Demographics, version 2.0 (RCS-Dem 2.0) CODE BOOK · A note regarding labeling: The variable names...

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Religious Characteristics of States Dataset Project

Demographics, version 2.0 (RCS-Dem 2.0)

CODE BOOK

Davis Brown

Non-Resident Fellow Baylor University Institute for Studies of Religion

[email protected]

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank the following persons for their assistance, without which this project could not

have been completed. First and foremost, my co-principal investigator, Patrick James. Among faculty

and researchers, I thank Brian Bergstrom, Peter W. Brierley, Peter Crossing, Abe Gootzeit, Todd Johnson,

Barry Sang, and Sanford Silverburg. I also thank the library staffs of the following institutions: Assembly

of God Theological Seminary, Catawba College, Maryville University of St. Louis, St. Louis Community

College System, St. Louis Public Library, University of Southern California, United States Air Force

Academy, University of Virginia, and Washington University in St. Louis. Last but definitely not least, I

thank the following research assistants: Nolan Anderson, Daniel Badock, Rebekah Bates, Matt Breda,

Walker Brown, Marie Cormier, George Duarte, Dave Ebner, Eboni “Nola” Haynes, Thomas Herring, and

Brian Knafou.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction 3

Citation 3

Updates 3

Territorial and Temporal Coverage 4

Regional Coverage 4

Religions Covered 4

Majority and Supermajority Religions 6

Table of Variables 7

Sources, Methods, and Documentation 22

Appendix A: Territorial Coverage by Country 26

Double-Counted Countries 61

Appendix B: Territorial Coverage by UN Region 62

Appendix C: Taxonomy of Religions 67

References 74

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Introduction

The Religious Characteristics of States Dataset (RCS) was created to fulfill the unmet need for a dataset

on the religious dimensions of countries of the world, with the state-year as the unit of observation. The

first phase, Demographics (RCS-Dem), provides data on the population and percentages of adherents of

100 religious denominations or categories in each country for which coverage is provided. It is designed

expressly for easy merger with datasets of the Correlates of War and Polity projects, datasets by the

United Nations, the Religion And State datasets by Jonathan Fox, and the ARDA national profiles.

Citation

Davis Brown and Patrick James. 2017. Religious Characteristics of State Dataset: Demographics, version

2.0. http://www.thearda.com/Archive/Files/Descriptions/BROWN.asp.

An article of record is due for publication in Journal of Conflict Resolution in 2018.

Updates since version 1.1

In version 2.0, the temporal range has been updated to 2015 (from 2010) and coverage for a few

countries has been expanded further back in time (notably Iceland). The territorial coverage has been

expanded to include all micro-states, as well as all geographically separated dependencies. Many

polynomial and exponential curves used for interpolation and extrapolation were further refined.

Additional descriptor variables were added to facilitate merging with data from the United Nations, and

the ARDA National Profiles, and the Religion And State (RAS) dataset by Jonathan Fox.

Names of variables have been adjusted to better accommodate the ARDA’s standard truncating

practice. All variable names now have a maximum of 7 characters, to accommodate placement of

suffixes when using RCS in dyadic observations.

The following religions’ ID numbers have been adjusted:

Religion Old ID New ID

Other Catholic 1230 1270

Other Extra-Canonical Christian 1813 1817

Other Non-Trinitarian Christian 1824 1827

Other Liminal Christian 1830 1870

Mandaean 2700 2500

Other Sunni 3150 3170

Other Shiite 3240 3270

Other (Non-Liminal) Muslim 3400 3700

Other Liminal Muslim 3830 3870

Sikh 4700 4800

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Religion Old ID New ID

Other Buddhist 6400 6700

Other Indigenous Religionist 8300 8700

The Codebook, Appendix A, now includes the country code (ccode) for each country and more clearly

differentiates independent states from dependencies and other subnational entities.

RCS-Dem v. 2.0 introduces an additional feature: regional totals. For each region demarcated by the

United Nations, including the entire world, RCS-Dem estimates religious demographics for the entire

region (including dependencies) from 2015 back to the first year of common coverage. These estimates

are provided in a separate dataset.

Territorial and Temporal Coverage

Version 2.0 of the demographics data covers 220 independent states, 26 selected sub-state entities, and

41 geographically separated dependencies, through the year 2015 and beginning at the year 1900 or

earlier. The main dataset covers 42,747 state-years and features 225 variables, for a total of 9,618,075

individual datapoints. Appendix A details the precise coverage for each country/entity.

Regional Coverage

A new feature, introduced in version 2.0, is a separate dataset in which country variables are summed

up to generate estimates for UN-demarcated regions. Those regions in turn are totaled to generate

estimates for the entire world. The variables in the regional dataset are identical to those in the main

dataset, with the following exceptions: (1) a four-letter regional abbreviation (rabbrev) replaces the

standard three-letter country abbreviations (abbrev, iso3), and (2) only UN numeric codes (uncode) are

provided, since other coding systems do not provide numeric codes for regions. This secondary dataset

covers 30 regions in 3774 region-years and features 216 variables, for a total of 815,184 individual

datapoints. Appendix B details the precise territorial and temporal coverage for each region.

Religions Covered

A taxonomy of religions covered in RCS, along with their numerical identifiers, is provided at Appendix C.

RCS introduces several new composite categories: Western and Eastern Christian, East Asian and

Buddhist Complexes, and two Liminal categories. Each composite has been created to facilitate the

management of variables of religions with key commonalities, and each one now is explained in turn.

Western and Eastern Christian. The Western Christian category consists of Latin-Rite Catholic, Extended

Protestant, and most Liminal Christian denominations. These three branches (a) possess a common

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scriptural root (they all treat the New Testament as canon); (b) dominate and coexist in largely the same

geographic regions; and (c) feature a common heritage (i.e., Protestantism and Liminal Christianity split

off from their parent denominations about 500 and 200 years ago, respectively). Although they do have

some different beliefs and structures – for example, the Catholic branch is considerably more

hierarchical than the Protestant – they also have similar ethical structures, including political ethics. This

is especially true in the security studies context, for their war ethics are similar enough that they are

often treated together (Johnson 1975, 1987; Cahill 1994; Brown 2008). The dataset also includes

separate variables for each branch (and including this category presents no impediment to users who do

not need it). The Eastern Christian category is added solely for completeness; no other justification for

combining those denominations is offered.

East Asian Complex and Buddhist Complex. The East Asian and Buddhist Complexes are closely related.

The East Asian Complex is Shintoism, Confucianism, Taoism, and Chinese Folk Religion combined. The

Buddhist Complex category is Shintoism, Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism combined. Despite the

differences in many of the philosophies and worldviews of Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, and Shinto,

it is appropriate for these purposes to amalgamate them, for two reasons.

One reason is that Buddhism (usually Mahayana) has been imported into and widely accepted in the

countries in which the other three religions have thrived; the sheer volume of the Mahayana Buddhist

literature (Conze 1997: 295) discourages unity in belief or canon, and a variety of sects have emerged in

China, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam, each flavored by the background of other, indigenous religious and

philosophical traditions. In turn, Buddhism has influenced those indigenous traditions as well (Kitagawa

1990; 154; McGreal 1995: passim; Zaehner 1997: 293-373). Furthermore, many great thinkers in East

Asia and India were versed in more than one religion (McGreal 1995). In China specifically, traditional

society is often characterized as being a syncretic of Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism (Nyitray

2006); interestingly, the Oxford volume on global religions (Juergensmeyer 2006) groups the three

religions together. In Japan, Buddhism and Shinto have become so closely intertwined with other

(mostly East Asian) religions as to form a “single religious complex” (Kisala 2009: 89). Furthermore,

Confucianist philosophy historically has been influential outside China; for example, it was the official

theology of the Tokugawa shogunate in Japan (Kitagawa 1990: 153), and of the Choson dynasty in Korea

(Lancaster 2006). However, the Chinese Folk religion is practiced outside the institutional forms of the

other religions in the Buddhist Complex and therefore it is not included in it (Jochim 2006: 125).

Amalgamating these four religions makes sense for a second reason. The sources of religious

demographic data indicate that in East Asia, especially China and Japan, individuals often affiliate with

more than one religion in tandem—usually a mixture of Buddhism or Confucianism with one of the

other two (CIA 1981-2008; Zaehner 1997: 357; Juergensmeyer 2006: 69-172 passim). The trait often

renders it nearly impossible to disaggregate these four religions from each other. Variables that focus on

Buddhism and other East Asian religions are constructed with that problem in mind. Data is provided

separately for Theravada, Mahayana, and Tibetan Buddhism, and on each East Asian Complex religion.

Measurements of “pure” Buddhism (not combined with other religions) often do not provide

meaningful results because (1) they exclude most Asian countries in which Mahayana Buddhism is

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common (many people in those countries are not “purely” Buddhist), and (2) “pure” Buddhism is

dominant in too few states to yield results that are consistently statistically significant.

Liminal categories. This term designates groups of denominations of Christianity and Islam that identify

as Christian and Muslim, respectively, but which depart significantly from the theology or canon of the

other major branches. They are so different from the others that their claims of Christian and Muslim

identity are often disputed. The major denominations include the Latter-Day Saints and Jehovah’s

Witnesses within Christianity, and the Druzes and Ahmadiyya within Islam. They are sometimes referred

to as “marginal” or “schismatic” denominations in other sources.

Majority and Supermajority Religions

The Majority Religion variable denotes the narrowest denomination of the majority of the population,

defined as the next whole number greater than 50% of the total estimated population. For example, if

the state were 30% Roman Catholic (Latin-Rite), 25% Lutheran, and 45% Indigenous, then the Majority

Religion ID would be coded as 1100 (Western Christian). If no major world religion is known to have a

majority, then the variable is coded 0.

The Supermajority Religion variable denotes the narrowest denomination of the supermajority of the

population, defined as 66 2/3% of the total estimated population or the next whole number greater

than that. If no major world religion is known to have a supermajority, then the variable is coded 0.

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Variables

Here follows a catalogue of the labels and definitions of all variables in the dataset.

A note regarding labeling: The variable names have been truncated to a 7-character maximum, to enable users following the 8-character-maximum convention to append these names with 1 or 2 (or A or B) without violating that convention.

Table of Variables

Descriptors

ccode Country Code assigned by RCS, generally following Correlates of War

See Appendix A for codes by country

abbrev 3-letter abbreviation assigned by RCS, generally following COW

See Appendix A for abbreviations by country

scode Country Code in Systemic Peace dataset (Polity)

Field missing if state-year missing from Polity dataset

sabbrev 3-letter abbreviation in Systemic Peace dataset (Polity)

Field missing if state-year missing from Polity dataset

ardaid Country Code assigned by Association of Religion Data Archives (ARDA)

Field missing if state not included in ARDA National Profiles

numiso Country Code assigned by International Standards Organization (used by Religion And State dataset)

Field missing if state not included in ISO 3166

iso3 3-letter abbreviation assigned by International Standards Organization (used by Religion And State dataset)

Field missing if state not included in ISO 3166

uncode Country/Region Code assigned by United Nations

Field missing if state not assigned code by UN

indep Whether state is independent on December 31 of observed year

1=yes, 0=no

inpolit Whether state is in Polity dataset at any time during observed year

1=yes, 0=no

incow Whether state is in COW dataset at any time during observed year

1=yes, 0=no

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Majority/Supermajority Religions

majid ID code of religion of majority of population (50% plus one)

unordered categorical; codes correspond to Religion ID in this table; 0=none

supid ID code of religion of supermajority of population (66 2/3 % or greater)

unordered categorical; codes correspond to Religion ID in this table; 0=none

Total Population

totpp RCS estimate of total population

relpp Total population of known religionists (vice non-religionists)

relpc Total percentage of known religionists (vice non-religionists)

Christian

chrpp (1000) Population of Christians

All denominations combined; incl. liminal but not syncretic

chrpc (1000) Percentage of Christians

uchrpp (1001) Population of unspecified Christians

All known Christians of unknown classification; also used when sum of branches departs from best estimate of total Christians; negative number denotes double-affiliates

uchrpc (1001) Percentage of unspecified Christians

wchrpp (1100) Population of Western Christians

Combined Catholic less non-Latin-rite Catholic, Extended Protestant, and Liminal Christian less Other Liminal Christian, less double-affiliates

wchrpc (1100) Percentage of Western Christians

echrpp (1150) Population of Eastern Christians

Combined non-Latin-rite Catholic and Orthodox, less double-affiliates; not incl. Nestorian

echrpc (1150) Percentage of Eastern Christians

Catholic

catpp (1200) Population of Catholics

Combined Catholic within and ex-Roman Catholic Church

catpc (1200) Percentage of Catholics

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rccpp (1220) Population of Roman Catholics

Combined Latin- and non-Latin-rite Catholics within Roman Cath. Ch.

rccpc (1220) Percentage of Roman Catholics

rclpp (1222) Population of Latin-Rite Roman Catholics

rclpc (1222) Percentage of Latin-Rite Roman Catholics

rcnpp (1223) Population of Non-Latin-Rite Roman Catholics

Combined Armenian Catholic, Coptic Catholic, Ethiopian Catholic, Mar Thoma, Syrian Catholic; incl. Alexandrine and Antiochan rites

rcnpc (1223) Percentage of Non-Latin-Rite Roman Catholics

ocatpp (1270) Population of Other Catholics

Catholics churches not within Roman Catholic Church; incl. Anglo-Roman, Conservative Catholic, Old Catholic, Reformed Catholic, other Catholic incl. Polish National Catholic

ocatpc (1270) Percentage of Other Catholics

Extended Protestant

xprtpp (1300) Population of Extended Protestants

Combined Protestant, Anglican, Pentecostal

xprtpc (1300) Percentage of Extended Protestants

ptanpp (1320) Population of Protestants and Anglicans

Combined Protestant and Anglican; not incl. Pentecostal

ptanpc (1320) Percentage of Protestants and Anglicans

ptpnpp (1330) Population of Protestants and Pentecostals

Combined Protestant and Pentecostal; not incl. Anglican

ptpnpc (1330) Percentage of Protestants and Pentecostals

Protestant

prtpp (1400) Population of Protestants

Not incl. Anglican or Pentecostal

prtpc (1400) Percentage of Protestants

uprtpp (1401) Population of unspecified Protestants

All known Protestants of unknown classifications; also used when sum of denominations departs from best estimate of total Protestants; negative number denotes double-affiliates

uprtpc (1401) Percentage of unspecified Protestants

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lutpp (1410) Population of Lutherans

lutpc (1410) Percentage of Lutherans

refpp (1420) Population of Reformed Protestants

Combined Presbyterial, Congregational, unspecified

refpc (1420) Percentage of Reformed Protestants

urefpp (1421) Population of unspecified Reformed Protestants

Known Reformed Protestants of unknown classification; incl. French Reformed

urefpc (1421) Percentage of unspecified Reformed Protestants

prspp (1422) Population of Presbyterial Reformed Protestants

Incl. Calvinist, German/Dutch/Hungarian/Scottish Reformed, Presbyterian

prspc (1422) Percentage of Presbyterial Reformed Protestants

cngpp (1423) Population of Congregational Reformed Protestants

Congregationalist Reformed churches

cngpc (1423) Percentage of Congregational Reformed Protestants

abppp (1430) Population of Anabaptists, Brethen, and Pietists

Combined due to common emphasis on Godly living and withdrawal from temporal life (Mead Hill & Atwood 2005: 148-9, 166-8); incl. German Baptist (Dunker), Mennonites, Amish, Moravian

abppc (1430) Percentage of Anabaptists, Brethen, and Pietists

bappp (1440) Population of Baptists

bappc (1440) Percentage of Baptists

advpp (1450) Population of Adventists

Mostly but not exclusively Seventh-Day Adventist

advpc (1450) Percentage of Adventists

wespp (1460) Population of Wesleyans

All denominations following John Wesley; incl. Methodist, Holiness, and Salvationist churches incl. Salvation Army

wespc (1460) Percentage of Wesleyans

mprtpp (1470) Population of Multidenominational Protestants

Incl. German Lutheran-Reformed Churches, United/ing Churches

mprtpc (1470) Percentage of Multidenominational Protestants

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oprtpp (1480) Population of Other Protestants

