing measurements near/downwind of aerosol source regions and along transport pathways, offer a synergistic approach for further exploring many key atmospheric processes (e.g., complex aerosol-cloud interactions) and impacts of biomass burning on the surface-atmosphere energy budgets during lifecycles from source to receptor areas. Our recent 7-SEAS deployments and major scientific findings of regional biomass-burning studies advance the current fundamental understanding with regards to dynamical, chemical, optical, microphysical, and radiative characteristics of aerosol and clouds over northern SEA. This presentation will give an overview of 2010-2013 7-SEAS field studies and their results, particularly for the characterization of biomass burning aerosol at source regions in northern Thailand and northern Vietnam, and receptor station in Taiwan, which is rarely studied.

From Solid Waste Control to Sustainable Material Management

Harvey Houng, Ph.D., PE, CIH

Advisor

Environmental Protection Administration

Abstract

Ever since the establishment of “Solid Waste Disposal Act” in 1974, Taiwan has been developing waste management for nearly four decades. Over the years, the substantial increase in the amount of solid waste and the indiscriminate disposal of waste had caused serious environmental pollution problems. In 1984， the “Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Disposal Plan” set landfill as the initial goal and incineration as the long-term policy. The “MSW Disposal Plan” was promulgated in 1991, empowering the Government to construct 21 incineration plants to relieve from the burdens of MSW pollution. To promote the reduction, reuse, and recycling 3R principles, the Taiwan government established the Recycling Fund Management Board and launched a series of practices including: pay-by-bag collection fee system, mandatory MSW sorting, keep trash off the ground, plastic bag limitation, package reduction, one-time-use product reduction and hazardous substance prevention.

To improve the management of waste generation and prevent the illegal dumping of waste, Taiwan’s Industrial Waste Control Report System (IWCRS) was established in 1997. More than 80% waste generated in Taiwan is reported using this system. More than 7,000 vehicles are equipped with a global positioning system (GPS) for waste tracking. It serves as a “single portal” for industrial waste management and facilitates informed decision making for resource exchange and material flow among various industries to achieve resource and environmental sustainability.

“Reduce Waste Generation” and “Increase Waste Reuse” were adopted in the past, but the direction has shifted towards “sustainable substance/resource management” with the goal of reducing environmental impact and preserving natural resource. Along with the idea of sustainable material management, the Taiwan government is establishing a new entity known as the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, expanding the scope of the EPA to encompass resources such as forests, agriculture, mining, hydraulics, etc.

廣州天湖冬夏季大氣PM2.5及其組分特徵研究

賴森潮*，趙燕，湯劍振，張穎儀

華南理工大學環境與能源學院，廣州大學城，510006，廣州

* lai.senchao@gmail.com

摘要

本研究於2012-2013年在從化天湖採樣點使用一台中流量採樣器（300 L/min）和一台小流量可擕式採樣器（5 L/min），同步採集PM2.5樣品。運用離子色譜法和熱光透射法（TOT）分別分析PM2.5樣品中水溶性離子、有機碳（OC）和元素碳（EC）等組分。本文集中研究了冬（2012年6-8月）夏（2012年12月-2013年2月）兩季採集的樣品。結果顯示該點冬季和夏季PM2.5濃度水準分別為（40.3±20.2 μg/m3）和（34.0±19.8 μg/m3）。與從化天湖採樣點2006年和2009年歷史監測資料相比較，2012年冬夏兩季的PM2.5平均濃度略有下降[1]。

本研究分析的水溶性離子包括陰離子（Cl-、NO3-和SO42-）和陽離子（Na+、K+和NH4+）。結果顯示水溶性離子從化天湖PM2.5的主要組成成分，占PM2.5的比例冬季（56.88%）高於夏季（42.88%）。水溶性離子濃度變化受氣象條件變化影響顯著。含碳組分（包括OC和EC）占PM2.5品質濃度的比例冬夏兩季變化小，分別為29.33%和29.40%。SO42-、NO3- 和NH4+是水溶性離子的主要組成，表明二次氣溶膠對從化天湖PM2.5有較大貢獻[2-4]。冬夏兩季的OC、EC相關性良好（夏季R2=0.66，冬季R2=0.85）。本研究根據OC/EC比值估算PM2.5中二次有機碳（SOC）的濃度水準[5]，結果顯示SOC在冬季和夏季的濃度為5.14 μg/m3和4.72 μg/m3，且在夏季（58.98%）對於OC的貢獻量高於冬季（49.14%）。

因受由冬季風遠距離輸送或局地源所排放的鹼性離子中和作用的影響，在夏季，PM2.5略偏酸性，而在冬季，PM2.5偏鹼性。由於從化天湖採樣點處於城郊地區，並無工業區、電廠燃煤排放，且該採樣點遠離主要交通幹道。因而，遠距離大氣輸送是SO42-和NO3-的主要來源。而非海鹽SO42-占SO42-的比例很高，均在98%以上，表明海鹽粒子對SO42-貢獻很小[6]，遠距離輸送主要受人為源的影響。

關鍵字：廣州；PM2.5；水溶性離子；有機碳；元素碳

雙馬地區冬春季高濃度懸浮微粒指紋特徵及污染源解析

Fingerprint Characteristics and Source Apportionment of PM10 at Matsu-Mawei Areasduring High ConcentrationPeriods

廖建欽1、張正馳1、袁中新1*、陳光暉2、張章堂2

1國立中山大學環境工程研究所(ycsngi@mail.nsysu.edu.tw)

2國立宜蘭大學環境工程學系(ctchang@niu.edu.tw)

摘要

本研究於閩江口周邊海陸域地區設置六處懸浮微粒PM10採樣站，分別位於馬祖地區的南竿鄉(NK)、北竿鄉(BG)及東引鄉(DY)等三處及福州馬尾地區的黃岐鎮(HQ)、百勝村(BS)及梅花鎮(MH)等三處，針對冬春兩季發生高濃度懸浮微粒時，同步進行PM10懸浮微粒採樣，並將PM10懸浮微粒樣本進行化學指紋特徵分析，藉以瞭解閩江口高濃度期間之大氣懸浮微粒特性。此外，為釐清該區域之污染源種類及貢獻率，本研究亦利用主成份分析法(PCA)、化學質量平衡受體模式(CMB receptor model)等不同污染源解析方法，進行懸浮微粒污染源種類及貢獻量之解析。本研究發現在發生高濃度PM10期間，二次無機性氣膠(SIA)約佔水溶性離子濃度之76%，富集因數(enrichment factor；EF)分析結果顯示，以土壤揚塵中較豐富的Al元素做為參考元素，Cr、As、Ni、Cd、Ti等金屬元素的EF值均遠大於10，顯示其與土壤揚塵相關性極低，主要來自其他人為污染源。碳成份中元素碳上升幅度略高於有機碳，顯示受到人為燃燒源之影響較為顯著。

本研究利用化學質量平衡受體模式進行污染源解析得知，土壤揚塵、海鹽及二次性氣膠所佔貢獻率約為9.8%、11.5%及21.1%，而工業性污染源(如：焚化、石化業、鋼鐵業及燃煤鍋爐等)所佔貢獻率約為15%。然而上述污染源在閩江口週邊海陸域規模並不大，由此推測高濃度污染期間受到東北季風影響，境外傳輸移入現象相對顯著。

