Dengue Fever(2),09
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Transcript of Dengue Fever(2),09
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WHAT IS DENGUE FEVER?
An acute ,self-limited, febrile disease .
Dengue virus are maintained in a cycle that involves humans and Aedes aegypti
primarily a disease of the tropics
OCCURS IN two forms: Dengue fever(DF) Dengue haemorrhagic fever(DHF)
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Clinical manifestations DF: fever, headache, myalgias, bone pain.
Lymphadenopathy, skin rash. Leukopenia DHF: high fever, haemorrhage, hepatomegaly evidences of “leaky capillaries” signs of circulatory failure(dengue shock s
yndrome,DSS.)
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Why should we learn it ?
2500 million at risk from dengue per year.
Epidemic in more than 100 countries in Africa, America, Eastern Mediterranean,
South –east Asia and the Western pacific.
The global prevalence of DHF grown dramatically in recent decades: 1970/1995:4 fold increase.
The most important mosquito-transmitted viral disease in term of mortality and morbidity.
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Etiology
Dengue virus: enveloped RNA virus Classified : family of Flaviviridae. Serum type:1-4
causes closely related illness, severe and fatal disease
but antigenically distinct homotypic immunity: lifelong heterotypic immunity :short period but cross-response may worsen the se
cond infection by a another serum type.
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How DF transmitted?
Sources of infection: patients and
anyone who with Covert infection
Transmitted vectors: Aedes aegypti is the most common vectors other Aedes mosquitos are less effiecitent : Ae.albopictus,Ae.polynesiesis Primarily a daytime feeder Lives around human habitation (Women and children summer time or rainny season)
The host: all susceptible if never came across dengue fever.
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How dengue virus cause the disease?
(pathogenesis and clinical presentations)
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Dengue virus
Blood stream
Mononuclear-phagocyte system
second viremia Antigen antibody complexes
complement
system
incubation
Lymphadenopathy,hepatomegly
Bone marrow depress
Vascular permeability↑
Rash, haemarrhagic
fever
Bone pains,etc
Imfllamatory materials
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risk factors for DHF
Important risk factors for DHF include Virus factors:
the serotype :2 is the predominating the strain: virulent strain
Host factors: genetic predisposition the age
Children : experienced a precious dengue infection Infants with waning levels of maternal dengue antibod
y. immune status: if there are enhancing Ab.
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Enchancing antibody
heterotypic antibodies
enhancement of virus replication in macrophages
worsen the condition
A mechanism of DHF/DSS
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Neutralizing antibody to Dengue 1 virus
1
1
Dengue 1 virus 1
Homologous Antibodies( 同型抗体 ) Form Non-infectious Complexes
Non-neutralizing antibody
1
1 Complex formed by neutralizing antibody and virus
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2
2
2
2
22
2
22
2
Heterologous ( 异型的 )Complexes Enter More Monocytes, Where Virus Replicates
Non-neutralizing antibody
Dengue 2 virus 2
Complex formed by non-neutralizing antibody and Dengue 2 virus
2
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First infection
heterotypic antibodies
fail to neutralize virus of the other serum type infection
the number of infected monocytes
activation of cytotoxic lymphocytes
rapid release of cytokines
plasma leakage
viral uptake and the replication in the mononuclear phagocytes.
haemorrhage Haemoconcentrationor shock
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pathophysiological changes occur in DHF/DSS:
Increased vascular permeability haemoconcentration(Hct>20%) low pulse pressure other signs of shock. Disorder in haemostaisis : vascular changes thrombocytopenia coagulopathy.
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CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS Incubation: 5-8 days Clinical features depend on the age of t
he patient:Infants and young children undifferentiated febrile disease, with maculapapular rash.Older children and adults either a mild febrile syndrome or the classic disease.