All otherwise unclassified Protestant denominations; incl. Christian Brethren, Disciplist, Exclusive Brethren, Fundamentalist, Quaker, Waldensian

oprtpc (1480) Percentage of Other Protestants

Quasi-Protestant

qprtpp (1500) Population of Quasi-Protestants

Combined Anglican & Pentecostal

qprtpc (1500) Percentage of Quasi-Protestants

angpp (1510) Population of Anglicans

Incl. Episcopal

angpc (1510) Percentage of Anglicans

penpp (1520) Population of Pentecostals

Incl. denominations classified in Barrett Kurian & Johnson (2001) as Pen, PeA, Pe1, Pe2, Pe3, 3a*, 3f*, 3j*, 3n*, 3o*, 3p*, 3v*, 3w*, 3xK, 3xL

penpc (1520) Percentage of Pentecostals

Orthodox

ortpp (1600) Population of Orthodox

All Orthodox combined

ortpc (1600) Percentage of Orthodox

uortpp (1601) Population of unspecified Orthodox

All known Orthodox of unknown classification; incl. Old Calendarist, Reformed Orthodox

uortpc (1601) Percentage of unspecified Orthodox

oortpp (1610) Population of Oriental Orthodox

Orthodox churches that rejected Council of Chalcedon dogma of Jesus as one person in two natures; incl. Armenian Apostolic, Coptic, Ethipian, Malankara, Syriac; not incl. Alexandrian or Antiochan rites

oortpc (1610) Percentage of Oriental Orthodox

eortpp (1620) Population of Eastern Orthodox

Ethnic European (e.g. Greek, Russian) and Arabic Orthodox, Old Believer, Paulician/Bogomil, True Orthodox

eortpc (1620) Percentage of Eastern Orthodox

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Other (Non-Liminal) Christian

ochrpp (1700) Population of Other Non-Liminal Christians

All known non-Liminal Christians not otherwise classified; incl. non-denominational, unspecified charismatic and neo-charismatic, messianic incl. Messianic Jews, Nestorians, ecumenical, schismatics ex-Anglican/ Orthodox/Protestant, non-Protestant evangelical, homosexualist churches, and all other independent churches

ochrpc (1700) Percentage of Other Non-Liminal Christians

Liminal Christian

lchrpp (1800) Population of Liminal Christians

Combined extra-canonical and non-trinitarian Christian denominations

lchrpc (1800) Percentage of Liminal Christians

ulchpp (1801) Population of unspecified Liminal Christians

All known Liminal Christians of unknown classification

ulchpc (1801) Percentage of unspecified Liminal Christians

eccpp (1810) Population of Extra-Canonical Christians

Christian Denominations recognizing canon in addition to Bible/ Apocrypha

eccpc (1810) Percentage of Extra-Canonical Christians

ldspp (1812) Population of Latter-Day Saints (Mormons)

All denominations following Joseph Smith

ldspc (1812) Percentage of Latter-Day Saints (Mormons)

oeccpp (1817) Population of Other Extra-Canonical Christians

All Extra-Canonical Christians otherwise unclassified; incl. Gnostics, Christian Scientists

oeccpc (1817) Percentage of Other Extra-Canonical Christians

ntcpp (1820) Population of Non-Trinitarian Christians

Otherwise Christian denominations not recognizing Trinity or divinity of Jesus

ntcpc (1820) Percentage of Non-Trinitarian Christians

jwtpp (1822) Population of Jehovah’s Witnesses

All denominations following Charles Taze Russell

jwtpc (1822) Percentage of Jehovah’s Witnesses

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unipp (1823) Population of Unitarians

Incl. Unitarian/Universalist

unipc (1823) Percentage of Unitarians

ontcpp (1827) Population of Other Non-Trinitarian Christians

All Non-Trinitarian Christians otherwise unclassified; incl. Christadelphians, Divine Scientists, Swedenborgians, Unification Church

ontcpc (1827) Percentage of Other Non-Trinitarian Christians

olchpp (1870) Population of Other Liminal Christians

All Liminal Christian denominations not otherwise classified; incl. Liberal Catholic, Children of God

olchpc (1870) Percentage of Other Liminal Christians

Christian Syncretic

csynpp (1900) Population of Christian Syncretics

Mostly African and New World African spiritist and spiritualist denominations; incl. New World Voodoo (but not African Vodun), Santeria, Winta, Umbanda, Rastafarians, Pal Cristiano, African Zion(ist) Christians

csynpc (1900) Percentage of Christian Syncretics

csynds (1900) Description of Christian Syncretics (string)

Jewish

jewpp (2100) Population of Jews

All Jewish denominations and sects combined; insufficient data or numbers to subdivide

jewpc (2100) Percentage of Jews

Mandaean

manpp (2500) Population of Mandaeans

All Mandaean denominations and sects combined; Insufficient data or numbers to subdivide

manpc (2500) Percentage of Mandaeans

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Muslim

muspp (3000) Population of Muslims

All branches and sects combined; incl. liminal but not syncretic

muspc (3000) Percentage of Muslims

umuspp (3001) Population of unspecified Muslims

All known Muslims of unknown classification; also used when sum of branches departs from best estimate of total Muslims; negative number denotes double-affiliates

umuspc (3001) Percentage of unspecified Muslims

Sunni

sunpp (3100) Population of Sunni Muslims

All Sunni schools combined

sunpc (3100) Percentage of Sunni Muslims

usunpp (3101) Population of unspecified Sunni Muslims

All known Sunnis of unknown classification

usunpc (3101) Percentage of unspecified Sunni Muslims

hnfpp (3110) Population of Hanafi Sunnis

Adherents of Hanafi school of Islamic jurisprudence

hnfpc (3110) Percentage of Hanafi Sunnis

mlkpp (3120) Population of Maliki Sunnis

Adherents of Maliki school of Islamic jurisprudence

mlkpc (3120) Percentage of Maliki Sunnis

shfpp (3130) Population of Shafii Sunnis

Adherents of Shafii school of Islamic jurisprudence

shfpc (3130) Percentage of Shafii Sunnis

hnbpp (3140) Population of Hanbali Sunnis

Adherents of Hanbali school of Islamic jurisprudence; incl. Wahhabi

hnbpc (3140) Percentage of Hanbali Sunnis

osunpp (3170) Population of Other Sunnis

All known Sunni denominations not otherwise classified

osunpc (3170) Percentage of Other Sunnis

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Shiite

shipp (3200) Population of Shiites

All Shia schools, branches, and sects combined

shipc (3200) Percentage of Shiites

ushipp (3201) Population of unspecified Shiites

All known Shiites of unknown classification

ushipc (3201) Percentage of unspecified Shiites

twlpp (3210) Population of Twelvers

Followers of the school of 12 imams; incl. Bektashi

twlpc (3210) Percentage of Twelvers

utwlpp (3211) Population of unspecified Twelvers

All known Twelvers of unknown classification

utwlpc (3211) Percentage of unspecified Twelvers

jafpp (3212) Population of Jafari Twelvers

Incl. Usuli, Akhbari, Shaykhi

jafpc (3212) Percentage of Jafari Twelvers

batpp (3213) Population of Batini Twelvers

Incl. Alawites, Nusayris, Alevis

batpc (3213) Percentage of Batini Twelvers

ismpp (3220) Population of Ismailis (Seveners)

Followers of the school recognizing Ismail bin Jafar as the 7th and last imam

ismpc (3220) Percentage of Ismailis (Seveners)

zaypp (3230) Population of Zaydis

Followers of the Zaydi sect of Shia Islam

zaypc (3230) Percentage of Zaydis

oshipp (3270) Population of Other Shiites

All known Shiites not otherwise classified

oshipc (3270) Percentage of Other Shiites

Khariji

khapp (3300) Population of Khariji Muslims

All Khariji Muslims combined

khapc (3300) Percentage of Khariji Muslims

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ibapp (3310) Population of Ibadi Muslims

All Ibadi schools, branches, and denominations combined

ibapc (3310) Percentage of Ibadi Muslims

Other (Non-Liminal) Muslim

omuspp (3700) Population of Other Non-Liminal Muslims

All known non-Liminal Muslims not otherwise classified

omuspc (3700) Percentage of Other Non-Liminal Muslims

Liminal Muslim

lmuspp (3800) Population of Liminal Muslims

Identifiers as Muslim but with significant differences in theology and/or canon

lmuspc (3800) Percentage of Liminal Muslims

drzpp (3810) Population of Druzes

All Druze schools, branches, and denominations combined

drzpc (3810) Percentage of Druzes

ahmpp (3820) Population of Ahmadi Muslims

All Ahmadi schools, branches, and denominations combined

ahmpc (3820) Percentage of Ahmadi Muslims

olmupp (3870) Population of Other Liminal Muslims

All known Liminal Muslims not otherwise classified; incl. Nation of Islam

olmupc (3870) Percentage of Other Liminal Muslims

Muslim Syncretic

msynpp (3900) Population of Muslim Syncretics

Incl. Yezidis

msynpc (3900) Percentage of Muslim Syncretics

msynds (3900) Description of Muslim Syncretics (string)

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Zoroastrian

zorpp (4100) Population of Zoroastrians

All Zoroastrian denominations and sects combined; incl. Parsi, Irani; insufficient data or numbers to subdivide

zorpc (4100) Percentage of Zoroastrians

Bahai

bahpp (4300) Population of Bahais

All Bahai denominations and sects combined; insufficient data or numbers to subdivide

bahpc (4300) Percentage of Bahais

Jain

jaipp (4500) Population of Jains

All Jain denominations and sects combined; insufficient data or numbers to subdivide

jaipc (4500) Percentage of Jains

Sikh

sikpp (4800) Population of Sikhs

All Sikh denominations and sects combined; insufficient data or numbers to subdivide

sikpc (4800) Percentage of Sikhs

Hindu

hinpp (5000) Population of Hindus

All Hindu denominations and sects combined; insufficient data or numbers to subdivide

hinpc (5000) Percentage of Hindus

Buddhist

budpp (6000) Population of Buddhists

All branches, sects, and schools combined; incl. liminal but not syncretic

budpc (6000) Percentage of Buddhists

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ubudpp (6001) Population of unspecified Buddhists

All known Buddhists of unknown classification; incl. “Folk Buddhist” (World Religion Database); also used when sum of branches departs from best estimate of total Buddhists; negative number denotes double-affiliates

ubudpc (6001) Percentage of unspecified Buddhists

thepp (6100) Population of Theravada Buddhists

All branches, sects, and schools within Theravada Buddhism

thepc (6100) Percentage of Theravada Buddhists

mahpp (6200) Population of Mahayana Buddhists

All branches, sects, and schools within Mahayana Buddhism

mahpc (6200) Percentage of Mahayana Buddhists

tibpp (6300) Population of Tibetan Buddhists

All branches, sects, and schools within Tibetan Buddhism; incl. Vajrayana and Lamaist Buddhism

tibpc (6300) Percentage of Tibetan Buddhists

obudpp (6700) Population of Other Buddhists

All known Buddhists not otherwise classified; incl. Hoa Hao, Shaman Buddhist

obudpc (6700) Percentage of Other Buddhists

Buddhist Syncretic

bsynpp (6900) Population of Buddhist Syncretics

Incl. Cao Dai

bsynpc (6900) Percentage of Buddhist Syncretics

bsynds (6900) Description of Buddhist Syncretics (string)

East Asian Complex

eacpp (7000) Population of East Asian Religious Complex

Combined Shintoist, Confucianist, Taoist, Chinese Folk, less double-affiliates

eacpc (7000) Percentage of East Asian Religious Complex

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Shintoist

shnpp (7100) Population of Shintoists

All Shinto denominations and sects combined; insufficient data or numbers to subdivide

shnpc (7100) Percentage of Shintoists

Confucianist

cnfpp (7300) Population of Confucianists

All Confucianist denominations and sects combined; insufficient data or numbers to subdivide

cnfpc (7300) Percentage of Confucianists

Taoist

taopp (7500) Population of Taoists

All Taoist denominations and sects combined; insufficient data or numbers to subdivide

taopc (7500) Percentage of Taoists

Chinese Folk Religionist

chfpp (7700) Population of Chinese Folk Religionists

All Chinese Folk denominations and sects combined; insufficient data or numbers to subdivide

chfpc (7700) Percentage of Chinese Folk Religionists

Buddhist Complex

budcpp (7900) Population of Buddhist Complex

Combined Buddhist, Buddhist Syncretic, Shintoist, Confucianist, Taoist; not incl. Chinese Folk Religionist

budcpc (7900) Percentage of Buddhist Complex

Indigenous

indpp (8000) Population of Indigenous Religionists (Ethnoreligionists)

Combined animists, shamanist, pagans, and other ethnoreligions not otherwise classified; incl. Candomblé, Quimbanda (but not Umbanda), Kumina, Palo (but not Palo Cristiano)

indpc (8000) Percentage of Indigenous Religionists (Ethnoreligionists)

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uindpp (8001) Population of unspecified Indigenous Religionists (Ethnoreligionists)

All known Indigenous Religionists of unknown classification; also used when sum of subcategories departs from best estimate of total Indigenous Religionists; negative number denotes double-affiliates

uindpc (8001) Percentage of unspecified Indigenous Religionists (Ethnoreligionists)

anmpp (8100) Population of Animists

anmpc (8100) Percentage of Animists

shmpp (8200) Population of Shamanists

shmpc (8200) Percentage of Shamanists

oindpp (8700) Population of Other Indigenous Religionists (Ethnoreligionists)

All known Indigenous Religionists (Ethnoreligionists) not otherwise classified; incl. polytheist, pagan, neo-pagan

oindpc (8700) Percentage of Other Indigenous Religionists (Ethnoreligionists)

oindds (8700) Description of Other Indigenous Religionists (string)

New Age/Neo-Religionists

newpp (8900) Population of New Age Religionists

All adherents of recently emerged religious identities; incl. Theosophist, occultist, high spiritist, Wicca; not incl. Soka Gakkai or other recent forms of East Asian religions; insufficient data or numbers to subdivide

newpc (8900) Percentage of New Age Religionists

newds (8900) Description of New Age Religionists (string)

Not Religious

nrepp (9000) Population of Not Religious

All identities of irreligion; incl. Atheist, Agnostic, None, No Religion, Non-Religious, Not Religious

nrepc (9000) Percentage of Not Religious

unrepp (9001) Population of unspecified Not Religious

All known Not Religious of unknown classification

unrepc (9001) Percentage of Not Religious

athpp (9100) Population of Atheist

All express deniers of the existence of God and the afterlife

athpc (9100) Percentage of Atheist

- 21 -

Other Religionist

orepp (9800) Population of Other Religionists

All known religionists not otherwise classified; negative number denotes double-affiliates not allocated to any other religion

orepc (9800) Percentage of Other Religionists

oreds (9800) Description of Other Religionists (string)

Unknown

unkpp (9900) Population of Unknown

All persons of unknown religious (or irreligious) status

unkpc (9900) Percentage of Unknown

- 22 -

Sources, Methods, and Documentation

The source of each population or percentage estimate, or the method by which it is derived, is documented for every data point. This information is not provided in the final release due to considerations of space; the documentation is contained within several hundred Excel worksheets with a total size of 3.56 Gigabytes. The working files will be made available upon request (the requester must supply sufficient storage media).