關鍵字：雙馬地區、PM10懸浮微粒、空品劣化、化學成份分析、受體模式

溫濕度對生物源二次有機氣溶膠的影響研究

李建軍、王格慧*、曹軍驥

中國科學院地球環境研究所西安 710075 中國

摘要

本研究於2009年夏季在華山採集了山頂大氣中PM10及9級氣溶膠分級樣品，並採用氣質聯用法分析了其中異戊二烯（isoprene）源、蒎烯（pinene）源及石竹烯（caryophyllene）源二次有機氣溶膠的分子組成。異戊二烯、α-/β-蒎烯及β-石竹烯氧化生成的二次有機氣溶膠品質濃度為81±53， 29±14及98±53 ng m-3，分別占總有機碳（OC）的2.7±1.0%， 0.8±0.2%及 2.1±1.0%。生物源（BSOA，即異戊二烯/蒎烯/石竹烯氧化產物）及人為源（ASOA，芳香酸類）二次有機氣溶膠均與環境溫度呈較好的正相關性（R=0.57-0.90），因為溫度升高能促進生物源揮發性有機物（BVOCs）釋放及氧化反應速率。濕度則與BSOA負相關，但與ASOA無明顯相關性。氣溶膠無機模型（AIM）結果表明，濕度升高會導致華山氣溶膠液相表面實際酸度（in-situ acidity）降低，從而抑制BSOA生成過程中的酸催化反應，導致其產率降低。異戊二烯生的產物主要以細粒子的形式存在。α-/β-蒎烯生成的3-羥基戊二酸（3-hydroxyglutaric acid）3-甲基-1,2,3-丁三酸（3-methyl-1,2,3-butanetricarboxylic acid），β-石竹烯生成的β-石竹酸（β-caryophyllinic acid）僅在細粒子中檢測到。而α-/β-蒎烯氧化生成的順蒎酸（cis-pinonic acid）則更多富集在粗顆粒物中，主要是因為其揮發性較高所致。

關鍵字: 生物源二次有機物; 異戊二烯， 蒎烯及石竹烯; 溫濕度; 粒徑分佈

不同類型黑碳（焦炭與煙炱）- 聯接氣溶膠與沉積物和土壤黑碳的研究的橋樑

韓永明、曹軍驥

中國科學院地球環境研究所氣溶膠科學與技術研究室

摘要

黑碳是由化石燃料和生物質不完全燃燒過程形成的難熔的含碳物質，廣泛存在於不同介質之中，包括大氣、土壤、沉積物、水體、冰芯等。由於其在環境、健康、氣候，以及碳迴圈過程中扮演了重要作用，受到越來越多關注。但是當前黑碳研究中還存在著許多問題，還有很多科學問題不清楚，比如其氣候效應究竟如何，它的歷史變化如何，它的健康效應等。其中最基本的是，對其定義和測量方法等還沒有一個全球統一的認識，這可能也是解決這些問題的基本點。

實際上，黑碳並不是一種簡單的化合物，或者是一類化合物，它包含了燃燒形成的難熔含碳物質的“連續統一體”。主要包含兩類的物質，一類是燃燒過程形成的殘留物，也被稱為焦炭（char）或者是碳屑（charcoal），另一類是高溫燃燒過程中，通過氣-粒轉化形成的細小球形含碳顆粒物，也被稱為煙炱（soot）。通常的燃燒過程基本形成了這兩類物質，因此它們也在全球各種介質中廣泛存在。但是在當前的研究中，廣大研究者對於黑碳的認識還主要是將其作為一類物質進行統一的測量和分析，這阻止了我們對於黑碳研究的進一步認識，比如說，在黑碳測量中就存在一些方法可能測量了其中的某一類黑碳的一部分，如煙炱；而另外一些方法可能測量了這兩類黑碳物質的全部或部分，這就導致不同的測量方法之間的可比性比較差。而且在不同介質中，對於黑碳的認識也存在差異性，比如說在氣溶膠研究中，更多的研究認為黑碳就是煙炱，二者可以相互替換；而在沉積物和土壤研究中，更多的研究認為黑碳是燃燒殘留物。因此，二者在測量方法中也不統一，這使得不同介質黑碳無法進一步的對比和研究。

我們通過焦炭和煙炱的標準物質測量對比研究，發現當前氣溶膠研究中使用最廣泛的熱光法測量的黑碳，既包含了煙炱物質，也包含了絕大多數的焦炭物質。進一步通過熱光法在不同溫度下氧化不同組分的特點，以及焦炭與煙炱在不同氧化環境下抗氧化能力的差異性，將本方法擴展到用來區分出焦炭與煙炱。此外，我們通過前處理過程，將這種應用最廣泛的氣溶膠黑碳測量方法擴展到沉積物和土壤黑碳測量研究中，統一了不同介質黑碳的測量方法，使得不同介質得到的黑碳具有可對比性。進一步將其應用到氣溶膠、土壤、沉積物黑碳研究中，闡明瞭不同類型黑碳的主要來源、分佈特點、時空變化、傳輸方式、沉積特點等。同時，根據煙炱粒徑小、比重小，具有區域傳輸的特點，明確提出沉積物煙炱主要來自大範圍的大氣沉降，其長期變化歷史可以近似指示為大氣煙炱變化歷史，並在進一步的沉積物歷史對比研究中獲得證實。再與已有的古環境和古氣候研究對比，探討了其在氣候變化中的作用及機制等，認識到大氣煙炱在全球變化中可能具有重要的增溫作用，而乾旱化在區域火事件中扮演著重要的作用。

東亞地區春季氣溶膠輻射和氣候效應研究

韓志偉、李嘉偉

中國科學院大氣物理研究所，東亞區域氣候-環境重點實驗室

北京，100029, 中華人民共和國

摘要

發展了一個區域氣候-化學-氣溶膠線上耦合模式並用於研究2010年春季沙塵和人為氣溶膠產生的直接輻射強迫及其對氣候的影響。2010年3月19-22日發生了一次特大沙塵暴，席捲東亞大部分地區和幾乎整個中國東部，並使大氣顆粒物濃度明顯增加（北京觀測的PM10最大日均濃度可達800g m-3）。

模擬結果與地面觀測的氣溶膠濃度、地基和衛星觀測的氣溶膠光學厚度具有好的一致性，但類比的光學厚度絕對值有所偏低。研究發現在這次特大沙塵暴期間，中國戈壁沙漠地區氣溶膠地面短波、長波輻射強迫最大達到-90 W/m2和+40 W/m2。地面沙塵淨輻射強迫在起沙區為-9～-24 W/m2，在廣闊的黃河和長江流域為-6～-21 W/m2，而大陸上大部分地區大氣頂的輻射強迫在0～+6 W/m2。東亞地區平均沙塵、人為氣溶膠和總氣溶膠導致的地表淨輻射強迫分別為-3.9 W/m2，-5.6 W/m2和-9.3 W/m2，大氣頂的輻射強迫分別為+0.9 W/m2，-3.0 W/m2和-2.0 W/m2，表明春季沙塵對大氣的增暖作用和總體氣溶膠的致冷作用。沙塵氣溶膠導致的地表輻射強迫約占總氣溶膠輻射強迫的42%，反映了沙塵對本地區輻射平衡和氣候系統重要的影響。

沙塵和人為氣溶膠都導致中國東部長江以北地區地面氣溫降低 (~ -1.0C)和降水減少 (~ -0.3毫米/天)，而且程度相當，而在中國南部，人為氣溶膠總體上使降水減少，而沙塵在部分地區使降水增加。總氣溶膠可以使中國東部的長江以北地區地面氣溫大約降低 -0.6 ~ -1.5C，降水減少約~ - 0.6毫米/天，反映了在沙塵和人為氣溶膠濃度都較高的春季，氣溶膠對東亞地區輻射傳輸和區域氣候有重要的影響。

Influence of aerosol hygroscopic growth parameterizations on aerosol optical depth and direct radiative forcing over East Asia

李嘉偉

Abstract

The influence of aerosol hygroscopic growth parameterization on aerosol optical depth (AOD) and direct radiative forcing over East Asia in summer (June, July, August) 2006 has been investigated by using an online coupled regional climate-chemistry/aerosol model (RIEMS-Chemaero). The model is run with an original scheme for aerosol hygroscopic growth in CCM3 radiation model and with a scheme developed based on observations in China, respectively. Model performances are validated with ground observations and satellite retrievals. Comparison with aerosol concentrations shows that the model is able to generally reproduce the magnitudes, distributions, and variations of aerosols over East Asia. Model validation demonstrates that aerosol hygroscopic growth affects AOD significantly, and the aerosol hygroscopic growth scheme developed based on observations in China predicts AOD apparently better than that with original scheme in terms of both magnitude and spatial pattern. In this study, the domain and seasonal mean AOD, aerosol direct radiative forcing at TOA and at the surface over East Asia are estimated to be 0.31, -9 W/m2, and -29 W/m2 by the newly developed scheme, respectively, smaller and weaker by 41%, 49%, and 14% than those estimated by the original scheme, suggesting the importance of developing aerosol hygroscopic growth parameterization with geographical characteristics in prediction of regional aerosol optical properties and radiative effects over East Asia.

