Demographic and Economic Changes 1790- 1860 Chapter 9.
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Transcript of Demographic and Economic Changes 1790- 1860 Chapter 9.
Demographic and Economic Changes 1790-1860Chapter 9
Increased Population and Westward
MovementGrowth in size of the country from 13 states (1790) to 33 states (1860)
Population growth 4 million (1790) to 30 million (1860)
More people began moving west of the Appalachian Mountains (after 1790) and west of the Mississippi (1820)
More people began to move into citiesEven in 1860 most people still lived in rural areas, but the number living in cities was increasing rapidly
Increased Population
Population Moving West
Westward Movement
Frontier life not glamorous
Frontier not barren/completely vacantFrench/Spanish going back to 1600s
Native Americans
Environmental impact of westward expansionBluegrass in Kentucky
No more forests in the Midwest/New EnglandChanges in climate
New animals, plants
Immigration and the New Immigrants
Beginning in the 1830s, 1840s number of immigrants began to increase dramatically
Immigrants began to come from new countries “New Immigrants” Ireland and Germany
What’s significant about the new immigrants?
New countries—not just England
New religion—especially Roman CatholicismWhat’s the problem with Catholicism?
Large number of poor immigrants
Irish ImmigrationPush and pull factors for immigrants
PushPotato famine
Poverty in Ireland
Religious and political oppression by the British
PullEconomic opportunity in the US
Religious tolerance
Areas of settlement for the Irish: Northeastern cities, why?
German ImmigrationPush
Religious intolerance in German states
Economic problems
Warfare and forced military service
PullReligious tolerance and economic opportunity in US
Not all German immigrants were Catholic (about half)
German immigrants tended to be wealthier (left more for pull reasons than push)
Areas of German settlement: More dispersed, throughout the Northern US (modern Midwest especially)
Increased Immigration: The New Immigrants (Irish and German)
Anti-immigrant ReactionNative-born Americans (Native Americans) resented new immigrants, why?
Competition
New cultures/ethnicities
New religions
No Irish Need Apply
Know-Nothing Party, American Party
Irish and German Immigrants met with hostility in America
Stereotypical view of the Irish
Irish Stereotypes: II
Irish Stereotype: III
Impact of ImmigrationGrowth of cities fueled by immigrants
More immigrants located in Northeastern cities meant more workers for factories—industrialization
Immigrants changed the nature of politicsPolitical Machine
Major population growth in the North, not as fast in the South, tensions. . . .?
More political power for the North, how?
Cultural contributions
Technological AdvancesThe cotton gin: Eli Whitney
Effects on Southern economy
Effects on Slavery
McCormick’s mechanical reaperInvented by Cyrus McCorkmick
Brought mechanization to farming out west
Market economy came to US agricultureNot just growing food to survive—subsistence farming—or for local consumption, US farmers were now involved in the worldwide market for agricultural products
Pros, Cons?
Telegraph: Samuel Morse—increased communication
Steam EngineAllowed for the mechanization of factories, ships, trains
Innovations in TransportationRoads 1790s
National Road (Cumberland Road)—federally financed road, most roads were privately financed, or state financed
Turnpikes—privately owned roads
Canals 1820s1850sEerie Canal 1825 connected Great Lakes to Hudson River, made NYC important trade center
Canals built linking navigable rivers to cities, inland areas, lakes, other rivers
Steamboats 1810sRobert Fulton and the Clermont 1807
Made two-way travel on rivers easier
Railroad 1830sAdvantages over canals and roads
By 1860 30,000 miles of track in US but ¾ in the North
Significance of man-made east-west transportation links
Growth in Roads, Canals, and Railroads
Industrialization Industrial Revolution began in England in the late 1700s
First factory in US, Samuel Slater, Pawtucket RI 1791
Spread of factories in US slow 1790s-1820sHard to find workers
Opposition from government
Competition with foreign industry
Embargo Act of 1807, War of 1812 helped facilitate the growth of US factories, how?
Protective tariffs beginning in 1816 helped protect industry
Where would industry be located?Middle States and New England became the main centers of industrial production
Impact of IndustrializationMarket Economy for US workers
Independent shopkeeper done away with (slowly over time) replaced by wage laborers and the factory system
More efficient, more goods produced (richer country) but less independence for the worker, also worse working conditions
Women and children in the workforceLowell and Lawrence Massachusetts first experimented with employing large numbers of women outside the home—women could be paid less
Reinvigoration for the NorthEver since election of 1800 North had been decreasing in political and economic importance to the South and West, industrialization changed that
More economic power, more political power
Political TensionsNorthern business owners didn’t want westward expansion, why?
Different economic systems meant political competition N vs S