Total population. Total population estimates from 1950 through 2010 are taken from the United Nations Statistics Division (United Nations 2013), for the sake of uniformity and because the most frequently used source, the World Christian Encyclopedia/World Religion Database, uses the same figures. Total population estimates prior to 1950 are taken most often from the Statesman’s Yearbook, the World Religion Database, and the Maddison Project (Bolt and van Zander 2013), depending on which sources appear to be the most precise and most reliable in light of the UNStats figures. Most total population estimates after 2010 are extrapolated from the polynomial curve best fitting estimates from 2006 through 2010. (It is our intention to update total populations and percentages as the UN Stats Division updates its estimates.) The most important and frequently used direct sources of total populations are coded as follows:

Code Source

COW Correlates of War populations, generated by EUGene (Bennett and Stam 2000)

IHS International Historical Statistics series (Mitchell 1975, 1993, 1998)

LON League of Nations Statistical Yearbook (League of Nations 1927-1945)

Maddison Maddison Project Database (Bolt and van Zanden 2013)

SYB(Cen)* Statesman’s Yearbook (1866-2014)

UNDYB Census returns reported in the United Nations Demographic Yearbook (1948-1991)

UNStats United Nations Population Statistics, 2016 Revision (United Nations 2017)

WCE01 World Christian Encyclopedia, 2nd ed. (Barrett Kurian and Johnson 2001)

WCE82 World Christian Encyclopedia (Barrett 1982)

WRD World Religion Database and World Christian Database (Johnson and Grim 2013)

* The suffix “Cen” denotes that the source is reporting the return of a census or other official survey.

Estimates between those taken from direct sources are derived through a series of curves estimated using Excel software, usually polynomial curves but occasionally exponential curves. When curves deviate from direct-source estimates, offsets are employed to fit the curves with the direct estimates. The amount of offset between direct observations is interpolated linearly.

- 23 -

Religious denomination population or percentage. Direct observations of religious demographics are taken from many sources. The most important and frequently used sources of religious demographics are coded as follows:

Code Source

CE Catholic Encyclopedia Online (Catholic Encyclopedia 1907-1912)

census doc Official reports of census returns obtained from governmental websites; all documents

and links on file with author.

COW Correlates of War, World Religion Dataset (Maoz and Henderson 2013)

CIA CIA World Factbook and National Basic Intelligence Factbook (Central Intelligence

Agency 1975-1980, 1981-2013)

EJO Encyclopaedia Judaica Online (Encyclopaedia Judaica 2007)

JE Jewish Encyclopedia (1901-1906)

JWYB Jehovah’s Witnesses Yearbook (2013-2016)

Kett(Cen)* Kettani article (Kettani 2010)

MAR Minorities at Risk Dataset (2009)

MNR Mormon News Room Online (Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints 2014)

NCE New Catholic Encyclopedia (1967)

NCE2 New Catholic Encyclopedia, 2nd ed. (2003)

Pew Pew, Muslim Populations (Pew Research Center 2009); Pew, World’s Muslims (Pew

Research Center 2012)

Prolades Census and official survey returns reported in by Prolades (2013)

RASM Religion and State Minorities Dataset (Akbaba and Fox 2011)

SDAYB Seventh-Day Adventist Yearbooks (Seventh-Day Adventist Church 1932-2012)

SYB(Cen)* Statesman’s Yearbook (1866-2014)

UNDYB Census returns reported in the United Nations Demographic Yearbook (1948-1991) and

online by the United Nations Statistics Division (2017)

WCE01 World Christian Encyclopedia, 2nd ed. (Barrett Kurian and Johnson 2001)

WCE82 World Christian Encyclopedia (Barrett 1982)

WCH World Churches Handbook (Brierley 1997)

WRD(Cen)* World Religion Database and World Christian Database (Johnson and Grim 2013)

WXH World Christian Handbook (Coxill and Grubb 1967)

YBIRD Yearbook of International Religious Demographics 2016 (2016)

* The suffix “Cen” denotes that the source is reporting the return of a census or other official survey.

- 24 -

Interpolations and Extrapolations.

The dataset employs several methods of interpolating and each one is documented when used. The

most frequently used method of interpolating is to increment in equal intervals the percentage of

adherents of the religion rather than the population. For example, if Catholics are 10% of the total

population in 1970 and 13% in 2000, then the population is estimated to be 10.1% Catholic in 1971,

10.2% in 1972, etc. Because states’ populations often rise along exponential curves, this approach

should result in the Catholic population estimates increasing along an exponential curve also.

Occasionally a denomination experiences usually high growth before leveling off. (The denominations

experiencing high growth most frequently are Pentecostal and Not Religious.) For example, suppose that

according to direct observations, a state has 1000 Pentecostals (0.01%) in 1950, 50,000 (2%) in 1970,

and 2 million (10%) in 1990. To linearly increment the percentage from year to year likely would over-

estimate the number of Pentecostals shortly after 1950 and under-estimate them shortly before 1990.

In a case like this, the number of Pentecostals is estimated instead along a population curve, almost

always with an offset to force the curve to fit the direct observations. The preferred method is to

generate an exponential curve, but polynomial curves are used frequently when the exponential curve

fits poorly. Occasionally a logarithmic curve fits best, usually when a denomination experiences sudden

high growth that quickly tapers off. Several curves may be necessary at different points along the

growth of a population, in order to arrive at estimates that better fit the direct observations. Similar

methods are used when the religion experiences a steep decline.

In very rare cases, populations of religious adherents are interpolated on a line. This method is used only

when the state acquires or loses territory, but the territorial change does not affect the population of

that religion. For example, suppose that a state has a Lutheran population of 500,000 (10%) in 1870 and

600,000 (5%) in 1880. However, in 1875 the state acquires new territory with no Lutheran population.

The percentage of Lutherans changes suddenly in 1875 but the population changes only slightly. The

best interpolation between the two direct observations may be to increment the Lutheran population

by 10,000 each year. This, however, is the least preferred method.

The RCS dataset also uses several methods for extrapolating religious populations and percentages

beyond the first or last direct observation. When the religion is relatively new in the country and its start

year is known (as is often the case for new Christian denominations and for Baha’i), then its adherents in

its first year is almost always set at 5. Occasionally this starting number is higher when the religion

experiences an unusually rapid growth soon after its introduction in the country, or when the country

already has a very large population (e.g. China). Once the start year and starting population is set, the

rules of thumb for interpolations described above take effect. When the religion’s start year is not

known, but it is known to not pre-date the beginning of the dataset’s coverage, then a start year may be

arbitrarily assigned, according to factors that would likely lead to that religion being introduced in that

country. This approach is used most often for coding the religious of Chinese and Indian immigrants, and

for the Not Religious category. When even an educated guess of the start year is not possible, and the

religion has few adherents anyway, then its data may be coded as missing before the earliest direct

observation. (This approach is often used for Christian Science.)

- 25 -

When the religion’s start year does pre-date the dataset’s coverage, or when the last direct observation

is before 2010, the preferred method of extrapolation is to continue incrementing the percentage of

adherents by the last interpolated increment. In the example above of the state with 10% Catholics in

1970 and 13% in 2000, the percentage of Catholics in 2001 would be estimated at 13.1% in 2001, 13.2%

in 2002, etc.

The method just described is not possible when the extrapolation would result in a decline to zero

adherents or a growth beyond what is possible given the other religions in the country. Indeed, this

problem brings us to the third key assumption in constructing this dataset: Once a religion is introduced

to a state, it is assumed to not die out unless other direct observations indicate, or circumstances make

it more likely than not, that it in fact did. In addition, a religion with a long-standing historical presence

in a country, but which has grown over time, is assumed to have had significantly more than zero

adherents at the start of the dataset’s coverage. When the method of extrapolating described above

violates one of these assumptions, a different method must be employed. One method is to extrapolate

the “growth pattern” of that religion. For example, a state is 0.4% Jewish in 1900 and 0.2% Jewish in

1850. The state has had a historical Jewish population for centuries (and has been independent for

centuries, therefore we wish to extrapolate back to 1800). The standard interpolation method is to

increment the Jewish percentage by 0.004% per year from 1850 to 1900. However, to extrapolate that

growth rate back to 1800 would result in an estimate of 0% in 1800. To avoid this obviously incorrect

result, the change in percentage is extrapolated exponentially instead. In this case, since the percentage

of Jews doubled in the 50 years from 1850 to 1900, it is estimated to have doubled also in the 50 years

from 1800 to 1850. Therefore the Jewish percentage is estimated at 0.001% in 1800. This method is

used for extrapolating both backward and forward when a linear percentage extrapolation is

inappropriate.

Another frequently used method is to simply extrapolate the last observed percentage and let it be

fixed. When the state’s polity and religious environment has not changed significantly, this method may

be preferred over the extrapolating the growth pattern. In the example of the Jewish percentages

above, if the state were known to have suppressed Judaism until 1850 but relaxed its suppression

afterward, then the Jewish percentage is more likely than not to have grown after 1850 but not before.

Therefore the Jewish percentage would be fixed at 0.2% from 1850 back to 1800.

All of these methods are documented for each datapoint. Once again, the working files containing all

documentation will be made available to individual researchers upon request.

- 26 -

APPENDIX A

Territorial Coverage by Country

Bold: Independent/sovereign. Italics: Non-COW code/abbreviation.

State Name (ccode, abbrev)

Contained within Name (ccode, abbrev)

Years

Territorial Coverage

Aden Protectorate see Yemen People’s Rep. (South)

Afars and Issas, French terr. of

see Djibouti

Afghanistan (700, AFG) 1820-2015 present-day borders

Albania, as Scutari (339, ALB)

Ottoman Empire (640, TUR)

1800-1911 contemporaneous borders

Albania (339, ALB) 1912-2015 present-day borders

Algeria, as Alger (615, ALG)

Ottoman Empire (640, TUR), nominally only

1800-1829 present-day borders

Algeria, as Alger (615, ALG)


Algeria (615, ALG) 1839-1961 present-day borders

Algeria (615, ALG) 1962-2015 present-day borders

American Samoa (991, ASM)


Andorra (AND) 1900-2015 contemporaneous borders

Angola, as Portuguese West Africa (540, ANG)


Angola (540, ANG) 1975-2015 present-day borders

Anguilla (1062, AGL) St. Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla (60, SKN)


Anguilla (1062, AGL) 1980-2015 present-day borders

Antigua and Barbuda (58, AAB)

1900-1980 combined present-day borders of both islands

Antigua and Barbuda (58, AAB)


Argentina, as Rio de la Plata (160, ARG)

1800-1815 contemporaneous borders; not incl. Formosa or Misiones

Argentina (160, ARG) 1816-1873 contemporaneous borders; not incl. Formosa or Misiones

Argentina (160, ARG) 1874-2015 contemporaneous borders; incl. Formosa, Misiones

Armenia (371, ARM) Russian Empire (365, RUS)

1800-1839 contemporaneous borders of Armenian Oblast


1840-1845 contemporaneous borders of terr. within Georgia-Imeretia Governorate


1846-1917 contemporaneous borders of Erivan Governorate

- 27 -

Armenia, as Armenian SSR (371, ARM)

USSR (365, RUS) 1918-1990 contemporaneous borders

Armenia (371, ARM) 1991-2015 present-day borders

Aruba (1069, ARU) Netherlands Antilles (68, NLA)


Aruba (1069, ARU) 1986-2015 present-day borders

Ascension Island see Saint Helena (no separate coverage)

Australia (900, AUL) 1788-1900 entire continent; incl. Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Norfolk Island

Australia (900, AUL) 1901-2015 present-day borders; incl. Christmas Island; incl. Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Norfolk Island

Austria (305, AUS) Austria-Hungary (300, AUH)

1857-1917 Treaty of St.-Germain-en-Laye borders only; incl. Southern Tyrol *Note: incl. 70.6178% of pop of Austro-Hungarian Styria

Austria (305, AUS) 1918-1944 St.-Germain-en-Laye borders; incl. Southern Tyrol

Austria (305, AUS) 1945-2015 St.-Germain-en-Laye borders, not incl. Southern Tyrol

Austria-Hungary (300, AUH)

1800-1858 contemporaneous borders; incl. Cisleithania, Hungary, Galicia, Bukovina, Lombardy-Venetia


1859-1865 borders above, incl. Venetia but not Lombardy


1866-1877 incl. Cisleithania, Hungary, Galicia (with Bukovina); not incl. Lombardy, Venetia


1878-1917 incl. Cisleithania, Hungary, Galicia (with Bukovina), Bosnia & Herzegovina (under Austro-Hungarian admin. though not incorp formally until 1908)

Austrian Netherlands see Belgium

Azerbaijan (373, AZE) Russian Empire (365, RUS)

1813-1917 combined Baku & Elizabethpol Governorates, incl. Zakataly dist. ex-Tiflis

Azerbaijan, as Azer-baijani SSR (373, AZE)


Azerbaijan (373, AZE) 1991-2015 present-day borders

Baden (267, BAD) 1816-1870 contemporaneous borders

Baden (267, BAD) Germany (255, GMY) 1871-1875 contemporaneous borders

Bahamas (31, BHM) 1881-1972 contemporaneous borders

Bahamas (31, BHM) 1973-2015 present-day borders

Bahrain (692, BAH) 1900-1970 contemporaneous borders

Bahrain (692, BAH) 1971-2015 present-day borders

Banda Oriental see Uruguay

Bangladesh, as East Bengal (771, BNG)

India (750, IND) 1900-1946 present-day borders

- 28 -

Bangladesh, as East Pakistan (771, BNG)

Pakistan (770, PAK) 1947-1970 present-day borders

Bangladesh (771, BNG) 1971-2015 present-day borders

Barbados (53, BAR) 1900-1965 contemporaneous borders

Barbados (53, BAR) 1966-2015 present-day borders

Basutoland see Lesotho

Batavian Republic see Netherlands

Bavaria (245, BAV) 1816-1870 contemporaneous borders

Bavaria (245, BAV) Germany (255, GMY) 1871-1875 contemporaneous borders

Bechuanaland see Botswana

Belarus, as White Russia/Byelorussia (370, BLR)

Russian Empire (365, RUS)

1846-1917 combined Governorates of Minsk, Mogilev, & Vitebsk

Belarus, as Byelo-russian SSR (370, BLR)


Belarus, as Byelo-russian SSR (370, BLR)

USSR (365, RUS) 1945-1990 expanded contemporaneous borders

Belarus (370, BLR) 1991-2015 present-day borders

Belgian Congo see Dem. Rep. of the Congo

Belgium, as Austrian Netherlands (211, BEL)

1794-1814 contemporaneous borders; incl. Luxembourg *Note: occupied by France

Belgium (211, BEL) Netherlands (210, NTH)

1918-1829 contemporaneous borders; incl. Luxembourg

Belgium (211, BEL) 1830-1838 contemporaneous borders; incl. Luxembourg

Belgium (211, BEL) 1839-2015 contemporaneous borders; not incl. Grand Duchy of Luxembourg

Belize, as British Honduras (80, BLZ)


Belize (80, BLZ) 1973-1980 present-day borders

Belize (80, BLZ) 1981-2015 present-day borders

Benin, as (French) Dahomey (434, BEN)


Benin, as Dahomey (434, BEN)


Benin (434, BEN) 1975-2015 present-day borders

Bermuda (30, BER) 1870-2015 present-day borders

Bessarabia see Moldova

Bhutan (760, BHU) 1890-2015 contemporaneous borders

Bolivia, as Upper Peru (145, BOL)


Bolivia (145, BOL) 1825-1884 contemporaneous borders; incl. Antofagasta, Acré, Chaco

Bolivia (145, BOL) 1885-1902 contemporaneous borders, incl. Acré, Chaco; not incl. Antofagasta

- 29 -

Bolivia (145, BOL) 1903-1936 contemporaneous borders, incl. Chaco; not incl. Acré

Bolivia (145, BOL) 1937-2015 present-day borders; not incl. Chaco

Bosnia and Herze-govina (346, BOS)