模擬自然環境重油燃燒排放多環芳香烴污染物之成份特性

賴進興1,*、葉旗福2、林清和1、鄭立新3、陳明仁3、蔡匡忠4、陳宣匡4

1輔英科技大學環境工程與科學系，高雄；

2中山大學海洋環境及工程學系，高雄；

3輔英科技大學職業安全衛生系，高雄；

4高雄第一科技大學環境與安全衛生工程系，高雄

摘要

本研究模擬自然環境中，重油在燃燒過程所排放多環芳香烴污染物之特性。多環芳香烴 (PAHs) 污染物之採樣與分析分別針對固相及氣相，分別分析及計算19種排放多環芳香烴污染物之物理化學特徵。

研究結果顯示總多環芳香烴之排放濃度，隨重油量之尺度增加而增加，濃度由20公分油盤的537μg/Nm3提高到60公分油盤的3,075μg/Nm3，顯示多環芳香烴的排放與重油燃燒尺度有關。多環芳香烴其濃度在固相及氣相之分佈主要以氣相為主，占93.6% 至96.2%。。在三種不同重油量之燃燒尺度，多環芳香烴濃度在環數的分佈，主要以2及3環為主，占總量的73.1至84.6 %；但其百分比隨油量燃燒尺度增加而下降。當油量燃燒尺度增加時，除2環含量百分比與重油量之尺度成反比，其餘3到6環則均隨尺度增加而增加。此外，對BaP/BghiP、BaP/CHR、Ant/(Ant+PA)、FL/(FL+Pyr)、IND/(IND+BghiP) 及BeP(BeP+CHR) 等多環芳香烴污染物在固相及氣相及總量同族物診斷比值，亦有良好之一致性，可做為多環芳香烴來源鑑定之指標。多環芳香烴在20cm、40cm、60cm三種不同重油燃燒尺度之排放係數，分別為3,752、3,416及1,321 μg/g-oil，顯示排放係數隨油盤尺度增加而下降。三種尺度油盤煙氣的多環芳香烴毒性當量，隨尺度增加而增加。因此，大尺度重油燃燒對人體健康的影響及環境的衝擊要特別注意。

關鍵字：重油，多環芳香烴，PAHs，排放係數，毒性當量

Measurement Methods and Compliance Monitoring of PM/PM2.5 Emissions: Experience Sharing from the US and Asia Pacific Region

Betty Ng1, Winnie Ko1, Larry Hottenstein2, Bob Farmer3, Simeon Cheng4, CM Choi4

1ERM Hong Kong Ltd, 16/F DCH Commercial Centre, 25Westlands Road, Quarry Bay, Hong Kong,

2ERM 2875 Michelle Drive, Suite 200, Irvine, California 92606, USA;

3ERM 7272 E Indian School Road, Suite 100, Scottsdale, Arizona 85251, USA;

4CLP Holdings Limited, 8 Laguna Verde Avenue, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong Principal Contact: Winnie Ko, ERM - Hong Kong Ltd, 16/F DCH CommercialCentre, 25Westlands Road, Quarry Bay, Hong Kong, Phone: +852 22713147, Fax, +852 27235600, E-mail: Winnie.ko@erm.com

Abstract

This paper examines particulate matter (PM) and particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter (PM2.5) emission measurement methodologies including massbalance, Continuous Emissions Monitoring Systems (CEMS) and the use of emission factors. Areas of applicability, advantages and limitations of these methods are evaluated. We also examine the recent development and implementation of the regulation of PM and PM2.5emissions from power stations in the US and Asia Pacific Region. This includes licensing and control technology requirements for PM2.5emissions. The current application of PM CEMS in power stations in the US and Asian Pacific Regions is compared. The results of a literature review will be presented of the PM/PM2.5 emission measurement, monitoring technologies, and regulations in the US. These findings are evaluated as they apply to CLP’s (China Light & Power) wealth of practical experience as a power company that operates in the Asia Pacific Region. The methodology to monitor and quantify PM/PM2.5 emissions varies across facilities and is highly dependent on the local regulatory and reporting requirements. CLP’s experience of selecting monitoring equipment is also reported. We summarise and compare the reporting and compliance monitoring requirements of PM/PM2.5 emissions from power stations in the US and Asia Pacific region. CLP’s practice on quality assurance/control for data is also reported. Finally, we present CLP’s views on future PM monitoring (PM CEMS) and reporting (PM2.5) in the Asia Pacific region.

The Transfer Function of spherical Nanoparticle In The Aerosol Particle Mass Analyzer

Guan-Yu Lin1, Bo-Xi Liao1, Neng-Chium Zeng1, Chun-Wan Chen2 and Chuen-Jinn Tsai1*

1Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hshinchu, Taiwan

2Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Council of Labor Affairs, Executive Yuan, Taiwan

Abstract

Aerosol Particle Mass Analyzer (APM) classifies particles based on their ratio of mass to charge with centrifugal force and electrostatic force (Ehara et al., 1995, Ehara et al., 1996). Transfer function describes the relationship of number concentration of particles at the APM inlet and that at the APM outlet. Several models have been presented to calculate the transfer function (Ehara et al., 1995, Ehara et al., 1996, Hagwood et al., 1995, Olfert and Collings 2005). For submicron particles, some models agreed with experimental data (Ehara et al., 1996, Tajima et al., 2011). For nanopartiles, however, no models agreed well with experimental ones even the fact that their models had considered the diffusivity of particle already. The calculated results usually higher that experimental ones, and previous studies concluded that it was due to diffusion loss or transport loss of particles (Lall et al., 2009, Tajima et al., 2011). To improve the overestimation met in previous studies, a 2-D numerical model is developed based on convection diffusion equation with the larger calculation domain and the detailed flow field. The numerical transfer function of the model is compared to the model similar to previous studies. Both of the models are verified with experimental data presented in Tajima et al., 2011. The good agreement between our present model and experimental data shows that the study indeed significantly improves the accuracy of the transfer function of nanoparticle.