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Manifestation Of Dengue Virus Infections
ASYMPTOMATICASYMPTOMATIC
DSS
SYMPTOMATICSYMPTOMATIC
Without haemorrhage
With unusual haemorrhage
No shock
Undifferentiated Fever
Dengue Fever
DengueHaemorrhagicFever
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Undifferentiated Fever
the most common manifestation of dengue
87% of students infected were either
asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic
studies including all age- groups also
demonstrate silent transmission
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Dengue fever (DF)
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1. fever Abrupt onset, rising to 39.5-41.4 C Accompanied by frontal or retro-orbital headache Pain behind the eyes chillness Last 1-7 days Biphasic: defervesce for 1-2 days recurring with second rash but :T not as high
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2. Bone pains
break bone fever is the another name of DF
After onset of fever May last several weeks Increase in severity Most common in legs, joints, and lumbar
spine; With muscular and joint pains.
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3. Rash first rash: first 1-2 days of fever, transient,
generalized, macular and blanching; Second rash
3-6 days. morbilliforms , maculopapular , rubella type Involving the trunk first, spreading to the face
and extremities, sparing palms and soles. other rash: petechiae
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4. Hemorrhage
Skin hemorrhages: petechiae, purpura
Gingival bleeding Nasal bleeding GI bleeding: hematemesis,
melena, hematochezia Hematuria Increased menstrual flow
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Physical exams(1) Fever
Conjunctival injection, pharyngeal erythema
Rash: Measles-like rash over chest and upper limbs
Generalized lymphadenopathy
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Physical exams(2) :
Tourniquet Test
Method: Inflate blood pressure cuff to a point: midway between systolic and di
astolic pressure for 5 minutes
Positive test: 20 or more petechiae per 1 inch2
(6.25 cm2)
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Clinical forms of DF(china) Mild type
Typical type
Severe type: Unusual bleedings meningoencephalitis
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Presentations ofDHF/DSS(1)
high fever: remains >39 for 2-7days hepatomegaly : varies in size common haemorrhage
bleeding at venepuncture sites (coagulopathy) GI bleeding
Evidence of plasma leakage: a rise in hematocrit (Hct):=>20% pleural effusion ,ascites , hypoproteinemia
a distinctive laboratory finding : Moderate to marked thrombocytopenia with concurrent haemoconcentration
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DSS(2)=DHF+SHOCK at the end of the febrile phase signs of circulatory disturbance
sweat, cool extremities restless rapid ,weak pulse hypotension
varying severity less severe: transient recover spontaneously more severe: uncorrected Shock ensues: metabolic acidosis, severe bleeding
Patient may dies or recovers within 12-24hours
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finding DF DHF
(+1-25%,++26-50%,+++51-75%,++++76-100%)
Fever ++++ ++++Petechiae ++ ++Lymphadenopathy ++ ++GI bleeding + +
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finding DF DHF
Maculopapular rash ++ +Myalgia/arthralgia +++ +Leukopenia ++++ ++
Thrombocytopenia ++ ++++Positive tourniquet test ++ ++++Hepatomegaly 0 ++++Shock 0 ++
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Lab tests(1)
Clinical laboratory tests CBC-- Leukopenia is typical; thrombocytopenia , hematocrit Liver function tests : Albumin
Urine--check for microscopic hematuria
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Lab tests(2) :Dengue-specific tests
serologic tests: Antibody assay useful for documenting: IgM and complement fixing (CF)Ab : short –lived Fourfold increase in titer between acute and convalescent sera
Viral antigen or viral RNA by PCR : prove the diagnosis
Virus isolation: grown in vertebrate and mosquito cell lines Virus is best isolated from serum: febrile patients. but are difficult
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ELISA Test for Serologic Diagnosis
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Virus Isolation:Cell Culture
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Virus Isolation:Mosquito Inoculation
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Virus Isolation:Fluorescent Antibody Test
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Diagnosis of DF
Epidemiological evidences Clinical presentations Lab tests:
Routine test: for monitoring the severity serologic tests: for clinical diagnosis Virus isolate: to distinguish the serum types.