1800-1877 contemporaneous borders; incl. Novi Pazar sanjak


Ottoman Empire (640, TUR) de jure, Austria-Hungary (300, AUH) de facto

1878-1907 contemporaneous borders; incl. Novi Pazar sanjak


Austria-Hungary (300, AUH) only

1908-1917 present-day borders, not incl. Novi Pazar


Yugoslavia (345, YUG) 1918-1991 present-day borders



Botswana, as Bechua-naland (571, BOT)


Botswana (571, BOT) 1966-2015 present-day borders

Brazil (140, BRA) 1800-1815 contemporaneous borders

Brazil (140, BRA) 1816-1821 contemporaneous borders; incl. Cisplatina (present-day Uruguay)

Brazil (140, BRA) 1822-1828 contemporaneous borders; incl. Cisplatina (present-day Uruguay)

Brazil (140, BRA) 1829-1902 contemporaneous borders; not incl. Uruguay

Brazil (140, BRA) 1903-2015 present-day borders; incl. Acré

British Central Africa Protectorate

see Malawi

British East Africa see Kenya

British Guiana see Guyana

British Honduras see Belize

British Togoland see Togo (no separate coverage)

British Virgin Islands (1061, BVI)


Brunei (835, BRU) 1900-1983 present-day borders

Brunei (835, BRU) 1984-2015 present-day borders

Bukovina (3605, BUK) Austria-Hungary (300, AUH)

1857-1917 contemporaneous borders; also incl. in Galicia before 1849

Bulgaria (355, BUL) Ottoman Empire (640, TUR)

1887-1907 combined contemporaneous borders of Principality & Eastern Rumelia

Bulgaria (355, BUL) 1908-1912 combined contemporaneous borders of former Principality & Eastern Rumelia

Bulgaria (355, BUL) 1913-1918 Treaty of Bucharest borders; incl. Western Thrace

Bulgaria (355, BUL) 1919-2015 Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine borders; not incl. Western Thrace but incl. southern Dobruja

- 30 -

Burma see Myanmar

Burkina Faso, as French Upper Volta (439, BFO)


Burkina Faso, as Upper Volta (439, BFO)


Burkina Faso (439, BFO)


Burundi (516, BUI) 1900-1915 present-day borders

Burundi (516, BUI) Ruanda-Urundi (515, RUI)


Burundi (516, BUI) 1962-2015 present-day borders

Byelorussia(n SSR) see Belarus

Cambodia (811, CAM) 1900-1952 contemporaneous borders

Cambodia (811, CAM) 1953-1969 contemporaneous borders

Cambodia, as Khmer Republic (811, CAM)


Cambodia, as Kampu-chea (811, CAM)


Cambodia (811, CAM) 1989-2015 present-day borders

Cameroon (471, CAO) 1900-1918 contemporaneous borders

Cameroon (471, CAO) 1919-1959 combined contemporaneous borders of British and French mandates

Cameroon (471, CAO) 1960-2015 present-day borders

Canada (20, CAN) 1700-1866 present-day borders; incl. territories not yet under British or French administration

Canada (20, CAN) 1867-2015 present-day borders; incl. territories not yet under Canadian administration

Cape Verde (402, CAP) 1900-1974 present-day borders

Cape Verde (402, CAP) 1975-2015 present-day borders

Caribbean Netherlands (1074, CNE)

Netherlands Antilles (68, NLA)

1900-2009 combined present-day borders of Bonaire, Saba, St. Eustatius *Note: ccode corresponds to Dutch Windward Islands in COW

Caribbean Netherlands (1074, CNE)

2010-2015 combined present-day borders of Bonaire, Saba, St. Eustatius *Note: ccode corresponds to Dutch Windward Islands in COW

Carniola see Slovenia

Cayman Islands (1033, CAY)


Central African Repub-lic, as southern Ubangi-Shari (482, CEN)

1900-1959 present-day borders of southern portion of French colony

Central African Republic (482, CEN)

1960-2015 present-day borders *Note: as Central African Empire 1965-1978

Ceylon see Sri Lanka

- 31 -

Chad, as northern Ubangi-Shari (483, CHA)

1900-1959 present-day borders of northern portion of French colony

Chad (483, CHA) 1960-2015 present-day borders

Channel Islands (2020, CNL)

1851-2015 combined present-day borders of Bailiwicks of Jersey & Guernsey

Chile (155, CHL) 1800-1817 contemporaneous borders; not incl. Antofagasta

Chile (155, CHL) 1818-1884 contemporaneous borders; not incl. Antofagasta

Chile (155, CHL) 1885-2015 present-day borders; incl. Antofagasta

China (710, CHN) 1800-1840 contemporaneous borders; incl. Hong Kong, Mongolia, Taiwan, Tibet; not incl. Macau

China (710, CHN) 1841-1894 contemporaneous borders; incl. Mongolia, Taiwan, Tibet; not incl. Hong Kong, Macau

China (710, CHN) 1895-1910 contemporaneous borders; incl. Mongolia, Tibet; not incl. Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan

China (710, CHN) 1911-1944 contemporaneous borders; incl. Tibet, Manchukuo; not incl. Hong Kong, Macau, Outer Mongolia (but incl. Inner Mongolia), Taiwan

China (710, CHN) 1945-1948 contemporaneous borders; incl. Taiwan, Tibet; not incl. Hong Kong, Macau

China (710, CHN) 1949-1996 contemporaneous borders; incl. Tibet; not incl. Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan

China (710, CHN) 1997-1998 contemporaneous borders; incl. Hong Kong, Tibet

China (710, CHN) 1999-2015 present-day borders; incl. Hong Kong, Macau, Tibet

Cisplatina see Uruguay

Colombia, as New Granada (100, COL)

1800-1809 contemporaneous borders; incl. Colombia proper, Ecuador, Panama, Venezuela

Colombia, as New Granada/Gran Colombia (100, COL)

1810-1829 contemporaneous borders; incl. Colombia proper, Ecuador, Panama, Venezuela

Colombia, as New Granada (100, COL)

1830-1862 contemporaneous borders; incl. Colombia proper, Panama; not incl. Ecuador, Venezuela

Colombia (100, COL) 1863-1902 contemporaneous borders; incl. Colombia proper, Panama

- 32 -

Colombia (100, COL) 1903-2015 contemporaneous borders; not incl. Panama

Colombia proper (1100, COP)

Colombia (100, COL) 1800-1902 present-day borders, within Greater Colombia

Comoros (581, COM) 1900-1907 contemporaneous borders; not incl. Mayotte

Comoros (581, COM) 1908-1913 contemporaneous borders; incl. Mayotte

Comoros (581, COM) Madagascar (580, MAG)

1914-1959 contemporaneous borders; not incl. Mayotte

Comoros (581, COM) 1960-1974 contemporaneous borders; incl. Mayotte

Comoros (581, COM) 1975-2015 present-day borders; not incl. Mayotte

Congo, Dem. Rep. see Dem. Rep. of the Congo

Congo, Rep. of, as French Congo/Middle Congo (484, CON)


Congo, Rep. of (484, CON)


Congo (Brazzaville) see Congo, Rep. of

Congo (Kinshasa) see Dem. Rep. of the Congo

Congo Free State see Dem. Rep. of the Congo

Cook Islands (925, CKI) 1900-1902 contemporaneous borders; incl. Niue

Cook Islands (925, CKI) 1903-2015 contemporaneous borders; not incl. Niue

Costa Rica (94, COS) 1741-1820 present-day borders

Costa Rica (94, COS) United Prov. Cen. America (89, UPC)


Costa Rica (94, COS) 1838-2015 present-day borders

Côte d’Ivoire, as Ivory Coast (437, CDI)


Côte d’Ivoire, as Ivory Coast (437, CDI)


Côte d’Ivoire (437, CDI) 1986-2015 present-day borders

Croatia (344, CRO) Hungary (310, HUN), within Austria-Hungary (300, AUH)

1802-1867 contemporaneous borders of Croatia proper only


1868-1880 combined contemporaneous borders of Croatia proper, Slavonia


1881-1917 combined contemporaneous borders of Croatia proper, Slavonia, Military Frontier terr.

Croatia (344, CRO) Yugoslavia (345, YUG) 1918-1945 combined contemporaneous borders of Croatia proper, Slavonia, Military Frontier terr., Dalmatia

- 33 -

Croatia (344, CRO) Yugoslavia (345, YUG) 1946-1990 combined contemporaneous borders of Croatia proper, Slavonia, Military Frontier terr., Dalmatia, terr. in Istria

Croatia (344, CRO) 1991-2015 present-day borders

Cuba (40, CUB) 1774-1897 contemporaneous borders

Cuba (40, CUB) 1898-1901 contemporaneous borders; not incl. Guantanamo Bay Naval Base

Cuba (40, CUB) 1902-2015 present-day borders; not incl. Guantanamo Bay Naval Base

Curaçao (island) (1065, CUR)



Curaçao (island) (1065, CUR)


Curaçao, Territory of see Netherlands Antilles

Cyprus (352, CYP) Ottoman Empire (640, TUR)

1800-1877 entire island

Cyprus (352, CYP) Ottoman Empire (640, TUR) de jure only


Cyprus (352, CYP) 1914-1959 entire island

Cyprus (352, CYP) 1960-2015 entire island; incl. Northern Cyprus

Cyprus, Northern (353, NCY)

Cyprus (352, CYP) 1850-2015 present-day borders of Turkish Rep. of Northern Cyprus

Czech Republic (316, CZR)


1830-1917 combined contemporaneous borders of Bohemia, Moravia


Czechoslovakia (315, CZE)

1918-1992 combined contemporaneous borders of Bohemia, Moravia





1910-1917 combined contemporaneous borders of Bohemia, Moravia, Slovakia incl. Subcarpathnian Ruthenia


1918-1944 contemporaneous borders; incl. Bohemia (incl. Sudetenland), Moravia, Czech Silesia, Slovakia, Subcarpathnian Ruthenia


1945-1992 contemporaneous borders; incl. Bohemia, Moravia, Czech Silesia, Slovakia; not incl. Subcarpathnian Ruthenia

Dahomey see Benin

Dalmatia (3443, DAL) Austria-Hungary (300, AUH)


Dalmatia (3443, DAL) Croatia (344, CRO), within Yugoslavia (345, YUG)

1918 contemporaneous borders

Danish West Indies see United States Virgin Islands

- 34 -

Dem. Rep. of the Congo, as Belgian Congo (490, DRC)


Dem. Rep. of the Congo, as Congo Free State (490, DRC)


Dem. Rep. of the Congo, as Belgian Congo (490, DRC)


Dem. Rep. of the Congo, as Congo (Kinshasa) (490, DRC)


Dem. Rep. of the Congo, as Zaire (490, DRC)


Dem. Rep. of the Congo (490, DRC)


Denmark (390, DEN) 1800-1863 contemporaneous borders of metropole only; incl. Schleswig-Holstein

Denmark (390, DEN) 1864-1919 contemporaneous borders of metropole only; not incl. Schleswig-Holstein

Denmark (390, DEN) 1920-2015 present-day borders of metropole only; incl. northern Schleswig

Djibouti, as French Somaliland (522, DJI)


Djibouti, as Afars and Issas (522, DJI)


Djibouti (522, DJI) 1977-2015 present-day borders

Dominica (54, DMA) 1900-1977 present-day borders

Dominica (54, DMA) 1978-2015 present-day borders

Dominican Republic, as San(to) Domingo (42, DOM)

1800-1843 present-day borders (no separate coverage of Haitian occupation)

Dominican Republic (42, DOM)

1844-2015 present-day borders (no separate coverage of multiple occupations)

Dutch East Indies see Indonesia

Dutch Guiana see Suriname

Dutch New Guinea see West Irian

Dutch West Indies see Netherlands Antilles

East Bengal see Bangladesh

East Germany see German Dem. Rep.

East Pakistan see Bangladesh

East Timor, as Portuguese Timor (860, ETM)


- 35 -

East Timor (860, ETM) Indonesia (850, INS) de facto


East Timor (860, ETM) 2002-2015 present-day borders

Ecuador (130, ECU) New Granada (100, COL)

1800-1821 contemporaneous borders; incl. Loreto

Ecuador (130, ECU) Colombia (100, COL) 1822-1829 contemporaneous borders; incl. Loreto

Ecuador (130, ECU) 1830-1941 contemporaneous borders; incl. Loreto

Ecuador (130, ECU) 1942-2015 contemporaneous borders; not incl. Loreto

Egypt (651, EGY) Ottoman Empire (640, TUR)


Egypt (651, EGY) Ottoman Empire (640, TUR), nominally


Egypt (651, EGY) Ottoman Empire (640, TUR), nominally

1882-1913 present-day borders *Note: autonomous de facto but not de jure

Egypt (651, EGY) 1914-1921 present-day borders *Note: not autonomous de jure or de facto

Egypt (651, EGY) 1922-1957 present-day borders

Egypt (651, EGY) United Arab Republic (650, UAR)

1958-1961 present-day borders *Note: treated as ind’t given short life of UAR

Egypt (651, EGY) 1962-2015 present-day borders; incl. Sinai during its occupation (1967-1973)

El Salvador (92, SAL) 1800-1820 present-day borders

El Salvador (92, SAL) United Prov. Cen. America (89, UPC)


El Salvador (92, SAL) 1841-2015 present-day borders

Ellice Islands see Tuvalu

Equatorial Guinea (411, EQG)

1900-1967 combined present-day borders of Rio Muni and Fernando Po/Bioko Island

Equatorial Guinea (411, EQG)


Eritrea (531, ERI) 1900-1946 present-day borders

Eritrea (531, ERI) Ethiopia (530, ETH) 1947-1992 present-day borders

Eritrea (531, ERI) 1993-2015 present-day borders

Estonia (366, EST) Russian Empire (365, RUS)

1811-1917 combined contemporaneous borders of Governorates of Estonia and northern half of Livonia (corresponding approximately to present-day borders)

Estonia (366, EST) 1918-1939 contemporaneous borders

Estonia, as Estonian SSR (366, EST)


Estonia (366, EST) 1991-2015 present-day borders

Ethiopia (530, ETH) 1800-1946 contemporaneous borders

Ethiopia (530, ETH) 1947-1992 contemporaneous borders; incl. Eritrea

Ethiopia (530, ETH) 1993-2015 present-day borders; not incl. Eritrea

Faeroe Islands (11, FAE)


- 36 -

Falkland Islands (1163, FLK)

1862-2015 contemporaneous borders; incl. South Georgia Is.

Federated States of Micronesia (987, FSM)



U.S. Trust Terr. of the Pacific Is. (980, TTP)




Fiji (950, FIJ) 1900-1969 present-day borders

Fiji (950, FIJ) 1970-2015 present-day borders

Finland (375, FIN) Sweden (380, SWE) 1721-1808 contemporaneous borders

Finland (375, FIN) Russian Empire (365, RUS)

1809-1810 contemporaneous borders; incl. Åland Islands

Finland (375, FIN) Russian Empire (365, RUS)

1811-1916 contemporaneous borders; incl. Åland Islands, Viipuri Province

Finland (375, FIN) 1917-1949 contemporaneous borders; incl. Åland Islands, Viipuri Province

Finland (375, FIN) 1950-2015 present-day borders; incl. Åland Islands; not incl. Viipuri Province

France (220, FRN) 1785-1859 contemporaneous borders of metro-pole only; not incl. Nice, Savoy, Algeria

France (220, FRN) 1860-1870 contemporaneous borders of metro-pole only; incl. Nice, Savoy; not incl. Algeria

France (220, FRN) 1871-1917 contemporaneous borders of metro-pole only; not incl. Alsace-Lorraine or Algeria

France (220, FRN) 1918-1961 present-day borders of metropole only; incl. Alsace-Lorraine; not incl. Algeria (no separate coverage for period of German occupation)

France (220, FRN) 1962-2015 present-day borders of metropole only

French Congo see Congo, Rep. of

French Dahomey see Benin

French Guiana (120, FGN)

1790-2015 contemporaneous borders; incl. Inini

French Guinea see Guinea

French Polynesia (960, FPO)


French Somaliland see Djibouti

French Sudan see Mali

French Togoland see Togo

French Upper Volta see Burkina Faso

Gabon (481, GAB) 1900-1959 present-day borders

Gabon (481, GAB) 1960-2015 present-day borders

Galicia (3691, GAL) Austria-Hungary (300, AUH)

1846-1848 contemporaneous borders; incl. Bukovina, Krakow

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Galicia (3691, GAL) Austria-Hungary (300, AUH)

1849-1917 contemporaneous borders; incl. Krakow; not incl. Bukovina

Gambia (420, GAM) 1900-2015 present-day borders

Gambia (420, GAM) 1965-2015 present-day borders

Gaza Strip (6511, GAZ) 1948-1966 1948 borders

Gaza Strip (6511, GAZ) Palestinian Terr. (665, PLS), within Israel (666, ISR) de facto

1967-2015 1948 borders

Georgia (372, GRG) Russian Empire (365, RUS)

1800-1919 combined contemporaneous borders of Governorates of Tiflis, Kutais, Batum, & Sukhum Dist.