Keywords：Aerosol Particle Mass Analyzer, APM, Transfer Function, Diffusion loss, Calculation Domain, Flow Field, Model

Sampling and conditioning artifacts of PM2.5 in filter-based samplers

Chun-Nan Liua, Sih-Fan Lina, AmitAwasthia,Chuen-Jinn Tsaia, *,

Yue-ChuenWub, Chung-Fang Chenb

aInstitute of Environmental Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan

bEnvironmental Analysis Laboratory, Environmental Protection Administration,Jongli 320,

Abstract

Field studies were conducted at Taiwan Nation Chiao-Tung University (NCTU) campus to evaluate the evaporation loss of fine particles (PM2.5) collected by the multi-filter PM10-PM2.5 sampler (MFPPS), which was collocated with a dichotomous sampler (Dichot, Andersen, Model SA-241), a WINS PM2.5 sampler (Thermo, Model 2000-FRM), and a tapered element oscillating microbalance with the filter dynamic measurement system (TEOM-FDMS, Thermo, Model 1405-DF). Porous metal denuders (PMDs) were installed in sampling channels of the MFPPS to measure the concentration of evaporated ion species during sampling. Results show that the evaporation loss in PM2.5 is severe during sampling, accounting for 5.8 to 36.0 % of the PMD-corrected PM2.5 concentration and the percentage increases with decreasing loaded particle mass and increasing filtration velocity. During 24-h sampling, the evaporated NH4+, NO3- and Cl- concentration accounts for 9.5 ± 6.2, 5.4 ± 3.7, and 2.0 ± 1.3 % in PM2.5, respectively, or 46.4 ± 19.2, 66.9 ± 18.5, and 74.4 ± 14.0 %, in the concentration of each species, respectively. PM2.5concentration is decreased by 3.5 ± 1.8 % after 24-h conditioning, and is further decreased by 5.1 ± 1.7, 6.2 ± 2.5, 7.4 ± 3.3 and 8.5 ± 3.2 % after 48, 72, 96, and 120-h conditioning, respectively. Due to the evaporation loss, PM2.5 concentrations measured by the WINS, Dichot, and MFPPS are lower than those the TEOM-FDMS by 16.6 ± 8.8, 15.2 ± 10.6 and 12.5 ± 8.8 %, respectively. When the MFPPS PM2.5 concentrations are corrected for the evaporated loss determined by the PMD, good agreement with those by the TEOM-FDMS is achieved.

A Combustion Chamber at IEECAS for measurement of Biomass open Burning Emission: Design, Characterization and Laboratory Tests

Jie Tian1，Yongming Han1*，Haiyan Ni2，L.-W.A. Chen3, 1，Junji Cao1

1 Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Science, Xi'an 710075, China

2 Xi’an Jiaotong University，Xi'an 710049, China

3 Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, Nevada 89512, USA

Abstract

Biomass open burning is a significant global source of traces gases and particulate pollutant in the atmosphere and has strong impacts on global atmospheric chemistry and global climate change. To determine the emission characteristics of biomass open burning, a combustion chamberwas designed by Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IEECAS)in cooperation with Desert Research Institute (DRI). This paper focused on description ofdesign consideration, structure and working principle of the chamber which could simulate the combustion conditions of biomass open burning. A series of laboratory tests were conducted and the results were discussed to prove the chamber was well-designed. The combustion chamber at IEECAS is a facility with wide range of applications in the study of emission factors, emission inventory, and source apportionment.

Keywords: combustion chamber; Biomass open burning; Emission factor.

東亞區域高臭氧污染事件形成機制之探討

劉遵賢 蔡徵霖 陳錦煌 梁佳修 蔡志賢

摘要

隨著經濟的快速發展及工業的高度擴張，在跨國間的長程傳輸下，區域性的臭氧污染已經變成東亞地區相當重要的議題，本研究利用台灣空氣品質模式(TAQM)針對2007年5月東亞地區高O3背景濃度案例進行研究，同時收集台灣地區地面空氣品質觀測站資料與模擬結果進行比對，並利用程式分析來探討污染事件形成機制。地面空品觀測站共計有一般測站五站，包括板橋、忠明、崙背、左營及花蓮；背景測站三站，包括萬裡、陽明山及恆春；日本與那國島測站一站。與各地面測站小時值比對結果發現，除了在花蓮站之外，模式在各測站皆能合理的模擬O3的濃度變化趨勢與範圍(相關係數0.58至0.78，NMB -23%至28%)，此外，雖然模式模擬PM10、SO2及NOX在各站大部份皆呈現低估的現象，但仍有不錯的相關性。以上比較模擬結果與觀測值的差異推估來自排放量資料庫的不確定性、氣象模擬的偏差及化學和氣膠處理過程。3公里解析度雖然較9公里解析度在都會區等複雜地貌能提供結構較細的模擬結果，但與觀測資料比較其結果並不一定較佳。在與那國島與恆春站的程式分析發現水準傳輸機制為此O3高污染事件日發生的主因，而垂直傳輸及氣象化學過程則是O3移除的主要機制。

使用WRF/CMAQ模式模擬東南亞生質燃燒污染物的傳輸及物理特性

陳韋辰，國立中央大學大氣物理研究所碩士班研究生

莊銘棟，國立中央大學能源所助理教授

林能暉，國立中央大學大氣研究所教授

李崇德，國立中央大學環境工程所教授

Joshua Fu，Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA

摘要

本研究為2010年東沙實驗的子計畫研究之一，研究內容主要利用WRF/CMAQ(Weather Research Forcasting/Community Multiscale Air Quality)模式模擬2010年3-4月期間的風場及於東南亞生質燃燒污染物向下游傳送之流佈。人為源及生物源排放分別為NASA2006 INTEX-B(Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment-Phase B)及MEGAN(Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature)模式所產生，生質燃燒排放則來自FLAMBE(Fire Locating and Modeling of Burning Emissions)資料庫。我們利用約三千公尺俯面圖來分析東南亞生質燃燒污染物如何經由長程傳輸影響台灣高山測站的空氣品質。此外，我們亦比較觀測及模式推估的AOD(Aerosol Optical Depth)，藉以探討高山氣膠的光學特性。模式結果顯示生質燃燒活動主要發生於北緯10°-17°及東經97°-110°，影響範圍涵蓋華南、華中、南中國海、菲律賓北部、台灣、東海、黃海、韓國、日本及西太平洋。傳輸路徑主要受到兩類風場控制：第一類受西南風，煙流經華南、華中、東海至日本；第二類受到蒙古冷高壓風場影響，冷高壓風場將華北華中一帶污染物往東南方向傳輸，源區生質燃燒煙流則受西南風及東北季風影響向東傳送經華南、南中國海北部、台灣或巴士海峽至西太平洋。

關鍵字:WRF/CMAQ模式、生質燃燒氣膠、東沙實驗、鹿林山背景測站

西南地區氣溶膠對太陽輻射影響及氣候回應分析

鄭小波1，羅宇翔1，趙天良2，陳娟1，張小娟2

1 貴州省氣候中心，貴陽，550002；

2 南京資訊工程大學，南京，210004

第一作者通訊位址：貴州省貴陽市新華路翠微巷9號省氣象局

E-mail: zxb-816@126.com

摘要

上世紀以來中國西南地區出現與北半球溫度變化非同步現象。目前研究認為這與氣溶膠增加有關。應用西南4 省市近50 年（1961-2010）19個地面太陽輻射觀測站資料，及近10 年MODIS 遙感氣溶膠光學厚度（AOD）資料，對太陽輻射，以及影響要素——能見度、水汽、風速和AOD 等相關分析。結果表明：1）AOD 較高（AOD＞0.3）地區，輻射在上世紀60～90 年代出現明顯減少，本世紀以來減少趨停，部分網站略有回升，但仍未恢復到60年代水準。減少的原因與氣溶膠增加和風速減少有關外，還與雲量和水汽變化有一定關係。除外，還可能與台站所在的地形及其動力作用影響氣溶膠擴散稀釋有一定關係。在低AOD 區（AOD≦0.3），除高海拔的峨眉山站90年代以來呈明顯增加趨勢外，其他站的輻射多年變化趨勢不明顯。氣象要素對輻射變化的回應為：在所有台站中，日照時數的變化與太陽輻射的變化正相關，並且大部分通過了99% 以上的顯著性檢驗。在高AOD區，輻射減少使地面的最高溫度下降，還使部分台站的蒸發量下降。在低AOD區，最高溫度與輻射變化同步較好，蒸發量對輻射變化的回應較為複雜。

