Deoxyribonucleic Acid ( DNA ) The heredity molecule controlling the activities on the cell. The DNA...
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Transcript of Deoxyribonucleic Acid ( DNA ) The heredity molecule controlling the activities on the cell. The DNA...
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Deoxyribonucleic Acid ( DNA )
The heredity molecule controlling the
activities on the cell.
The DNA Line-up
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What’s So Special About DNA?
DNA is one of the most boring macromolecules imaginable - its made of only four building blocks and has a perfectly monotonous structure.
Worse yet, DNA just sits there - it doesn’t catalyze reactions or build the cell or organism.
So, what’s so good about DNA?
The answer lies in DNA’s ability to store and copy information.
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Structure
• The double helix structure of DNA was first described in 1953 by James Watson & Francis Crick.
• This was marked one of the most significant discovers of the twentieth century.
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Winners of the Race to Learn DNA’s Structure – Watson and Crick 50 Years Ago
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NucliotideThe building block of the DNA ladder
• Composed of:• Phosphate
• Deoxyribose sugar
• Nitrogen base
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Building DNA Building Blocks
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There are Four kinds of Nitrogen Bases
• Purines Pyrimidines• Adenine-----------------Thymine• Guanine-----------------Cytosine
• (Hydrogen bonds)• A always pairs with T• G always pairs with C
• Made of Two Rings Made of One Ring
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Matching DNA Nitrogen Bases
G
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Matching DNA Nitrogen Bases
A AC TT C G AAT CC CC C
G
G GG TT A
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Matching DNA Nitrogen Bases
A AC TT C G AA
AA TTT T
T CC CC C
G GG GGGG
G GG TT
C C CA A A
A
GC T
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Key words of DNA shape
• Double stranded ladder shape sides of sugar and phosphate rings of bases coil into (double helix)
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Replication
Making an exact copy of a DNA molecule (self doubling)
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DNA Replication
DNA perfectly illustrates the relationship between structure and function.
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Simple As It Is in Principle, DNA Replication Requires Many Enzymes That Work Coordinately
First and foremost are the DNA polymerases
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Protein Synthesis• The Process of making proteins
• Transcription – The process of copying the DNA pattern into messenger RNA
• Messenger RNA – Brings coded information from DNA to the ribosomes
• Ribosomes – The protein factories in the cell
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Protein Synthesis
• Translation – The process of changing the information of messenger RNA into proteins
• Transfer RNA – The TNA that carries the amino acids to the ribosomes and pairs them with mRNA
• Codon – Combination of 3 bases on mRNA that determines the order of amino acids
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RNA Differences
• Ribose sugar
• Uricil instead of Thymine
• Single stranded helix
• mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
• Found in nucleus and in the cytoplasm
• Smaller in size
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ACGTGTGAGTCGTAGCTGGTA
and label the codon with its appropriate Amino Acid.
Transcribe the following strand of DNA to a strand of mRNA:
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How Do Genes Work?
The answer is the purview of molecular genetics.