Georgia, as Georgian SSR (372, GRG)

USSR (365, RUS) 1920-1990 contemporaneous borders of Georgian SSR

Georgia (372, GRG) 1991-2015 present-day borders

German Dem. Rep., aka East Germany (265, GDR)

1945-1989 contemporaneous borders; incl. East Berlin (no separate coverage for Russian occupation zone)

German East Africa see Tanzania

German Federal Rep., aka West Germany (260, GFR)

1945-1989 contemporaneous borders; incl. West Berlin (no separate coverage for US/UK/Fr-occupation zones)

German New Guinea (912, GNG)


German New Guinea (912, GNG)

Papua New Guinea (910, PNG)


German South-West Africa

see Namibia

German States (2550, GMS)

1816-1863 combined contemporaneous borders of future German Empire; not incl. Alsace-Lorraine, Luxembourg, Schleswig-Holstein

German States (2550, GMS)

1864-1870 combined contemporaneous borders of future German Empire; incl. Schleswig-Holstein; not incl. Alsace-Lorraine, Luxembourg

Germany, as Prussia (255, GMY)

1816-1863 contemporaneous borders; incl. Western territories


1864-1865 contemporaneous borders; incl. entire Schleswig-Holstein


1866-1870 contemporaneous borders; incl. Hanover, Electoral Hesse

Germany (255, GMY) 1871-1917 contemporaneous borders; incl. Alsace-Lorraine, Baden, Bavaria, the Hesses, Württemburg

Germany (255, GMY) 1918-1944 Treaty of Versailles borders

Germany 1945-1989 see Germany, East & Germany, West

Germany (255, GMY) 1990-2015 combined present-day borders of former East & West Germany

- 38 -

Germany, East see German Dem. Rep.

Germany, West see German Fed. Rep.

Ghana, as Gold Coast (452, GHA)


Ghana (452, GHA) 1957-2015 present-day borders

Gibraltar (231, GIB) 1787-2015 contemporaneous borders

Gilbert, Phoenix, and Line Islands

see Kiribati

Gold Coast see Ghana

Gran Colombia see Colombia

Great Britain proper (201, GBP)

United Kingdom (200, UKG)

1794-1920 combined contemporaneous borders of England, Wales, Scotland

Greece (350, GRC) 1828-1863 contemporaneous borders; not incl. Ionian Is.

Greece (350, GRC) 1864-1880 contemporaneous borders; incl. Ionian Is.

Greece (350, GRC) 1881-1912 Congress of Berlin borders; incl. Thessaly

Greece (350, GRC) 1913-1918 Treaty of Bucharest borders; incl. Crete

Greece (350, GRC) 1919-1946 Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine borders; incl. Western Thrace

Greece (350, GRC) 1947-2015 Treaty of Paris borders; incl. Dodecanese Is.

Greenland (10, GLD) 1866-2015 entire island

Grenada (55, GRN) 1900-1973 present-day borders

Grenada (55, GRN) 1974-2015 present-day borders

Guadeloupe (65, GDL) 1852-2015 combined present-day borders of Guadeloupe, St. Barthélemy, St. Martin

Guam (985, GUM) 1900-2015 present-day borders

Guatemala (90, GUA) 1800-1820 present-day borders

Guatemala (90, GUA) United Prov. Cen. America (89, UPC)


Guatemala (90, GUA) 1839-2015 present-day borders

Guinea, as French Guinea (438, GUI)


Guinea (438, GUI) 1958-2015 present-day borders

Guinea-Bissau, as Portuguese Guinea (404, GNB)


Guinea-Bissau (404, GNB)


Guyana, as British Guiana (110, GUY)


Guyana (110, GUY) 1966-2015 present-day borders

Haiti (41, HAI) 1872-2015 present-day borders (no separate coverage for occupation)

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Hanover (240, HAN) 1816-1866 contemporaneous borders

Hanover (240, HAN) Prussia, then Germany (255, GMY)


Hesse, Electoral, aka Hesse-Kassel (273, HSE)


Hesse, Grand Ducal, aka Hesse Darmstadt (275, HSG)

1816-1870 contemporaneous borders; incl. portion absorbed into North German Confederation 1867-1871

Hesse, Grand Ducal, aka Hesse Darmstadt (275, HSG)

Germany (255, GMY) 1871-1875 contemporaneous borders

Holland see Netherlands

Holy See see Vatican City

Honduras (91, HON) 1800-1820 present-day borders

Honduras (91, HON) United Prov. Cen. America (89, UPC)


Honduras (91, HON) 1838-2015 present-day borders

Hong Kong (720, HKO) 1841-1996 contemporaneous borders

Hong Kong (720, HKO) China (710, CHN) 1997-2015 present-day borders

Hungary (310, HUN) Austria-Hungary (300, AUH)

1857-1917 contemporaneous borders of Transleithania within Austria-Hungary; incl. Trianon terr., Slovakia with Ruthenia, Transylvania & Banat, Vojvodina, Slavonia, Croatia proper

Hungary (310, HUN) 1918-2015 Treaty of Trianon borders only; not incl. WW2 occupations

Iceland (395, ICE) 1801-1943 present-day borders

Iceland (395, ICE) 1944-2015 present-day borders

India (750, IND) 1881-1885 combined present-day borders of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh; not incl. Burma *Note: also incl. Sikkim, Portuguese & French Indian colonies

India (750, IND) * 1886-1936 borders above, plus Burma (under same administration) *Note: also incl. Sikkim, Port. & Fr. Indian colonies

India (750, IND) * 1937-1946 combined present-day borders of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh; not incl. Burma *Note: also incl. Sikkim, Port. & Fr. Indian colonies

India (750, IND) * 1947-2015 present-day borders; not incl. Pakistan, Bangladesh, Burma *Note: also incl. Sikkim, Port. & Fr. Indian colonies

India proper (749, INP) *

India (750, IND) 1900-1946 present-day borders; not incl. Pakistan, Bangladesh, Burma *Note: also incl. Sikkim, Port. & Fr. Indian colonies

Indonesia, as Dutch East Indies (850, INS)

1782-1948 contemporaneous borders; incl. Western New Guinea

- 40 -

Indonesia (850, INS) 1949-1962 contemporaneous borders; not incl. Western New Guinea

Indonesia (850, INS) 1963-1974 contemporaneous borders; incl. Western New Guinea as West Irian/Irian Jaya

Indonesia (850, INS) 1975-2001 contemporaneous borders; incl. West Irian, Portuguese Timor (de facto)

Indonesia (850, INS) 2002-2015 present-day borders; incl. West Irian; not incl. East Timor

Iran (630, IRN) 1800-2015 contemporaneous borders; not incl. Azerbaijan

Iraq (645, IRQ) Ottoman Empire (640, TUR)


Iraq (645, IRQ) 1919-1931 present-day borders

Iraq (645, IRQ) 1932-2015 present-day borders; not incl. Kuwait (occupied 1990-1991)

Ireland (205, IRE) United Kingdom (200, UKG)


Ireland (205, IRE) 1921-2015 Republic only; not incl. British Northern Ireland

Irian Jaya see West Irian (no separate coverage after 1970)

Isle of Man (2010, MAN)


Israel (666. ISR) Ottoman Empire (640, TUR)

1800-1918 see Palestine

Israel (666. ISR) 1919-1947 see Palestine

Israel (666, ISR) 1948-1966 1948 de jure borders only

Israel (666, ISR) 1967-2015 combined de facto borders of Israel proper, Gaza Strip, West Bank, Golan Heights; not incl. Sinai (occ. 1967-1973)

Italy, as Sardinia-Piedmont (325, ITA)

1770-1814 combined contemporaneous borders of Nice, Piedmont, Sardinia, Savoy

Italy, as Sardinia-Piedmont (325, ITA)

1815-1859 combined contemporaneous borders of Liguria, Nice, Piedmont, Sardinia, Savoy

Italy (325, ITA) 1860-1865 contemporaneous borders; not incl. Latium or Veneto

Italy (325, ITA) 1866-1869 contemporaneous borders; incl. Veneto; not incl. Latium

Italy (325, ITA) 1870-1918 contemporaneous borders; incl. Latium

Italy (325, ITA) 1919-1946 contemporaneous borders; incl. Istria, South Tyrol, Trieste

Italy (325, ITA) 1947-1953 contemporaneous borders; incl. South Tyrol; not incl. Istria or Trieste

Italy (325, ITA) 1954-2015 contemporaneous borders; incl. South Tyrol, Trieste; not incl. Istria

Ivory Coast see Côte d’Ivoire

- 41 -

Jamaica (51, JAM) 1775-2015 present-day borders

Jamaica (51, JAM) 1962-2015 present-day borders

Japan (740, JPN) 1800-2015 contemporaneous borders of metropole; incl. Okinawa & Ryukyu Is.; not incl. Korea, South Sakhalin, or other colonies

Jordan, as Transjordan (663, JOR)


1800-1918 contemporaneous borders; not incl. present-day West Bank





Jordan, as Transjordan (1948) (663, JOR)

1948-1966 combined present-day borders of Transjordan and West Bank

Jordan (663, JOR) 1967-1987 borders above; incl. West Bank due to Jordan’s de jure claim

Jordan (663, JOR) 1988-2015 present-day borders of Transjordan only; not incl. West Bank

Kampuchea see Cambodia

Kazakhstan (705, KZK) Russian Empire (365, RUS)

1897-1917 present-day borders of future Kazakh SSR

Kazakhstan, as Kazakh SSR (705, KZK)

USSR (365, RUS) 1918-1990 present-day borders

Kazakhstan (705, KZK) 1991-2015 present-day borders

Kenya, as British East Africa (501 KEN)


Kenya (501 KEN) 1963-2015 present-day borders

Khmer Republic see Cambodia

Kirghizia, aka Kirghiz SSR

see Kyrgyzstan

Kiribati, as Gilbert, Phoenix, & Line Islands (946, KIR)

Gilbert and Ellice Islands (945, GEI)


Kiribati (946, KIR) 1979-2015 present-day borders

Kosovo (347, KOS) Ottoman Empire (640, TUR)


Kosovo (347, KOS) Serbia (345, YUG) 1912-1917 present-day borders

Kosovo (347, KOS) Yugoslavia (345, YUG) 1918-2007 present-day borders

Kosovo (347, KOS) 2008-2015 present-day borders *Note: indep. not universally recognized

Korea (730, KOR) 1820-1909 entire peninsula

Korea (730, KOR) 1910-1947 entire peninsula

Korea, North (731, PRK)

Korea (730, KOR) 1820-1947 present-day borders

Korea, North (731, PRK)


- 42 -

Korea, South (732, ROK)

Korea (730, KOR) 1820-1947 present-day borders

Korea, South (732, ROK)


Kuwait (690, KUW) Ottoman Empire (640, TUR)


Kuwait (690, KUW) 1914-1961 present-day borders

Kuwait (690, KUW) 1961-2015 present-day borders

Kyrgyzstan (703, KYR) Russian Empire (365, RUS)

1897-1917 present-day borders of future Kirgiz SSR

Kyrgyzstan, as Kirgiz SSR (703, KYR)


Kyrgyzstan (703, KYR) 1991-2015 present-day borders

Laos (812, LAO) 1900-1952 present-day borders

Laos (812, LAO) 1953-2015 present-day borders

Latvia (367, LAT) Russian Empire (365, RUS)

1811-1917 combined contemporaneous borders of Governorates of Courland and southern half of Livonia (corresponding approximately to present-day borders)

Latvia (367, LAT) 1918-1939 contemporaneous borders

Latvia, as Latvian SSR (367, LAT)


Latvia (367, LAT) 1991-2015 present-day borders

Lebanon (660, LEB) Ottoman Empire (640, TUR)


Lebanon (660, LEB) 1919-1944 present-day borders

Lebanon (660, LEB) 1945-2015 present-day borders

Lesotho, as Basutoland (570, LES)


Lesotho (570, LES) 1966-2015 present-day borders

Liberia (450, LBR) 1800-1846 present-day borders

Liberia (450, LBR) 1847-2015 present-day borders

Libya (620, LIB) Ottoman Empire (640, TUR) (nominally 1800-1834)

1800-1910 combined contemporaneous borders of Tripolitania & Cyrenaica, Italian Libya, independent Libya

Libya (620, LIB) 1911-1950 contemporaneous borders

Libya (620, LIB) 1951-2015 present-day borders

Liechtenstein (223, LIE) 1812-2015 present-day borders

Line Islands see Kiribati (no separate coverage)

Lithuania (368, LIT) Russian Empire (365, RUS)

1846-1917 combined contemporaneous borders of Governorates of Kovno & Vilna

Lithuania (368, LIT) 1918-1922 contemporaneous borders; not incl. Memel

Lithuania (368, LIT) 1923-1939 contemporaneous borders; incl. Memel

Lithuania, as Lithuanian SSR (368, LIT)


- 43 -

Lithuania (368, LIT) 1991-2015 present-day borders

Lombardy, as Duchy of Milan (3253, LOM)

Lombardy-Venetia (323, LMV), within Austria-Hungary (300, AUH)

1770-1858 contemporaneous borders of Duchy of Milan

Lombardy (3253, LOM) Lombardy-Venetia (323, LMV), within Austria-Hungary (300, AUH)


Lombardy (3253, LOM) Italy (325, ITA) 1859-1861 contemporaneous borders of region of Lombardy

Lombardy-Venetia (323, LMV)


1770-1858 combined contemporaneous borders of regions of Lombardy & Venetia

Luxembourg (212, LUX) Austrian Netherlands (211, BEL)

1799-1814 contemporaneous borders of entire province

Luxembourg (212, LUX) Netherlands (210, NTH)

1815-1829 contemporaneous borders of entire province

Luxembourg (212, LUX) Belgium (211, BEL) 1830-1838 contemporaneous borders of entire province

Luxembourg (212, LUX)

1839-2015 present-day borders of Grand Duchy only

Macau (721, MCU) 1899-1998 contemporaneous borders

Macau (721, MCU) China (710, CHN) 1999-2015 present-day borders

Macedonia (343, MAC) Ottoman Empire (640, TUR)


Macedonia (343, MAC) Serbia (345, YUG) 1912-1917 present-day borders

Macedonia (343, MAC) Yugoslavia (345, YUG) 1918-1992 present-day borders

Macedonia (343, MAC) 1993-2015 present-day borders

Madagascar (580, MAG)





1914-1959 contemporaneous borders; incl. Comoros Is. & Mayotte (under same administration)

Madagascar, as Malagasy Republic (580, MAG)