關鍵字：氣溶膠，太陽輻射，氣候變化，中國西南

一個基於遙感觀測的近地面層PM2.5品質濃度估算模型

李正強，張瑩

中國科學院遙感與數字地球研究所，國家環境保護衛星遙感重點實驗室，北京，100101

Email：lizq@irsa.ac.cn

1 引言

過去30年間，隨著經濟快速增長和機動車數量的增加，城市地區大氣氣溶膠細顆粒物（PM2.5）污染日益嚴重，其監測也受到越來越多的重視。細顆粒物可引發人體的多種疾病，對人體健康構成嚴重威脅。它還具有較強的消光能力，使大氣能見度顯著降低，給城市交通等帶來較大影響。此外，主要源於人類活動的細顆粒物對輻射強迫和氣候變化也有顯著影響。遙感手段可有效監測細顆粒物污染，但目前衛星遙感可反演的參數和定量化能力都很有限。本文結合地基遙感獲取的多種觀測參數，發展了一種改進近地面PM2.5品質濃度遙感估算的模型，並討論了其應用於衛星遙感的可能性。

2 方法

基於地基太陽-天空輻射計獲得的氣溶膠光學厚度和地面監測獲得的PM2.5品質濃度資料進行分析。對於氣溶膠垂直分佈不均及吸濕增長問題，採用已有的垂直和濕度訂正因數進行校正。對於粒子尺寸問題，利用Mie理論計算細顆粒物的光學厚度（AOD2.5），結合氣溶膠有效密度估計顆粒物的品質濃度。由於太陽-天空輻射計遙感觀測結果反映整層大氣情況，因此從模型應用的角度分析，應先進行非線性斜率訂正，再進一步進行垂直訂正估計近地層的消光係數，最後再進行相對濕度的訂正。密度訂正因數主要影響顆粒物的品質，對訂正的先後順序不敏感。

3 結果

根據細顆粒物的物理和光學特性，初步建立了一個四參數非線性近地面層PM2.5品質濃度遙感估算模型(如式1)：

〖PM〗_(2.5)=〖AOD〗_(2.5)∙k(η_(2.5) )∙g^(-1) (MLH)∙f^(-1) (RH)∙ρ_e（1）

其中，AOD2.5是空氣動力學直徑小於2.5μm的顆粒物柱消光總和；η2.5是AOD2.5與AOD的比值，稱為細粒子比；k(η2.5)是AOD2.5-PM2.5之間的非線性變化斜率；MLH是混合層高度；g(MLH)是混合層高度訂正因數；RH是近地面相對濕度；f(RH)是顆粒物吸濕潮解增長訂正因數；ρe是氣溶膠有效密度。類比計算顯示k(η2.5)存在顯著的非線性分佈規律，且該規律與η2.5密切相關。隨著η2.5的增加，k(η2.5)曲線呈現下降趨勢，說明細顆粒物越多，AOD2.5-PM2.5轉換關係的斜率越低。選取北京地區的地基太陽-天空輻射計遙感觀測資料對該模型進行了驗證，與近地面線上監測的PM2.5品質濃度具有較好的一致性。

4 結論與討論

我們發展了一個4參量的PM2.5遙感估算模型，並對AOD2.5-PM2.5非線性關係中的不確定性進行了討論。該方法可改進遙感監測估算近地面細顆粒物質量濃度的精度，將該方法應用於衛星遙感近地面細顆粒物質量濃度，可增進對細顆粒物的全球和重點區域分佈的瞭解。

關鍵字：細顆粒物，光學厚度，PM2.5

Climatology of dust optical properties and dust direct radiative forcing in North China Plain

Xiangao Xia

LAGEO, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029

North China Plain is frequently impacted by long-range transportation of dust aerosols from northwest China and south Mongolia in spring. Using ground-based and satellite remote sensing data including Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET), Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN), Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP), Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Clouds and Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) over the past decade, the objective of this study is to reveal climatology of dust optical properties in North China Plain and to study dust direct radiative forcing efficiency. The results are compared to those from other studies and showed a quite different story.

大氣涵容能力之推估-以阿里山地區為例

林清和1,*、楊奕德1

1輔英科技大學 環境工程與科學系(所)

*E-mail:PL018@ fy.eud.tw

摘要

大氣涵容能力一般係指在滿足環境空氣品質標準的條件下，某區域大氣環境所能承納污染物的最大能力，或所能允許排放的污染物總量。此僅是一個觀念性之陳述，並無詳細的計算說明。有鑑於此，本研究提出一完整的數學定義與計算流程，並以台灣阿里山地區PM10為例，說明如何結合空氣品質現況、背景空氣品質、空氣品質標準、現況排放量、大氣擴散與污染物乾濕沈降效應因數與增量許可係數等，以推估空氣污染物之大氣涵容量。推估結果顯示，以未來可符合空氣品質為良好等級暨保留25%的容許大氣涵容餘虞量為條件，得阿里山地區容許之PM10日大氣涵容量為110.8 (公斤/日)或相當於1.74(萬輛/日)之小型車車流量或2,970(輛/日)之大客車車流量；容許之PM10年大氣涵容量為70.8 (公噸/年)或相當於1110(萬輛/年)之小型車車流量或190(萬輛/年)之大客車車流量。

我國西南部碳氣溶膠來源特徵

張寧寧，中科院地球環境研究所博士後

曹軍驥，中科院地球環境研究所研究員

摘要

2012年3月至5月選擇我國西南部典型旅遊城市麗江市進行了PM2.5樣品中碳氣溶膠聯繫觀測。採用熱光反射碳分析儀 (TOR) 準確測量了樣品總的有機碳(OC)、元素碳 (EC) 及其中的8個碳組分含量。結果表明，麗江春季大氣PM2.5中總碳氣溶膠 (TOC)、OC和EC的濃度分別為9.15±4.01 ug/m3、7.18±3.20 ug/m3和1.97±0.86 ug/m3，明顯低於我國東部其它城市地區，表明麗江市作為一個旅遊城市，其碳氣溶膠濃度較低。計算結果顯示，OC和EC之間的相關係數為0.94 (P<0.001)，說明它們來源相同；OC/EC值為3.74±0.53，波動較小，表明OC和EC來源相對簡單。利用經驗公式計算了二次有機碳 (SOC) 的濃度為1.92±1.29 ug/m3，占OC的比例為27%左右，表明麗江OC主要為一次排放。主成分分析結果表明，麗江市碳氣溶膠主要來自於汽油車尾氣、生物質燃燒和柴油車尾氣。

關鍵字：PM2.5、碳氣溶膠、來源解析、西南地區

Comparisonof personal exposure to fine particulate and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from an urban office environmentand high ambient concentrations in Xi’an, China

Hong-mei Xu1,2, Jun-ji Cao1*, Kin-Fai Ho3,Teresa-L. Coons4, Ge-hui Wang1, Zhu-zi Zhao1,2

1Key Lab of Aerosol Science & Technology, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China

2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

3School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

4Washington State University, USA

Abstract

The research was conducted to comparethe personal exposure to fine particulate (PM2.5) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in an urban office environment andambientPM2.5 samples from6 to 24 July, 2009in Xi’an, China.Personal exposure average PM2.5 mass concentrations ranged from 58.6 to 73.5 μgm-3(with the average of 66.4μgm-3), and were generally lower than outdoor concentrations which averaged 80.5 μgm-3.The mass concentrations overall showed a strong correlation between outdoor and personal exposure (R=0.81). However, the weak correlations between time spent outdoors by participants and corresponding personal PM2.5 concentrations were observed. The average concentrations of the detected PAHs were 179.82 ± 157.71 and 114.86 ± 116.22 ng m-3 in personal exposure (P) and outdoor (O) ambient samples.The average P/O ratio was 1.57, ranging from 0.20 to 6.47. ThePAHs diagnostic ratios indicated that the main sources of PAHs were anthropogenic activity, especially the coal combustion and motor vehicle emissions. The mean ∑[BaP]eq for the whole monitoring period was 38.2 ng m-3 (range: 7.53-160.4 ng m-3).In outdoor, PM2.5∑BaPE concentration was 30.60±31.69 ng m-3, smaller than∑BaPE in personal exposure samples (45.82±43.02 ng m-3).Excess inhalation cancer risk(for a lifetime of 70 years)calculated thatan estimated mean of 50 (range: 17 to 210) per million people of the adult inhabitants of Xi'an will be attributable to inhalation of PM2.5-bound PAHs.TheBaPE values for diesel vehicles, coal combustion and biomass burning, and gasoline vehicles emissions were 0.01, 23.99, and 6.59ng m-3 in outdoor PM2.5. Therefore, the percentages order of PAHs source toxicity was: coal combustion and biomass burning (78%) > gasoline vehicles (22%) >diesel vehicles emissions (0.03%) in outdoor. From this result, we can infer that the toxicities of different sources were not only dependent on the source strength, but also rely on each PAH toxicity equivalency factors, and suggest that the coal combustion and biomass burning emissions PAHs in PM2.5harm the human health more seriously.

