dellero infectiousdisorder

8/8/2019 dellero infectiousdisorder

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Acute

Tracheobronchitis


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Acute Tra cheob r onchitis is a commoninfection involving the trachea andbronchi. Infections, physical andchemical stimulation, or allergicfactors can lead to acute inflammationin the mucosa of trachea and bronchi.Some cases of acute tracheo-

bronchitis are also secondary to acuteupper respiratory tract infection.


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Ca uses:

Adenovirus

Myopl a sm a pneumoni a e


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P r edisposing fa cto r

Age

Sex

P r ecipit a ting Fa cto r

U ppe r r espi ra to r y in f ection

Smoking

CO P D

Cells in bronchial-lining tissue areirritated

Mucous membrane becameedematous

Bronchial mucociliary functiondeminished

Air passage becomes clogged

C orpious secretion of mucousdevelop


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Signs and symptoms:mucopurulent sputum which is secreted by the

edematous mucosa of the bronchidry irritating cough

sternal soreness from coughingfeverheadachegeneral malaise

if progresses , profuse and purulent and coughbecomes looser


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N u r sing M a n a gement:

bed restincrease fluid intake to liquefy the thick tenacious

secretion and can be easily expectorate

hot compress to relieve soreness and painhot drinks may prove soothingFruit juices are rich in Vitamin C will increase

resistant against infection

steam inhalation to loosen secretion and relievelaryngeal and tracheal irritation

for aged- frequent turning side to side and put insitting position


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P harmacologic Treatment:

Antibiotic therapyamoxicillin

antipyretic analgesics


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P NEU M ONI A


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P neumonia- an inflamatory condition

of lungs. It is often characterized asincluding inflammation of theparenchyma of the lung (that is, thealveoli) and abnormal alveolar fillingwith fluid (consolidation andexudation).


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Classification:

Community AcquiredP neumonia

Hospital AcquiredP neumonia


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Community- a cqui r ed

is infectious pneumonia in a person who has notrecently been hospitalized. C AP is the most commontype of pneumonia. The most common causes of C AP vary depending on a person's age, but they

include Streptococcus pneumoniae , viruses, theatypical bacteria, and Haemophilus influenzae .Overall, Streptococcus pneumoniae is the mostcommon cause of community-acquired pneumonia

worldwide. Gram-negative bacteria cause C AP incertain at-risk populations.


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H ospit a l-a cqui r ed

Hospital-acquired pneumonia, also called nosocomialpneumonia, is pneumonia acquired during or afterhospitalization for another illness or procedure with onset atleast 72 hrs after admission. The causes, microbiology,treatment and prognosis are different from those of community-acquired pneumonia. Up to 5% of patientsadmitted to a hospital for other causes subsequently developpneumonia. Hospitalized patients may have many risk factorsfor pneumonia, including mechanical ventilation, prolongedmalnutrition, underlying heart and lung diseases, decreasedamounts of stomach acid, and immune disturbances.Additionally, the microorganisms a person is exposed to in ahospital are often different from those at home


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PA

TH O PHY SIOLOG Y


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Precipitating Factor Precipitating FactorStreptococcus pneumonia resides in nasopharynx

Viral infection increase attachment s. pneumonia to the receptor

Once inhalated into alveolus pneumonia infect type 2 alveolar cell

Multiplication in alveolus and invade alveolar epithelium

The small blood vessels of the lungs become leaky

History of smokingMalnutritionWeak immune

systemMalnutritionDehydration

agesex/gender


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Less functional area for oxygen and carbon dioxideexchange

O2 DeprivationRetaining potentiallyCO2

Alveolar exudates tends to consulate so it sincreasingly difficult to expectorate


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P ulmon ar y

Tube r culosis


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P ATH O PHY SIOLOG Y


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High Risk Factors:

1 Old Age2 Infants3 Children4 Low Socio-EconomicStatus5 Drug Addicts6 HIV Positive7 Severely Malnourished8 Health Care Workers

Etiological Agent:

Mycobacterium

tuberculosis

Mode of Transmission:

Droplets Nuclei

Environmental Factors:

1 High-RiskCommunities

2 Low income Communities3 Health Care Facilities

Mode of Entry:

Respiratory Tract

Lungs (Alveoli)

Diagnostic Procedures:

1 Medical History2 Physical Examination3 Chest Radiography4 Mantoux tuberculin skintest5 Microbiological smears andcultures

Signs and Symptoms

Fever Anxiety

Fatigue

Low Self-EsteemAnorexiaElevated WBCHemoptysis

Productive CoughNight SweatsPallor Chest Pain

dyspnea

Treatment1 Anti-TB

Drugs2 Surgery

Death

Cure

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