1960-1974 present-day borders; not incl. Comoros Is. or Mayotte


1975-2015 present-day borders; not incl. Comoros Is. or Mayotte

Mainland China (7099, MLC)

China (710, CHN) 1800-1948 contemporaneous borders of portion of China not incl. Outer Mongolia, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau; incl. Tibet


China (710, CHN) 1949-1996 concurrent with contemporaneous borders of China (710, CHN)


China (710, CHN) 1997-2015 contemporaneous borders of portion of China (710, CHN) not incl. Hong Kong or Macau; incl. Tibet

- 44 -

Malagasy Republic see Madagascar

Malawi, as British Central Africa Protect-orate (553, MAW)


Malawi, as Nyasaland (553, MAW)


Malawi (553, MAW) 1964-2015 present-day borders

Malaya see Malaysia

Malaya-Sabah-Sarawak combined (8200, MSS)

1900-1964 combined present-day borders of Malaya, Sabah, and Sarawak; not incl. Singapore

Malaysia, as Malaya (820, MAL)

1931-1956 combined contemporaneous borders of Federated and Unfederated Malay States and Straits Settlements; not incl. Singapore

Malaysia, as Malaya (820, MAL)

1957-1962 combined contemporaneous borders of Federated and Unfederated Malay States and Straits Settlements; not incl. Singapore

Malaysia (820, MAL) 1963-1964 combined present-day borders of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, Singapore

Malaysia (820, MAL) 1965-2015 combined present-day borders of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak; not incl. Singapore

Maldives (781, MAD) Ceylon (780, SRI) (same administration)


Maldives (781, MAD) 1948-1964 present-day borders

Maldives (781, MAD) 1965-2015 present-day borders

Mali, as French Sudan/ Upper Senegal (432, MLI)

1900-1959 present-day borders; not incl. Upper Volta

Mali (432, MLI) 1960-2015 present-day borders

Malta (338 MLT) 1900-1963 present-day borders

Malta (338 MLT) 1964-2015 present-day borders

Marshall Islands (983, MSI)



U.S. Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (980, TTP)




Martinique (66, MTQ) 1867-2015 present-day borders

Mauritania (435, MAA) 1900-1959 present-day borders

Mauritania (435, MAA) 1960-2015 present-day borders

Mauritius (590, MAS) 1900-1967 present-day borders; not incl. Réunion

Mauritius (590, MAS) 1968-2015 present-day borders; not incl. Réunion

Mayotte (5812, MYT) 1900-1907 present-day borders

Mayotte (5812, MYT) Comoros (581, COM) 1908-1913 present-day borders

- 45 -

Mayotte (5812, MYT) Comoros (581, COM), within Madagascar (580, MAG)


Mayotte (5812, MYT) Comoros (581, COM) 1960-1974 present-day borders

Mayotte (5812, MYT) 1975-2015 present-day borders

Mecklenburg-Schwerin (280, MEC)

1810-1870 contemporaneous borders; not incl. Mecklenburg-Strelitz

Mecklenburg-Schwerin (280, MEC)

Germany (255, GMY) 1871-1875 contemporaneous borders; not incl. Mecklenburg-Strelitz

Mexico (70, MEX) 1769-1820 incl. former Mexican Cession, Gadsden Purchase, Texas (but not incl. Native Americans in Texas); not incl. Louisiana Purchase, Oregon, Central America

Mexico (70, MEX) 1821-1835 incl. former Mexican Cession, Gadsden Purchase, Texas (but not incl. Native Americans in Texas); not incl. Louisiana Purchase, Oregon, Central America

Mexico (70, MEX) 1836-1847 incl. former Mexican Cession, Gadsden Purchase; not incl. Texas

Mexico (70, MEX) 1848-1852 incl. Gadsden Purchase; not incl. former Mexican Cession

Mexico (70, MEX) 1853-2015 present-day borders; not incl. Gadsden Purchase

Micronesia see Federated States of Micronesia

Middle Congo see Congo, Rep. of

Milan, Duchy of see Lombardy

Modena (332, MOD) 1770-1860 contemporaneous borders

Modena (332, MOD) Italy (325, ITA) 1861-1871 contemporaneous borders

Moldova, as Bessarabia (359, MLD)


1800-1811 contemporaneous borders of future Russian Bessarabia

Moldova, as Bessarabia (359, MLD)



Moldova, as Moldavian ASSR (359, MLD)

Ukraine (369, UKR), within USSR (365, RUS)


Moldova, as Moldavian SSR (359, MLD)


Moldova (359, MLD) 1991-2015 present-day borders

Monaco (221, MNC) 1860-2015 present-day borders

Mongolia (712, MON) China (710, CHN) 1800-1910 Outer Mongolia only

Mongolia (712, MON) 1911-2015 present-day borders

Montenegro (341, MNG)



Yugoslavia (345, YUG) 1918-1990 contemporaneous borders


Yugoslavia (Serbia & Montenegro) (345, YUG)


- 46 -



Montserrat (59, MST) 1886-2015 present-day borders

Morocco (600, MOR) 1800-1883 contemporaneous borders; not incl. Ifni, Western Sahara

Morocco (600, MOR) 1884-1911 combined contemporaneous borders of Spanish and future French protectorates; not incl. Ifni, Western Sahara, Spanish North Africa

Morocco (600, MOR) 1912-1955 combined contemporaneous borders of Spanish and French protectorates; not incl. Ifni, Western Sahara, Spanish North Africa

Morocco (600, MOR) 1956-1968 contemporaneous borders; not incl. Ifni, Western Sahara, Spanish North Africa

Morocco (600, MOR) 1969-1978 present-day borders; incl. Ifni; not incl. Western Sahara

Morocco (600, MOR) 1979-2015 present-day borders, incl. Ifni and Western Sahara (de facto, not de jure)

Mozambique (541, MZM)


Mozambique (541, MZM)


Muscat and Oman see Oman

Myanmar, as Burma (775, MYA)



India (750, IND) 1886-1936 contemporaneous borders





Myanmar (775, MYA) 1989-2015 present-day borders

Namibia, as German South-West Africa (565, NAM)

1900-1918 present-day borders; incl. Walvis Bay

Namibia, as South-West Africa (565, NAM)

1919-1989 present-day borders; incl. Walvis Bay

Namibia (565, NAM) 1990-2015 present-day borders; incl. Walvis Bay

Nauru (970, NAU) 1900-1967 present-day borders

Nauru (970, NAU) 1968-2015 present-day borders

Nepal (790, NEP) 1800-2015 present-day borders

Netherlands, as United Provinces (210, NTH)

1700-1814 contemporaneous borders; not incl. Belgium or Luxembourg

Netherlands, as Batavian Republic (210, NTH)


- 47 -

Netherlands, as Holland (210, NTH)


Netherlands, aka Holland (210, NTH)

1815-1829 contemporaneous borders; incl. Belgium, Luxembourg

Netherlands, aka Holland (210, NTH)


Netherlands Antilles, as Territory of Curaçao, aka Dutch West Indies (68, NLA)

1874-1953 combined present-day borders of Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao, Saba, St. Eustatius, Sint Maarten (Dutch portion)


1954-1985 combined present-day borders as above


1986-2010 combined present-day borders of Bonaire, Curaçao, Saba, St. Eustatius, Sint Maarten (Dutch portion); not incl. Aruba

New Caledonia (930, NCA)

1898-2015 present-day borders; not incl. dependencies

New Granada see Colombia

New Hebrides see Vanuatu

New Zealand (920, NEW)


New Zealand (920, NEW)


Nicaragua (93, NIC) 1800-1820 contemporaneous borders; not incl. Miskito Coast

Nicaragua (93, NIC) United Prov. Cen. America (89, UPC)

1821-1837 contemporaneous borders; not incl. Miskito Coast

Nicaragua (93, NIC) 1838-1893 contemporaneous borders; not incl. Miskito Coast

Nicaragua (93, NIC) 1894-2015 present-day borders; incl. Miskito Coast

Niger (436, NIR) 1900-1959 present-day borders

Niger (436, NIR) 1960-2015 present-day borders

Nigeria (475, NIG) 1900-1959 contemporaneous borders

Nigeria (475, NIG) 1960-2015 contemporaneous borders

Niue (9253, NIU) Cook Islands (925, CKI) 1900-1902 contemporaneous borders

Niue (9253, NIU) 1903-2015 contemporaneous borders

North Korea see Korea, North

North Vietnam see Vietnam, Dem. Rep. of

North Yemen see Yemen Arab. Rep. (North)

Northern Cyprus see Cyprus, Northern

Northern Mariana Islands (984, NMR)



U.S. Trust Terr. Pacific Islands (980, TTP)


- 48 -



Northern Rhodesia see Zambia

Norway (385, NOR) 1800-1813 present-day borders; incl. Svalbard and Jan Mayen Is.

Norway (385, NOR) Sweden and Norway (380, SWD)

1814-1904 present-day borders; incl. Svalbard and Jan Mayen Is.

Norway (385, NOR) 1905-2015 present-day borders; incl. Svalbard and Jan Mayen Is.

Nyasaland see Malawi

Oman, as Muscat and Oman (698, OMA)


Oman (698, OMA) 1971-2015 present-day borders

Ottoman Arabia (6713, OTA)


1840-1870 Hejaz only; portion of Arabian peninsula under Ottoman control

Ottoman Arabia (6713, OTA)


1871-1918 Hejaz & Hasa only; portion of Arabian peninsula under Ottoman control

Ottoman Empire see Turkey

Pakistan (770, PAK) India (750, IND) 1900-1946 combined contemporaneous borders of regions of Baluchistan, Sind, Punjab, Northwest Frontier, plus present-day borders of future East Pakistan

Pakistan (770, PAK) 1947-1970 combined contemporaneous borders of West Pakistan and present-day borders of East Pakistan; incl. Pakistani-controlled Kashmir

Pakistan (770, PAK) 1971-2015 present-day borders of West Pakistan only; incl. Pakistani-controlled Kashmir

Pakistan, West (768, WPK)

India (750, IND) 1900-1946 combined contemporaneous borders of Baluchistan, Sind, Punjab, Northwest Frontier

Pakistan, West (768, WPK)

Pakistan (770, PAK) 1947-1970 combined present-day borders of former Baluchistan, Sind, Punjab, Northwest Frontier; incl. Pakistani-controlled Kashmir

Palau (986, PAL) 1900-1946 present-day borders

Palau (986, PAL) U.S. Trust Terr. Pacific Islands (980, TTP)


Palau (986, PAL) 1990-2015 present-day borders

Palestine (665; PLS) Ottoman Empire (640, TUR)

1800-1918 combined contemporaneous borders of present-day Israel, West Bank, Gaza Strip; not incl. Golan Heights

Palestine (665; PLS) 1919-1947 combined contemporaneous borders of present-day Israel, West Bank, Gaza Strip; not incl. Golan Heights

Palestinian Territories (665; PLS)

West Bank in Jordan (663, JOR)

1948-1966 combined 1948 borders of Gaza Strip, West Bank *Note: Gaza not incl. in Egypt though under Egyptian admin.

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Palestinian Territories (665; PLS)

Israel (666, ISR) de facto, not de jure

1967-2015 combined 1948 borders of Gaza Strip, West Bank

Panama (95, PAN) Colombia (100, COL) 1800-1902 present-day borders

Panama (95, PAN) 1903-2015 present-day borders

Papal States (327, PAP) 1770-1859 combined contemporaneous borders of Latium, Marche, Romagna, Umbria

Papal States (327, PAP) 1860-1869 Latium only

Papal States (327, PAP) Italy (325, ITA) 1870-1871 Latium only

Papua (British New Guinea) (911, PUA)

1900-1913 contemporaneous borders; incl. Southern, Western Highlands

Papua (British New Guinea) (911, PUA)


1914-2015 contemporaneous borders; incl. Southern, Western Highlands


1900-1974 combined contemporaneous borders of British Papua, German New Guinea; incl. Bougainville


1975-2015 present-day borders; incl. Bougainville

Paraguay (150, PAR) 1800-1810 contemporaneous borders; incl. Formosa, Misiones, Chaco

Paraguay (150, PAR) 1811-1873 contemporaneous borders; incl. Formosa, Misiones, Chaco

Paraguay (150, PAR) 1874-1936 contemporaneous borders; not incl. Formosa, Misiones, Chaco

Paraguay (150, PAR) 1937-2015 present-day borders; incl. Chaco

Parma (335, PMA) 1770-1859 contemporaneous borders

Parma (335, PMA) Italy (325, ITA) 1860-1871 contemporaneous borders

Peru (135, PER) 1800-1823 contemporaneous borders; not incl. Loreto

Peru (135, PER) 1824-1941 contemporaneous borders; not incl. Loreto

Peru (135, PER) 1942-2015 present-day borders; incl. Loreto

Philippines (840, PHI) 1820-1945 entire archipelago

Philippines (840, PHI) 1946-2015 entire archipelago

Phoenix Islands see Kiribati (no separate coverage)

Pitcairn Islands (9620, PIT)


Poland (290, POL) Russian Empire (365, RUS)

1812-1917 contemporaneous borders of Russian (Congress) Poland only

Poland (290, POL) 1918-1944 inter-war borders

Poland (290, POL) 1945-2015 post-World War II borders

Portugal (235, POR) 1800-2015 present-day borders; incl. Azore, Madeira Is.

Portuguese East Africa see Mozambique

Portuguese Guinea see Guinea-Bissau

Portuguese Timor see East Timor

Portuguese West Africa see Angola

Prussia see Germany

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Puerto Rico (6, PTR) 1860-2015 present-day borders

Qatar (694, QAT) 1870-1871 contemporaneous borders

Qatar (694, QAT) Ottoman Empire (640, TUR)


Qatar (694, QAT) 1913-1970 contemporaneous borders

Qatar (694, QAT) 1971-2015 present-day borders

Réunion (585, REU) 1886-2015 present-day borders

Rhodesia, Northern see Zambia

Rhodesia, Southern see Zimbabwe

Rio de la Plata see Argentina

Romania (360, ROM) Ottoman Empire (640, TUR)

1800-1858 combined contemporaneous borders of Wallachia and Moldavia; not incl. Russian Bessarabia

Romania (360, ROM) Ottoman Empire (640, TUR)

1859-1877 contemporaneous borders of United Principalities

Romania (360, ROM) 1878-1912 Treaty of Berlin borders; incl. Dobruja

Romania (360, ROM) 1913-1917 Berlin borders plus terr’l gain from Bulgaria

Romania (360, ROM) 1918-1939 contemporaneous borders of Greater Romania; incl. Wallachia, Dobruja, Moldavia, Bessarabia, Bukovina, Transylvania

Romania (360, ROM) 1940-2015 present-day borders; not incl. Bessarabia or southern Dobruja

Ruanda-Urundi (515, RUI)

1900-1961 combined present-day borders of colonies of Ruanda, Urundi

Russia, as Russian Empire (365, RUS)

1800 contemporaneous borders; incl. Great Russia, Little Russia, White Russia, Baltic Governorates


1801-1808 contemporaneous borders; incl. above terr. plus Kutais & Sukum Governorates


1809-1811 Russian Empire, incl. above terr. with entirety of Georgia, plus Finland


1812 contemporaneous borders; incl. above terr. plus Bessarabia


1813-1814 contemporaneous borders; incl. above terr. plus Azerbaijan


1815-1827 contemporaneous borders; incl. above terr. plus Congress of Vienna Poland


1828-1858 contemporaneous borders; incl. above terr. plus Armenia


1859-1869 contemporaneous borders; incl. above terr. plus gradual annexation of Central Asian terr.


1870-1916 contemporaneous borders; incl. above terr. & entirety of Central Asian terr.