Keywords: PM2.5; PAH; personal exposure; source; toxicity ; office

Aerosol composition, formation and its effect on visibility variation under stable atmospheric condition, in Xi’an, China

Yi-chen Wang1, Jun-ji Cao1,2, Ning-ning Zhang1, Yang Chen1, Qi-yuan Wang2

1 Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Science, Xi'an, 710075, P. R. China, Xi’an China, 710075

2Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi’anJiaotongUniversity, Xi’an 710049, China

Abstract

With an Aerodyne Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor, we mainly focused on the variation of NR_PM1 species, its inorganic species formation and its effect on visibility impairment under astable atmospheric condition (lowwind speedperiod, from 1 September to 6 September, from 26 September to 1 October respectively). The NR_PM1 took up ~60% of PM2.5. Organic contributes the most (58% on average) to the NR_PM1 mass loading, other species make ~40% contributions. Through Principle component analysis, we foundNH4+, SO42- and NO3- played a stably significant role on visibility impairment within different period of the day. With the IMPROVE equation, Light scattering from NR_PM1 was ~ 80% of that from PM2.5, illustrating the dominance of NR_PM1 in the light scattering process. Organics contributed the most to light scattering during this period whereas (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3 played more important role on the visibility variation than Org did. Overall, it is the combination of organics, (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3, not a single species that are responsible for the variation of visibility variation. Sulfate formation was dominated with gas phase reactions during daytime and droplet phase reactions at night. Nitrate particles, however, were not formed immediately after gas phase reactions in the afternoon. Two types of OA (HOA and OOA) were found in this study. The oxygenation level of organics was relatively high and photochemical reaction proceeded rapidly in the afternoon. BBOA(biomass burning organic aerosol) cannot be resolved though tracers of BBOA(m/z 60 and 73) have a prominent signal, illustrating the similar variation of time series between these two factors, which maybe resulted from the traditional energy consumption pattern in villages.

Key words: ACSM, NR_PM1, stable atmospheric condition, formation，visibility，HOA, OOA

Characterization and Seasonal Variations of Levoglucosan in Atmospheric Fine Particulate Matter in Xi’an, China

Ting Zhang1, Junji Cao1,2, Suixin Liu1, Kinfai Ho1,3, Steven Sai Hang Ho1,4, Yongming Han1 and Gehui Wang1

1 SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an, China

2 Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China

3School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

4Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, USA

Abstract

Samples of ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) collected every 6 day in Xi'an from July 2008 to July 2009 are analyzed for the molecular tracer levoglucosan (1,6-anhydro-β-D-glucopyranose) to track biomass-combustion generated aerosol. Twenty-four hour levoglucosan concentrations ranged from 38.23 to 1888.58 ng m−3, averaging 387.98 ng m−3 and displayed clear summer minima and winter maxima. Besides agricultural burning, biomass combustion from household heating is another type of biomass burning which may be regionally important during residential heating season in the midwest of China. The relatively high correlation coefficients were found between levoglucosan relative to water-soluble K+ (R = 0.75), water-soluble Cl- (R = 0.80), OC (R = 0.92), EC (R = 0.70) and glyoxal (R = 0.81), which may indicate that biomass burning is a significant source of the component as mentioned above (K+, Cl-, OC, EC and glyoxal) in PM2.5 at Xi’an and surrounding areas. The highest levoglucosan/OC ratio was found in winter compare with other seasons, it means the major fuel component for house heating was more possibly branches and straw in that period of the year. The contributions of biomass burning emissions were estimated to account for 7.6-30.2% (on average of 17.1%) to OC and 1.3-17.5% (on average of 5.4%) to PM2.5 in Xi’an, respectively.

Keywords：levoglucosan, PM2.5, biomass burning

Extended Producer Responsibility for Waste Fluorescent Lamp Recycling in China and the Case Study of Subsidy Standard from Fund

Lihong Peng, Yejun Wang

College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China

Abstract

Most power products like fluorescent lamps contain a large amount of harmful materials which can threaten human health and pollute the habitats, and have different degrees of effects on the environment at the whole stage of their life cycle. Exhaust fluorescent lamps belonging to “the national hazardous waste list” contain mercury, a physiological toxin, which will bring serious influence to human body and ecology once it’s released into the environment. The annual demand and scrap of fluorescent lamps were both very high in China, as a consequence, the release of significant amounts of mercury did great harm to the environment. On account of pollution problems caused by the fluorescent lamp industry, it’s very urgent and necessary to recycle and dispose the waste fluorescent lamps in China. This paper aims at applying the principle of extended producer responsibility (EPR) to fluorescent lamp recycling specific to the absence of responsibility subject of recycling, disposal and recycling of end-of-life products. This paper makes a suggestion for setting up a corresponding funds to support the implementation of the system, do the comparison and research of the recycling pattern and recycling network system of the spent fluorescent lamp. Also a case study has been conducted to predict the subsidy standard values to dispose per lamp obtained from funds.

Keywords:

Fluorescent Lamp, Mercury Emissions, Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR), Recycling, Waste Management, Fund

Secondary organic aerosols and their precursors in the Pearl River Delta region

Xinming Wang, Xiang Ding, Yanli Zhang, Quanfu He, Zhou Zhang, Tengyu Liu, SujunLv

State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China

Abstract

Fine particles (PM2.5) were collected using filter-based high-volume samplers in the central Pearl River Delta (PRD), south China,to determine typical secondary organic aerosol (SOA) tracers from significant biogenic(isoprene, monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes) and anthropogenic (aromatics) precursors.The secondary organic carbon (SOC) estimated by the SOA-tracer method contributed 38.4% and8.7% to OC, respectively, in summer and fall-winter, During summer, aromatics-SOC and isoprene-SOC reached accounted for 76% and 18% of theestimated SOC, respectively, while during fall-winter, aromatics-SOC was dominant with a share of 79% in total estimated SOC. These results indicatedthat anthropogenic aromatics were dominant SOC precursors in the highly industrializedand urbanized PRD region. During summer, SOC levels estimated by elemental carbon(EC) tracer method were not only consistent with but also correlated well with those bySOA-tracer method. During fall-winter, however, SOC by SOA-tracer method was onlyabout one third of that by EC-tracer method. Their gaps were significantly correlated withthe biomass burning tracer levoglucosan, indicating that input from biomass burningemission with very high ratios of OC/EC during fall-winter would result in an overestimateof SOC by EC-tracer method. Simulation study with our GIG Smog Chamber onSOA from gasoline vehicle exhaust also confirmed that aromatic hydrocarbons alone could well explain the SOA yields of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the tailpipe.Source apportionment by positive matrix factorization(PMF) with ambient VOCs measured at representative urban, suburban and rural sites in the Pearl River Delta regionrevealed that solvent use, vehicle exhaust and biomass burning altogether accounted for 89–94%of observed aromatic hydrocarbons. Vehicle exhaust was the major source for benzene with a share of 43–70% and biomassburning in particular contributed about 30% to benzene in the upwind rural site; toluene, C8-aromatics andC9-aromatics, however, were mainly from solvent use, with contribution percentages of 47–59%, 52–59%and 41–64%, respectively.