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four criteria for DHF
Fever , last for 2-7days at least one of Hemorrhage evidences Thrombocytopenia :PLT<100,000/mm3
Evidence of plasma leakage: a rise in Hct:>=20% pleural effusion ,ascites and
hypoprotinemia
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Diagnosis criteria for DSS
four criteria for DHF Evidence of shock
sweat, restless, cool extremities rapid ,weak pulse narrowing of pulse
pressure<2.7kpa hypotension
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Differencial diagnosisInclude a wide spectrum of viral
bacterial
Parasitic infections
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prognosis
Self-limit disease Convalescence may be prolonged
with weakness and mental depression Continued bone pains, bradycardia
Survival is related to early hospitalization aggressive supportive care
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Treatment of DF
complicated, no specific trx Fluid replacement: adequate hydration Bed Rest Antipyretics
acetaminophen (if no liver dysfunction) No aspirin(association with Reye syndrome ), steroids, avoid NSAIDS(anticoagulant
properties).
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Continuous Monitoring of
VS Diuresis,mental status Evidence of bleeding Hydration status Evidence of increased vascular permeabilit
y hematocrit, platelet count(manual)
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Management for DHF
Prevent and Treatment of shock: mild to moderate isotonic dehydration (5%-8% deficit)
Iv crystalloids ; colloids; central line Correct electrolyte abnormalities and acidemia Monitor the vital signs: avoid hypovolemia or fluid overload.
therapy for DIC: if indicated Unknown effective = steroid ,immune globulin
platelet transfusions
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prevention
Three operations must be conducted
isolation of patients.
emergency mosquito control simultaneously
Personal protection
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vaccine
no vaccine currently available research is underway for the
development of a vaccine. vaccine will not available for 5 to 10
years. as
it must provide immunity to all 4 serotypes Lack of dengue animal model
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Personal protection
remain in well-screened or completely enclosed, air-conditioned areas;
wear light-colored clothing with full-length pant legs and sleeves;
use insect repellent on exposed skin. Use netting when sleeping
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Discharge criteria
afebrile for 24 h appetite clinical improvement 3 days post sho
ck
Stable Hct Platelets 50,000/mm3
Eupnea: No respiratory distress from pleural effusions/ascites
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Common Misconceptions about DHF
Dengue + bleeding = DHF Need 4 WHO criteria, capillary permeability
DHF kills only by hemorrhage Patient dies as a result of shock
Poor management turns dengue into DHF Poorly managed dengue can be more severe,
but DHF is a distinct condition, which even well-treated patients may develop
Positive tourniquet test = DHF Tourniquet test is a nonspecific indicator of
capillary fragility
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Rehydrating Patients Over 40 kg
Volume required: twice the recommended maintenance volume
Formula for calculating maintenance volume: 1500 + 20 x (weight in kg - 20)
For example 55 kg patient: maintenance volume : 1500 + 20 x (55-20) = 2200 ml For this patient, the rehydration volume
would be 2 x 2200, or 4400 ml
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Dengue virus infection
Asymptomatic
symptomatic
Undifferentiated fever (viral syndrome)
dengue hemorrhagic fever (plasma leakage)
dengue fever syndrome
no shock
DSS
Without hemorrhage
with unusual hemorrhage
DF DHF
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Fever
tournigeut test(+) Increased vascular permeability
heptomegaly
thrombocytopenia
Dengue infection
Other haemorrhagic manifestations Leakage
of plasma
Rising haematocrit
Hypoproteinaemia
Serous effusioncoapulopathy
hypovolaemia
shock
DIC
Severe bleeding
death
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Antiinflamatory agentsMonitor vital sings q2hProvide oral hydration
Same as above +type and cross match
Determine PT AND PTT
Same as above+ iv isotonic fluids,monitor q30mins,
follow urine output
Same as above+Iv colloids or plasma
Provide critical care support
1.Four Criteria for DHF
1+spontaneaous bleeding
1+Sings of shock:hypotention
1+undetectalbe pulse
and blood pressure
Grade 1
Grade 2
Grade 3
Grade 4