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1917 contemporaneous borders; incl. above terr. but not incl. Finland

Russia (365, RUS) 1918-1921 contemporaneous borders; incl. above terr. but not incl. Poland or Baltics

Russia, as USSR (365, RUS)

1922-1939 contemporaneous borders; of former Russian Empire

Russia, as USSR (365, RUS)

1940-1990 contemporaneous borders; incl. Baltics, Moldavia, & newly acquired terr. of Ukrainian & Belorussian SSRs

Russia, as Russian Federation (365, RUS)

1991-2015 present-day borders of Russian Federation only; not incl. Crimea

Rwanda (517, RWA) Ruanda-Urundi (515, RUI)


Rwanda (517, RWA) 1962-2015 present-day borders

Sabah (823, SAB) 1921-1962 contemporaneous borders of British North Borneo

Sabah (823, SAB) Malaysia (820, MAL) 1963-2015 present-day borders

Saint Christopher and Nevis

see Saint Kitts and Nevis

Saint Helena (4050, SHL)

1900-2015 combined colonies of St. Helena, Ascension Is., Tristan da Cunha

Saint Kitts and Nevis, as Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla (60, SKN)

1900-1979 combined contemporaneous borders of St. Christopher, Nevis, Anguilla

Saint Kitts and Nevis (60, SKN)


Saint Kitts and Nevis (60, SKN)


Saint Lucia (56, SLU) 1900-1978 present-day borders

Saint Lucia (56, SLU) 1979-2015 present-day borders

Saint Maarten see Sint Maarten (Dutch)

Saint Mark, Rep. of, aka Rep. of Venice

see Venetia

Saint Pierre and Miquelon (1029, SPM)


Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (57, SVG)


Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (57, SVG)


Samoa, as Western Samoa (990, WSM)


Samoa, as Western Samoa (990, WSM)


Samoa (990, WSM) 1997-2015 present-day borders

San Domingo see Dominican Republic

San Marino (331, SNM) 1900-2015 present-day borders

Santo Domingo see Dominican Republic

- 52 -

São Tomé and Principe (403, STP)


São Tomé and Principe (403, STP)


Sarawak (824, SRK) 1947-1962 contemporaneous borders

Sarawak (824, SRK) Malaysia (820, MAL) 1963-2015 present-day borders

Sardinia-Piedmont see Italy

Saudi Arabia (670, SAU) Ottoman Empire (640, TUR) (Hejaz & Hasa only, 1840-1918)

1800-1918 present-day borders, incl. portions previously under Ottoman control

Saudi Arabia (670, SAU) 1919-1931 present-day borders, as combined Hejaz, Nejd and Hasa, Jebel Shammar, and Asir

Saudi Arabia (670, SAU)


Saxony (269, SAX) 1816-1870 contemporaneous borders

Saxony (269, SAX) Germany (255, GMY) 1871-1875 contemporaneous borders

Scutari see Albania

Senegal (433, SEN) 1900-1959 present-day borders

Senegal (433, SEN) 1960-2015 present-day borders

Serbia (independent) see Yugoslavia

Serbia (within Yugoslavia)

see Serbia Proper and Vojvodina

Serbia Proper and Vojvodina (3450, SPV)

Yugoslavia (345, YUG) 1918-2007 combined present-day borders of Serbia and Vojvodina; not incl. Kosovo

Seychelles (591, SEY) 1900-1975 present-day borders

Seychelles (591, SEY) 1976-2015 present-day borders

Sicily see Two Sicilies

Sierra Leone (451, SIE) 1900-1960 present-day borders

Sierra Leone (451, SIE) 1961-2015 present-day borders

Singapore (830, SIN) 1820-1962 island only; not incl. Labuan or other colonial dependencies

Singapore (830, SIN) Malaysia (820, MAL) 1963-1964 present-day borders

Singapore (830, SIN) 1965-2015 present-day borders

Sint Maarten (Dutch) (1073, SMD)


1900-2009 present-day borders of Dutch portion of island

Sint Maarten (Dutch) (1073, SMD)

2010-2015 present-day borders of Dutch portion of island

Slavonia (3442, SLA) Hungary (310, HUN), within Austria-Hungary (300, AUH)


Slavonia (3442, SLA) Croatia (344, CRO), within Hungary (310, HUN), within Austria-Hungary (300, AUH)


- 53 -

Slovakia (317, SLO) Hungary (310, HUN), within Austria-Hungary (300, AUH)

1910-1917 contemporaneous borders; incl. Subcarpathian Ruthenia

Slovakia (317, SLO) Czechoslovakia (315, CZE)

1918-1944 contemporaneous borders, incl. Subcarpathian Ruthenia

Slovakia (317, SLO) Czechoslovakia (CZE) 1945-1992 present-day borders, not incl. incl. Subcarpathian Ruthenia

Slovakia (317, SLO) 1993-2015 present-day borders

Slovenia, as Carniola (349, SLV)


1843-1917 contemporaneous borders of Carniola only

Slovenia (349, SLV) Yugoslavia (345, YUG) 1918-1990 contemporaneous borders (several border changes)

Slovenia (349, SLV) 1991-2015 present-day borders

Solomon Islands (940, SOL)


Solomon Islands (940, SOL)


Somalia (520, SOM) 1900-1959 present-day borders

Somalia (520, SOM) 1960-2015 present-day borders

South Africa (560, SAF) 1870-1909 present-day borders; incl. Orange Free State, African homelands except Basutoland, Swaziland

South Africa (560, SAF) 1910-2015 present-day borders; incl. African homelands; not incl. South-West Africa (present-day Namibia)

South Korea see Korea, South

South Sudan (626, SSD) Sudan (625, SUD) 1900-2010 present-day borders

South Sudan (626, SSD)


South Vietnam see Vietnam, Rep. of

South-West Africa see Namibia

South Yemen see Yemen People’s Rep. (South)

Spain (230, SPN) 1768-2015 contemporaneous borders; incl. Canary Is., Ceuta, Melilla; not incl. Ifni

Spanish Sahara see Western Sahara

Sri Lanka, as Ceylon (780, SRI)



1887-1947 combined contemporaneous borders of Ceylon and Maldives (same administration)



Sri Lanka (780, SRI) 1972-2015 present-day borders

Sri Lanka proper (779, SRP)

Ceylon (780, SRI) 1887-1947 present-day borders; not incl. Maldives

Sri Lanka proper (779, SRP)

1948-2015 see Sri Lanka

- 54 -

Sudan (625, SUD) 1900-1955 contemporaneous borders; incl. present-day South Sudan

Sudan (625, SUD) 1956-2010 contemporaneous borders; incl. present-day South Sudan

Sudan (625, SUD) 2011-2015 present-day borders; not incl. South Sudan

Suriname, aka Dutch Guiana (115, SUR)


Suriname (115, SUR) 1975-2015 present-day borders

Swaziland (572, SWA) 1900-1967 present-day borders

Swaziland (572, SWA) 1968-2015 present-day borders

Sweden (380, SWD) 1700-1720 contemporaneous borders of metropole only

Sweden (380, SWD) 1721-1808 combined contemporaneous borders of metropole, Finland

Sweden (380, SWD) 1809-1813 contemporaneous borders of metropole only; not incl. Finland

Sweden, as Sweden and Norway (380, SWD)

1814-1904 combined contemporaneous borders of metropole and Norway

Sweden (380, SWD) 1905-2015 present-day borders; not incl. Norway

Sweden and Norway see Sweden

Sweden proper (381, SWP)

Sweden (380, SWD) 1721-1808 contemporaneous borders of metropole only


1809-1813 see Sweden


Sweden and Norway (380, SWD)

1814-1904 contemporaneous borders of metropole only


1905-2015 see Sweden

Switzerland (225, SWZ) 1816-2015 present-day borders

Syria (652, SYR) Ottoman Empire (640, TUR)


Syria (652, SYR) 1919-1944 present-day borders; not incl. Lebanon

Syria (652, SYR) 1945-1957 present-day borders

Syria (652, SYR) United Arab Republic (650, UAR)

1958-1961 present-day borders *Note: treated as ind’t given short life of UAR

Syria (652, SYR) 1962-2015 present-day borders

Tadzhik SSR see Tajikistan

Taiwan (713, TAW) China (710, CHN) 1820-1894 present-day borders

Taiwan (713, TAW) 1895-1944 present-day borders

Taiwan (713, TAW) China (CHN) 1945-1948 present-day borders

Taiwan (713, TAW) 1949-2015 present-day borders *Note: indep. not universally recognized

Tajikistan (702, TAJ) Russian Empire (365, RUS)


- 55 -

Tajikistan, as Tadzhik SSR (702, TAJ)


Tajikistan (702, TAJ) 1991-2015 present-day borders

Tanganyika see Tanzania

Tanzania, as German East Africa (510, TAZ)

1900-1921 present-day borders less Zanzibar and Pemba

Tanzania, as Tanganyika (510, TAZ)


Tanzania, as Tanganyika (510, TAZ)


Tanzania (510, TAZ) 1964-2015 present-day borders; incl. Zanzibar and Pemba

Thailand, as Siam (800, THI)


Thailand, aka Siam (1945-1948) (800, THI)


Thailand (800, THI) 1949-2015 present-day borders

Timor-Leste see East Timor

Tokelau (9201, TOK) Gilbert and Ellice Islands (945, GEI)


Tokelau (9201, TOK) 1926-2015 present-day borders

Tonga (955, TON) 1900-1969 present-day borders

Tonga (955, TON) 1970-2015 present-day borders

Togo, as Togoland (461, TOG)

1900-1920 present-day borders of future French zone only; not incl. British Togoland (future Eastern Ghana)

Togo, as French Togoland (461, TOG)

1921-1959 present-day borders; not incl. British Togoland (future Eastern Ghana)

Togo (461, TOG) 1960-2015 present-day borders

Trinidad and Tobago (52, TRI)

1850-1961 present-day borders; incl. Tobago

Trinidad and Tobago (52, TRI)

1962-2015 present-day borders; incl. Tobago

Tristan da Cunha see Saint Helena (no separate coverage)

Trucial Oman, aka Trucial States/Coast/ Sheikhdoms

see United Arab Emirates

Tunisia, aka Tunis (616, TUN)



Tunisia (616, TUN) 1881-1955 present-day borders

Tunisia (616, TUN) 1956-2015 present-day borders

Turkey, as Ottoman Empire (640, TUR)

1800-1918 contemporaneous borders; incl. all nominally controlled terr.

Turkey (640, TUR) 1919-1938 Treaty of Lausanne terr.; not incl. Hatay

Turkey (640, TUR) 1939-2015 present-day borders, incl. Hatay

- 56 -

Turkey Proper (6400, TRP)


1800-1918 Treaty of Lausanne terr. only; not incl. Hatay

Turkmenistan (701, TKM)



Turkmenistan, as Turkmen SSR (701, TKM)


Turkmenistan (701, TKM)


Turks and Caicos Islands (1032, TCS)


Tuscany (337, TUS) 1770-1846 contemporaneous borders; not incl. Lucca

Tuscany (337, TUS) 1847-1860 contemporaneous borders; incl. Lucca

Tuscany (337, TUS) Italy (325, ITA) 1861-1871 contemporaneous borders; incl. Lucca

Tuvalu, as Ellice Islands (947, TUV)

Gilbert and Ellice Islands (945, GEI)


Tuvalu (947, TUV) 1978-2015 present-day borders

Two Sicilies (329, SIC) 1770-1860 combined contemporaneous borders of Abruzzo, Apulia, Calabria, Campania, Molise, Sicily

Two Sicilies (329, SIC) Italy (325, ITA) 1861-1871 combined contemporaneous borders of Abruzzo, Apulia, Calabria, Campania, Molise, Sicily

Ubangi-Shari see Central African Republic (southern) and Chad (northern)

Ukraine (369, UKR) Russian Empire (365, RUS)

1800-1811 combined contemporaneous borders of Governorates of Volhynia, Kiev, Chernigov, Poltava, Kharkov, Ekaterinoslav, Taurida, Kherson, Podolia

Ukraine (369, UKR) Russian Empire (365, RUS)

1812-1918 borders above, plus Bessarabia

Ukraine, as Ukrainian SSR (369, UKR)

USSR (365, RUS) 1919-1944 contemporaneous borders; incl. Moldavian ASSR (present-day Moldova)

Ukraine, as Ukrainian SSR (369, UKR)

USSR (365, RUS) 1945-1990 post-World War II expanded borders; not incl. Moldavian SSR (present-day Moldova)

Ukraine (369, UKR) 1991-2013 contemporaneous borders

Ukraine (369, UKR) 2014-2015 2013 borders; including Crimea and other parts outside control of central government

Uganda, as Uganda Protectorate (500, UGA)


Uganda (500, UGA) 1962-2015 present-day borders

- 57 -

Union of Soviet Social-ist Republics (USSR)

see Russia

United Arab Emirates, as Trucial Oman (696, UAE)

1900-1970 combined borders of Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah, Ras al-Khaimah, Sharjah, Umm al-Qawain

United Arab Emirates (696, UAE)

1971-2015 present-day borders; incl. Ras al-Khaimah (joined 1972)

United Arab Republic (650, UAR)

1958-1961 combined present-day borders of Egypt, Syria *Note: Egypt, Syria treated as ind’t due to short life of UAR


1794-1800 combined contemporaneous borders of England, Wales, Scotland; not incl. Isle of Man, Channel Is., Ireland


1801-1920 borders above, plus Ireland; not incl. Isle of Man, Channel Is.


1921-2015 combined present-day borders of England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland; not incl. Isle of Man, Channel Is., Rep. of Ireland

United Provinces (of the Netherlands)

see Netherlands

United Provinces of Central America (89, UPC)

1821-1837 combined present-day borders of Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica


1838 combined present-day borders of Guatemala, El Salvador


1839-1840 present-day borders of El Salvador only

United States (2, USA) 1790-1802 Treaty of Paris borders (not including Native Americans)

United States (2, USA) 1803-1818 combined Paris borders, Louisiana Purchase (not including Native Americans)

United States (2, USA) 1819-1844 combined Paris borders, La. Purchase, Florida (not including Native Americans)

United States (2, USA) 1845 combined Paris borders, La. Purchase, Florida, Texas annexation (not including Native Americans)

United States (2, USA) 1846-1847 combined Paris borders, La. Purchase, Florida, Texas ann., Oregon territory (not including Native Americans)

United States (2, USA) 1848-1852 combined Paris borders, La. Purchase, Florida, Texas ann., Oregon terr., Mexican Cession (not including Native Americans)

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United States (2, USA) 1853-1859 combined Paris borders, La. Purchase, Florida, Texas ann., Oregon terr., Mexican Cession, Gadsden Purchase (not including Native Americans)

United States (2, USA) 1860-1866 borders above, including Native Americans

United States (2, USA) 1867-1897 present-day Continental United States (CONUS), plus Alaska (including Native Americans)

United States (2, USA) 1898-2015 combined present-day CONUS, Alaska, Hawaii (including Native Americans)

United States Virgin Islands, as Danish West Indies (5, USV)


United States Virgin Islands (5, USV)


Upper Peru see Bolivia

Upper Senegal see Mali

Upper Volta see Burkina Faso

USSR see Russia

Uruguay, as Banda Oriental (165, URU)


Uruguay, as Cisplatina (165, URU)

Brazil (140, BRA) 1816-1827 present-day borders

Uruguay (165, URU) 1828-2015 present-day borders

Uzbekistan (704, UZB) Russian Empire (365, RUS)


Uzbekistan, as Uzbek SSR (704, UZB)


Uzbekistan (704, UZB) 1991-2015 present-day borders

Vanuatu, as New Hebrides (935, VAN)


Vanuatu (935, VAN) 1980-2015 present-day borders

Vatican City, aka Holy See (328, VAT)

Italy (325, ITA) 1900-1928 contemporaneous borders

Vatican City, aka Holy See (328, VAT)


Venezuela (101, VEN) New Granada/Gran Colombia (100, COL)


Venezuela (101, VEN) 1830-2015 contemporaneous borders

Venetia, as Republic of Venice, aka Rep. of St. Mark (3261, VTA)

1770-1796 contemporaneous borders of Veneto only; not incl. colonies

Venetia (3261, VTA) Lombardy-Venetia (323, LMV), within Austria-Hungary (300, AUH)

1797-1865 contemporaneous borders of Veneto only

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Venetia (3261, VTA) Italy (325, ITA) 1866-1871 contemporaneous borders of Veneto only

Venice, Republic of see Venetia

Vietnam (815, VTM) 1900-1953 combined contemporaneous borders of Annam, Cochin China, Tonkin

Vietnam, Dem. Rep. of, aka North Vietnam (816, DRV)

1954-1974 contemporaneous borders; not incl. Rep. of (South) Vietnam

Vietnam, Dem. Rep. of (816, DRV)

1975-2015 present-day borders of reunified Vietnam; incl. former South Vietnam

Vietnam, Rep. of, aka South Vietnam (817, RVN)


Virgin Islands see British Virgin Islands, United States Virgin Islands

Wallis and Futuna Islands (9321, WFA)


West Bank (6631, WEB) Jordan (663, JOR) 1948-1966 1948 borders

West Bank (6631, WEB) de jure Jordan (663, JOR); de facto Pales-tinian Terr. (665, PLS) within Israel (666, ISR)

1967-1987 1948 borders

West Bank (6631, WEB) de facto Palestinian Terr. (665, PLS) within Israel (666, ISR)

1988-2015 1948 borders

West Germany see German Fed. Rep.