Individual particle characteristics and formation mechanisms of haze in the Pearl River Delta region: cases study

Xinhui Bi1,*, Junjie He1, 2, Guohua Zhang1, Duohong Chen 1,3, Zhen Zhou 2, Guoying Sheng 2, and Jiamo Fu 2

1. State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China

2. Department of Environmental Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China

3. State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Air Quality Monitoring, Guangdong Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou 510308, PR China

INTRODUCTION

Pearl River Delta (PRD) region has been subjected to substantial air pollution under a rapid industrialization. Haze occurred frequently (approximately 150 days year–1) for the years between 1980 and 2006 in the PRD region1, and the extensive investigations on the chemical composition of the haze particles have been carried out 2, 3. However, previous studies were generally based on the traditional off-line filter sampling method. This method requires long time to collect a sample and thus cannot reflect the rapid variation of aerosol properties in the ambient atmosphere. In this study, we present a real-time measurement of ambient aerosols by a single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS) at the Guangdong Atmospheric Supersite of China, focusing on the variation of individual particles characteristics during two haze events and discussion on their formation mechanisms.

Concentrations and sources of secondary organic aerosols in PM2.5 in Shanghai

Jialiang Feng, Man Li, Mian Zhong, Binhua Xu, Yan Du

Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health,Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China

Principal Contact: Jialiang Feng, Tel: 86-21-66137738, E-mail: fengjialiang@shu.edu.cn.

Abstract

Due to the adverse effects on human health, atmospheric visibility and climate change, PM2.5 in China is drawing more and more attention in recent years. With the fulfillment of various air pollution controlling measures and the fast increasing number of vehicles, petroleum combustion is becoming a more and more important contributor to air pollution in China besides coal combustion. Correspondingly, carbonaceous aerosols have been the important components of theurban PM2.5particles inChina, accounting for up to 40% of the PM2.5mass. Recent studies have shown that secondary organic aerosols (SOA) dominate even in urban areas, and the occurring of atmospheric haze in many Chinese cities was closely related with theformation of SOA. Seasonal PM2.5samples were collected at oneurban site and one suburban site simultaneously in a Chinese megacity, Shanghai, to study the concentrations and seasonal variation of secondary organic aerosols (SOA). Concentrations of water-solubleorganic carbon (WSOC) were determined together with organic and elemental carbons. Organictracers, including the tracer for biomass burning and tracers for SOA from isoprene, α-pinene, β-caryophyllene and toluene, were measured. Several estimation methods, including EC-based method, WSOC-based method, tracer-based methodand PMF modeling, were used to estimate the seasonal contributions of secondary organic carbon (SOC)in Shanghai, and the results from the different methods were compared and evaluated. Biomass burningwas the major contributor to the measured WSOC in the autumn sampling period especially at the suburban site, while SOA was themajor contributor in the other seasons.Due to the impact of episodic biomass burning, EC-based method might over-estimate the contribution of SOA in autumn in Shanghai. The summer concentration of isoprene SOA tracers was significantly (more than five times) higherthan the other sampling periods, while the tracers forβ-caryophyllene and toluene had moderate seasonal variations, showingthe different seasonal emissions of the precursors. It was also found that SOC estimated with the tracer-based methodaccounted for only a small part of the SOC from the WSOC-based method and the EC-based method in Shanghai, especially for thewinter and spring sampling periods. PMF results showed that a large part of the SOC was associated withsulfate and nitrate but not with the SOA tracers.

Keywords : PM2.5; OC/EC; WSOC; organic tracer; SOA; Shanghai

Characteristics of water-soluble organic nitrogen and free amino acids in fine particulate matter of Xi’an, China

K. F. Ho1,2*, Steven Sai Hang Ho2,3, S. X. Liu2, Jun-Ji Cao2,4, T. Zhang2

1 School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

2 Key Laboratory of Aerosol, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an, 710075, China

3 Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, USA

4 Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China

Abstract

There is growing evidence that organic nitrogen compounds may constitute a significant fraction of the nitrogen (N) budget in particulate matter. However, very little is known about the abundance and origin of this fraction in China, especially in inland areas. In this study, the concentration of water-soluble organic nitrogen (WSON), major inorganic ions and free amino acids in PM2.5 were measured in urban area of Xi’an, China, during the period of July 2008 and July 2009.Sixty-four samples were collected and the average concentration of WSON ranged from 29.03 to 1248nmol N m−3 (average concentration = 300.3±263.1 nmol N m−3).The average WSON measured is higher than those reported in previous urban and rural studies. The concentrations of free amino acids (FAA) were determined in PM2.5 via derivatization followed by high-performance liquid chromatography/fluorescence detection (HPLC/FL). Total 24 free amino acids were determined in the samples. The average concentration of these free amino acids in PM2.5 samples of Xi’an was 2179±1367 pmol m3 accounting for 1.2±0.7% of the WSON in PM2.5. Methylamine is found to be the most important individual FAA contributing by 21%, to the total FAA levels, followed by glycine. WSON seem to be part of regional pollutants, since it was found significantly correlated with NO3- (r2 = 0.8, p<0.0001), SO42- (r2 = 0.8, p <0.0001), and which are sources dominated by secondary transformation. Moreover, significant correlation is observed between glycine and levoglucosan (r2 = 0.7, p<0.0001), indicating contribution from biomass burning process to glycine levels. Chemical speciation of the organic nitrogen in PM2.5 confirms the role of long range transport in WSON levels in the area, in addition to biomass burning. However the identified nitrogenous compounds account only for around 1% of the WSON fraction, suggesting that further research regarding to chemical speciation and quantification of other organic nitrogen compounds are necessary.

Mixing state of black carbon aerosol in a heavily polluted urban area of China

Qiyuan Wang1,2, J.P.Schwarz3,4, Junji Cao2,5[footnoteRef:4], R.S.Gao3, D. W.Fahey3,4, Tafeng Hu2 [4: ]

1Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China

2Key Laboratory of Aerosol Science & Technology, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710075, China

3National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAA, Boulder, Colorado, USA.

4Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado USA

5Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China

Abstract:

Refractory black carbon (rBC) concentration, size distribution, and mixing state were measured with a ground-based Single Particle Soot Photometer (SP2), and aerosol absorption was measured with an Aethalometer at Qinghai Lake (QHL), a rural area in the Northeastern Tibetan Plateau of China, during October 2011. The area was not pristine, with an average measured rBC mass concentration of 0.36 μg STP-m-3. rBC concentration peaked at night with low concentrations in the afternoon. This diurnal cycle was loosely anticorrelated with the mixed layer depth, consistent with trapping of local emissions at night, and increased ventilation during the day. Measurements in the late afternoon and early evening, when the mixed layer depths were the highest, were representative of the larger Tibetian Plateau region with an average rBC concentration of 0.23 μg STP-m-3. Consistent with another mass size distribution measurements of rBC in China, a lognormal primary mode with mass median diameter (MMD) of ~175-nm, and a small secondary lognormal mode with MMD of 470-500nm (volume-equivalent diameter assuming 2 g cm-3 void free density) were observed. Relative reduction in the secondary mode during a snow event supports recent work suggesting size dependent removal of BC by precipitation. A comparison of the Aethalometer and SP2 measurements suggests that non-BC species affect the Aethalometer measurements and, therefore, the Aethalometer measurements values do not represent true rBC mass concentrations. A scaling factor for the Aethalometer data at a wavelength of 880 nm is derived from the measurements, which may be used to correct other Aethalometer datasets collected in the region for calculation of approximate rBC loads. rBC was strongly correlated with carbon monoxide (CO), with different correlation slopes depending on air mass and local wet deposition. The data, in addition to constraining rBC loadings and microphysical state in the sparsely sampled Tibetan plateau region, improve sampling of as yet poorly understood features of rBC aerosol in China, and strengthen conclusions about size dependent removal of BC via precipitation.