West Irian, as Dutch New Guinea (851, WIR)

Dutch East Indies (850, INS)


West Irian, as Dutch New Guinea, West New Guinea (851, WIR)


West Irian (851, WIR) Indonesia (850, INS) 1963-1970 present-day borders (no separate coverage after 1970)

West New Guinea see West Irian

West Pakistan see Pakistan, West

Western Sahara, as Spanish Sahara (609 SAH)


Western Sahara (609 SAH)

Morocco (600, MOR), de facto


Western Samoa see Samoa

White Russia see Belarus

Wuerttemburg (271, WRT)


Wuerttemburg (271, WRT)

Germany (255, GMY) 1871-1875 contemporaneous borders

Yemen (united) (679, YEM)


1800-1838 present-day borders; incl. Socotra Is.

- 60 -

Yemen (united) (679, YEM)

1990-2015 present-day borders; incl. Socotra Is.

Yemen Arab Rep. (North), as Yemen Vilayet (678, YAR)


1839-1917 contemporaneous borders of Ottoman vilayet (corresponding approx. to borders of future Yemen Arab Rep.)

Yemen Arab Rep. (North) (678, YAR)


Yemen People’s Rep. (South), as Aden Protectorate (680, YPR)

1839-1966 contemporaneous borders; incl. Socotra Is.

Yemen People’s Rep. (South) (680, YPR)

1967-1989 contemporaneous borders; incl. Socotra Is.

Yugoslavia, as Serbia (345, YUG)


1817-1877 contemporaneous borders of Principality of Serbia only


1878-1911 Congress of Berlin borders; not incl. Vojvodina


1912-1917 Treaty of London borders; incl. Kosovo, Macedonia; not incl. Vojvodina

Yugoslavia (345, YUG) 1918-1944 combined contemporaneous borders of Slovenia, Croatia incl. Dalmatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia incl. Vojvodina and Kosovo, Montenegro, Macedonia; not incl. Istria

Yugoslavia (345, YUG) 1945-1991 borders above plus Istria

Yugoslavia (345, YUG) 1992 combined present-day borders of Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia only

Yugoslavia, aka Serbia and Montenegro (345, YUG)

1993-2005 combined present-day borders of Serbia and Montenegro only


2006-2007 combined present-day borders of Serbia proper, Vojvodina, Kosovo; not incl. Montenegro


2008-2015 combined present-day borders of Serbia proper and Vojvodina; not incl. Kosovo

Zaire see Dem. Rep. of the Congo

Zambia, as Northern Rhodesia (551, ZAM)


Zambia (551, ZAM) 1964-2015 present-day borders

Zanzibar (511, ZAN) 1900-1962 present-day borders, incl. Pemba

Zanzibar (511, ZAN) 1963 present-day borders, incl. Pemba

Zanzibar (511, ZAN) Tanzania (510, TAZ) 1964-1967 present-day borders, incl. Pemba (no separate coverage after 1967)

Zimbabwe, as Southern Rhodesia (552, ZIM)


Zimbabwe, as Rhodesia (552, ZIM)


Zimbabwe (552, ZIM) 1980-2015 present-day borders

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Double-Counted Bosnia and Herzegovina (346, BOS) 1878-1907: within Ottoman Empire (640, TUR) de jure but

administered by Austria-Hungary (300, AUH) Egypt (651, EGY) 1882-1913: independent but within Ottoman Empire (640, TUR) de jure Egypt (651, EGY) 1958-1961: independent within United Arab Republic (650, UAR) Syria (652, SYR) 1958-1961: independent within United Arab Republic (650, UAR) West Bank (6631, WEB) 1967-1987: within Jordan (663, JOR) de jure but administered by Palestinian

Terr. (665, PLS) within Israel (666, ISR) de facto

- 62 -

APPENDIX B

Territorial Coverage by UN Region

Region Name (uncode, rabbrev)

Contained within Name (uncode, rabbrev)

Years

Territorial Coverage

Africa (903, AFRI) World (900, WRLD) 1900-2015 combined regions of Eastern, Middle, Northern, Southern, Western Africa

Asia (935, ASIA) World (900, WRLD) 1900-2015 combined regions of Central, Eastern, Southern, South-Eastern, and Western Asia *Note: 1918 est. not incl. Western Asia

Australia-New Zealand (927, AUNZ)

Oceania (909, OCEA) 1800-2015 combined present-day borders of Australia (incl. Tasmania, Christmas Is.), New Zealand (incl. Chatham Is.)

Caribbean (915, CARI) Latin America-Carib-bean (904, LAMC)

1900-2015 combined present-day borders of Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, British Virgin Islands, Caribbean Netherlands (Bonaire, Saba, and St. Eustatius combined), Cayman Islands, Cuba, Curaçao, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guadeloupe and dependencies (incl. St. Martin), Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat, Puerto Rico, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Maarten (Dutch part), Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands, U.S. Virgin Islands

Central America (916, CAMR)

Latin America-Carib-bean (904, LAMC)

1857-2015 combined present-day borders of Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama

Central Asia (5500, CASI)

Asia (935, ASIA) 1897-2015 combined present-day borders of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan

Eastern Africa (910, EAFR)

Africa (903, AFRI), Subsaharan Africa (947, SSAF)

1900-2010 combined present-day borders of Burundi, Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mayotte, Mozambique, Réunion, Rwanda, Seychelles, Somalia, Uganda, Tanzania incl. Zanzibar, Zambia, Zimbabwe

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Eastern Africa (910, EAFR)


2011-2015 borders above, plus South Sudan

Eastern Asia (906, EASI) Asia (935, ASIA) 1900-2015 combined present-day borders of China (incl. Hong Kong, Macau), Japan, Korea (North and South), Mongolia, Taiwan

Eastern Europe (923, EEUR)

Europe (908, EURO) 1887-1917 combined contemporaneous borders of Bohemia (incl. Moravia), Bukovina, Bulgaria, Galicia, Greater Hungary (less Croatia), Romania, Russian Empire (less Finland, Baltics, Caucasus, Central Asia, but incl. Poland and Bessarabia)


Europe (908, EURO) 1918-1990 combined contemporaneous borders of Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Russia-USSR (less Baltics, Caucasus, Central Asia, but incl. Moldavian ASSR/SSR)


Europe (908, EURO) 1991-2015 combined present-day borders of Belarus, Bulgaria, the former Czechoslovakia (now Czech Republic and Slovakia), Hungary, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, Ukraine

Europe (908, EURO) World (900, WRLD) 1900-2015 combined regions of Eastern, Northern, Southern, and Western Europe

Latin America-Caribbean (904, LAMC)

World (900, WRLD) 1900-2015 combined regions of Caribbean, Central America, South America

Melanesia (928, MELA) Oceania (909, OCEA) 1900-2015 combined present-day borders of Fiji, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea (incl. Bougainville), Solomon Islands, Vanuatu

Micronesia (954, MICR) Oceania (909, OCEA) 1900-2015 combined present-day borders of Fed. States of Micronesia, Guam, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau

Middle Africa (911, MAFR)


1900-2015 combined present-day borders of Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Dem. Rep. Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Saõ Tomé and Principe

Northern Africa (912, NAFR)

Africa (903, AFRI) 1900-2010 combined contemporaneous borders of Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco incl. Western Sahara, Sudan incl. present-day South Sudan, Tunisia

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Northern Africa (912, NAFR)

Africa (903, AFRI) 2011-2015 combined present-day borders of Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco incl. Western Sahara, Sudan (not incl. South Sudan), Tunisia

Northern America (905, NAMR)

World (900, WRLD) 1870-2015 combined present-day borders of Bermuda, Canada, Greenland, Saint Pierre et Miquelon, United States (incl. Alaska, Hawaii)

Northern Europe (924, NEUR)

Europe (908, EURO) 1851-2015 combined present-day borders of Channel Islands, Denmark, Estonia, Faeroe Islands, Finland, Iceland, Ireland, Isle of Man, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway (incl. Svalbard, Jan Mayen Is.), Sweden, United Kingdom

Oceania (909, OCEA) World (900, WRLD) 1900-2015 combined regions of Australia-New Zealand, Melanesia, Micronesia, Polynesia

Polynesia (957, POLY) Oceania (909, OCEA) 1900-2015 combined present-day borders of American Samoa, Cook Islands, French Polynesia, Niue, Pitcairn Islands, Samoa, Tokelau Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Wallis and Futuna Islands; not incl. Hawaii

South America (931, SAMR)

Latin America-Carib-bean (904, LAMC)

1900-2015 combined present-day borders of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia (not incl. Panama), Ecuador, Falkland Islands, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela

South-Central Asia (921, SCAS)

Asia (935, ASIA) 1897-2015 combined regions of Central, Southern Asia

South-Eastern Asia (920, SEAS)

Asia (935, ASIA) 1900-2015 combined present-day borders of Brunei, Cambodia, East Timor, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar (Burma), Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam

Southern Africa (913, SAFR)


1900-2015 combined present-day borders of Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland

Southern Asia (5501, SASI)

Asia (935, ASIA) 1890-2015 combined present-day borders of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Iran, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka

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Southern Europe (925, SEUR)

Europe (908, EURO) 1900-1917 combined contemporaneous borders of Albania, Andorra, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Dalmatia, Gibraltar, Greece, Italy, Malta, Montenegro, Portugal (incl. Azores and Madeiras), San Marino, Serbia (incl. Kosovo, present-day Macedonia), present-day Slovenia, Spain (incl. Canaries, Ceuta, Melilla), present-day Vatican City

Southern Europe (925, SEUR)

Europe (908, EURO) 1918-2015 combined present-day borders of Albania, Andorra, Gibraltar, Greece, Italy, Malta, Portugal (incl. Azores and Madeiras), San Marino, Spain (incl. Canaries, Ceuta, Melilla), present-day Vatican City, the former Yugoslavia (incl. present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro, Slovenia, Serbia incl. Vojvodina)

Subsaharan Africa (947, SSAF)

Africa (903, AFRI) 1900-2015 combined regions of Eastern, Middle, Southern, Western Africa

Western Africa (914, WAFR)


1900-2015 combined present-day borders of Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Côte d’Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauri-tania, Niger, Nigeria, St. Helena, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo

Western Asia (922, WASI)

Asia (935, ASIA) 1900-2015 combined present-day borders of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Cyprus (incl. Northern Cyprus), Georgia, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Palestinian Territories (incl. West Bank and Gaza Strip), Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, Yemen *Note: 1918 est. not incl.

Western Europe (926, WEUR)

Europe (908, EURO) 1857-1870 combined contemporaneous borders of Austria (present-day Republic only), Belgium, France, German states comprising future German Empire, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Monaco, Netherlands, Switzerland


Europe (908, EURO) 1871-1944 combined contemporaneous borders of Austria (present-day Republic only), Belgium, France, Germany (before and after World War I, incl. Saarland), Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Monaco, Netherlands, Switzerland

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Europe (908, EURO) 1945-2015 combined present-day borders of Austria, Belgium, France, Germany (incl. former East and West Germany and Saarland, plus Berlin), Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Monaco, Netherlands, Switzerland

World (900, WRLD) 1900-2015 combined regions of Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin America-Caribbean, Northern America, Oceania *Note: 1918 est. not incl. Western Asia

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APPENDIX C Taxonomy of Religions

RELIGIOUS

Christian (1000)

Jewish (2100)

Mandaean (2700)

Muslim (3000)

Zoroastrian (4100)

Bahai (4300)

Jain (4500)

Sikh (4700)

Hindu (5000)

Buddhist (6000)

Shintoist (7100)

Confucianist (7300)

Taoist (7500)

Chinese Folk (7700)

Indigenous (8000)

New Age (8900)

Other Religionist (9800)

NOT RELIGIOUS (9000)

Not Religious Unsp. (9001)

Atheist (9100)

Christian Syncretic (1900)

Muslim Syncretic (3900)

Buddhist Syncretic (6900)

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Christian (1000)

Christian Unspecified (1001)

Catholic (1200)

Protestant Extended (1300)

Orthodox (1600)

Other Non-Liminal Christian (1700)

Liminal Christian (1800)

Protestant (1400)

Quasi-Protestant (1500)

Christian (1000)

Catholic (1200)

Roman Catholic (1220)

Other Catholic (1270)

Latin Rites (1222)

Eastern Rites (1223)

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Christian (1000)

Protestant Extended (1300)

Protestant (1400)

Protestant Unsp. (1401)

Lutheran (1410)

Reformed (1420)

Anabaptist-Brethren-Pietist (1430)

Baptist (1440)

Adventist (1450)

Wesleyan (1460)

Multi-Denominational (1470)

Other Protestant (1480)

Reformed Unsp. (1421)

Presbyterial (1422)

Congregational (1423)

Quasi-Protestant (1500)

Anglican (1510)

Pentecostal (1520)

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Christian (1000)

Orthodox (1600)

Orthodox Unsp. (1601)

Oriental Orthodox (1610)

Eastern Orthodox (1620)

Christian (1000)

Liminal Christian (1800)

Liminal Christian Unsp. (1801)

Extra-Canonical Christian (1810)

Mormon (1812)

Other Extra-Canonical Christian (1817)

Non-Trinitarian Christian (1820)

Other Liminal Christian (1870)

Jehovah’s Witness (1822)

Unitarian (1823)

Other Non-Trinitarian Christian (1827)

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Muslim (3000)

Muslim Unspecified (3001)

Sunni (3100)

Shia (3200)

Khariji (Ibadi) (3300)

Liminal Muslim (3800)

Muslim (3000)

Sunni (3100)

Sunni Unspecified (3101)

Hanafi (3110)

Maliki (3120)

Shafii (3130)

Hanbali (3140)

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Muslim (3000)

Shia (3200)

Shia Unsp. (3201)

Twelver (3210)

Ismaili (Sevener) (3220)

Zaydi (3230)

Other Shia (3270)

Twelver Unsp. (3211)

Jafari (3212)

Batini (3213)

Muslim (3000)

Liminal Muslim (3800)

Druze (3810)

Ahmadi (3820)

Other Liminal Muslim (3870)

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Buddhist (6000)

Buddhist Unspecified (6001)

Theravada (6100)

Mahayana (6200)

Tibetan (6300)

Other Buddhist (6700)

Indigenous (8000)

Indigenous Unsp. (8001)

Animist (8100)

Shamanist (8200)

Other Indigenous (8700)

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