Keywords: refractory black carbon, size distribution, mixing state, coating, mass absorption crosssection, Aetholometer, SP2, carbon monoxide, China Qinghai Lake

The study of the Effects of Aeolian Dust of Jhuoshuei River on the Air Quality

J.Y. Syu,1 W.Y. Lin,2,* Y.L. Y an,3 C.C. Chen,4 C.T. Chang,5 C.Y. Lai,6 Y.L. Wu,7 C.Y. Young8

1Graduate Institution of Engineering Technology-Doctoral, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, TAIWAN.

2Institute of Environmental Engineering and Management, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, TAIWAN.

3Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National United University, Miaoli, TAIWAN.

4OccupationalMedicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University, Taipei, TAIWAN.

5Department of Environmental Engineering, National I-Lan University, I-Lan City, TAIWAN.

6Department of Occupational Safety & Health, College of Health Care & Management, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, TAIWAN,

7Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, TAIWAN.

8Department of Natural Resource, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, TAIWAN

Principal Contact: Wen-Yinn Lin, Professor, Institute of Environmental Engineering and Management, National Taipei University of Technology, No.1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Da’an Dist., Taipei City 106, Taiwan, +886-933882829, +886-2-27781598, wylin@ntut.edu.tw.

Abstract

Due to the extreme steepness of the upstream of the rivers in Taiwan, the sediment yields in the downstream of the rivers are extremely huge. Furthermore, the large areas of bare-soil in downstream of riverbed might be brought during the drought season. Dust emissions from the dry riverbed surface are an important environmental issue in west Taiwan. These pollutants may pose adverse effects to human health and the environment. In order to understand the current status of the riverbed and the characteristic of air quality at the riverbed area as well as the (a) potential receptor sites, (b) airborne photo and (c) Aeolian dust sampling will be conducted in this study. PM mass concentration and wind speed samplers from JhuoshueiRiver near Hsin-Hsing Community, Yunlin, Taiwan were collected from 14 o’clock to 17 o’clock.PM2.5-10/PM2.5mass concentrations were measured by Dichotomous Sampler on the upwind, riverbed, and downwind at the same time. The vertical sampling system which was including Marple298, wind speed and direction meter on the riverbed. According to the airborne photo, the surface area ratio of Water-coverage with Green-coverage and with Bare-areas of Jhuoshuei River in January 2011 and June 2012 was about 9%:8.8%:82.2% and 36.17%:19.08%:44.74%, respectively. The result of PM10of Shiu-Guang Elementory school station presented that Aeolian dust occurred from 10 o’clock to 17o’clock. Moreover, the wind speed was above 12 m/s on the riverbed, and below 10 m/s on the upwind and downwind at the same time. The dominant wind direction was from North. As the results of Aeolian dust sampling, the start wind speed of Aeolian dust was between 6 to 8 m/s, however, the start wind speed of Aeolian dust might be increased as the moisture content of the sand on the surface of Jhuoshuei River increased. The result showed that the coarse particle (PM2.5-10) of Aeolian dust was about 1600 μg/m3, and the fine particle(PM2.5) was about 1200 μg/m3on the riverbed. Conversely, the size distribution of particle mass concentration indicated that the coarse size and submicron size particle was increases of mass concentration on the riverbed and downwind. Although the large PM concentration was sampled on the riverbed, it was not significant impact on the selected downwind site. The wind field might be affected by the tree and building which was nearby the embankment. When the wind speeds become slower and the particles are removed by gravitational settling.

Air-soil exchange of parent, oxygenated and nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in four climate zones, China

Chong Wei1,2,4, Benjamin A. Musa Bandowe2, Yongming Han1,*, Junji Cao1,3 and Wolfgang Wilcke2

1, Key laboratory of Aerosol Sce and Technology, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an, China

2, Geographic Institute, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland

3, Institute of Globe Environmental Change, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China

4, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

Email: weichong@ieecas.cn

Abstract

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their oxygenated (OPAHs) and nitrated (NPAHs) derivatives are generated by incomplete combustion of fossil fuels. OPAHs and NPAHs are additionally formed by photochemical degradation of parent-PAHs. All of these compounds are known to be toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic but the mutagenic and carcinogenic effects of NPAHs and OPAHs are higher than those of their parent PAHs. We measured the concentration of oxygenated-, nitrated- and parent-PAHs in gaseous and particulate phase of air samples and surface soil samples which collected from four climate zones: tropical (Zhanjiang), subtropical (Hefei), temperate (Xi’an) and plateau (Qinghai Lake) zones of China during March and April, 2012. The gaseous phase concentration of PAHs were sequenced by decreasing of latitude while particulate PAHs, OPAHs and NPAHs were accordance with the human activity. Xi’an and Hefei area had a higher loading of higher molecular weight PAHs and their derivatives while Qinghai Lake and Zhanjiang dominant by lower molecular weight compounds in surface soil. The results of fugacity fraction and net flux analysis suggest soil served as a sink of higher molecular weight compounds and source of lower molecular weight ones.

Keywords: PAHs, OPAHs, NPAHs, soil-air exchange, flux.

Characteristics of water-soluble humic-like substances at an urban site of Xi’an in Northwest China and source apportionment using positive matrix factorization

Haiyan Ni1, YongmingHan2*, Steven Sai Hang Ho2,3, Qiyuan Wang1, Junji Cao2

1 Xi’an Jiaotong University，Xi'an 710049, China

2 Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Science, Xi'an 710075, China

3 Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, Nevada 89512, USA

Abstract

HUmic-LIke Substances (HULIS) in PM2.5 was measured every-sixth day at an urban site in Xi’an, China from July 2008 to August 2009. HULIS concentrations ranged from 0.21 to12.75 µgC m-3, averaging 3.07±3.01 µgCm-3 and showed a clear seasonal variation pattern, with an average HULIS level in winter (6.18 µgCm-3) twofold higher than that in autumn (3.32 µgCm-3) and fourfold higher than that in spring (1.20µgCm-3) and summer (1.54µgCm-3).Mean contributions of HULIS to water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) were 34.5%, ranged from 8.2% to 81.8%. High HULIS/WSOC ratio mainly existed in autumn (42.33±22.49%) and winter (41.52±18.77%) when biomass burning is significant in Xi’an. Correlation coefficient analysis and Positive matrix factorization (PMF) were performed and three main sources of HULIS were identified: biomass burning, secondary formation, and local soil.

Key Words: HULIS; PMF; Seasonal variation;

Biomass Burning and Bioaerosol Source Contributions to Organic Aerosol in Taiwan and South China

Guenter Engling,1 John C.Y. Chan,2

1National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, 2Nottingham University, Ningbo, China

Principal Contact: Guenter Engling, Ph.D., Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, +886-910916980, guenter@mx.nthu.edu.tw

East Asia is a significant source region of airborne particles generated by a multitude of source processes. In addition to various anthropogenic emission sources, natural processes, including microbial activity and release of numerous organic compounds from vegetation, contribute to an even larger extent to the regional and global aerosol burden. The conditions for biological activity are especially favorable in subtropical and tropical areas, such as Taiwan and South China. Consequently, the release of organic species from biological processes is expected to be significant in such geographic areas. Moreover, certain anthropogenic activities, especially biomass burning, are responsible for the production of large amounts of carbonaceous matter into the atmosphere in this part of the world.

The objectives of the studies presented here are, therefore, the investigation of the chemical and physical characteristics of carbonaceous aerosol particles and their sources. Field studies were conducted in various areas across the Taiwan. Likewise, aerosol samples were collected in parts of South China with different land use characteristics. Aside from bulk properties, such organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) content, the ambient aerosol was characterized in terms of individual organic compounds which can be used as indic