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DELIVERABLE D7.4: FINAL REPORT ON STANDARDIZATION

Grant Agreement number: 317762 Project acronym: COMBO Project title: COnvergence of fixed and Mobile BrOadband access/aggregation networks Funding Scheme: Collaborative Project – Integrated Project

Date of latest version of the Deliverable D7.4: 12 October 2016

Delivery Date: Month 45 Leader of the Deliverable: Orange

File Name: COMBO_D7.4_WP7_12October2016_Orange_v2.0.docx Version: 2.0

Authorisation code: PU = Public

Project coordinator name, title and organisation: Jean-Charles Point, JCP-Connect

Tel: + 33 2 23 27 12 46

E-mail: [email protected]

Project website address: www.ict-combo.eu

Grant Agreement N°: 317762

Deliverable D7.4: Final Report on Standardization

COMBO_D7.4_WP7_12October2016_Orange_v2.0.docx of 28 Version: 2.0

Executive Summary of the Deliverable As both fixed and mobile networks are central topics of the COMBO project the standardization ecosystem in which the project evolved is particularly wide spanning from standardization organization from the fixed networks world to those of the mobile network world. This document presents the standardization activities of the COMBO project carried out during the project’s lifetime. The standardization activities of the COMBO project included also pre-standardization activities, i.e. those activities having the main goal of creating industries' or communities' momentums for setting the floor for the standardization of the COMBO concepts. All these activities are addressed and summarized in this deliverable. First, this report presents (i) the methodology implemented for pushing project’s results into standards. In this part of the document we detail our standardization framework which consist of two approaches that we followed for carrying out our standardization activities, namely the “Top-down” and the “Bottom-up” approaches and the tool we used to monitor the performance of our actions into standards, namely the standardization Dashboard. The next part of the report is dedicated to (ii) the main results and outcomes of the standardization activities for the entire duration of the project. The results presentation is structured according to the Standard Definition Organizations in which the results were obtained. Finally, the last part of the document summarises (iii) the achievements of the COMBO project in the standards ecosystem. It can be noticed that within the report the focus is set on the activities related to the top-down approach of the project. Authors’ deliberate reason for doing so resides in the fact that while concentrating the major part of the effort related to standardization activities, the top-down standardization activities are the origin of the most noticeable results of the project in the standardization field. From the project’s entire set of standardization actions/results along the project’s lifetime; one may notice that two streams of standardization activities emerge. The first stream regroups the activities related to the standardization of the functional and structural convergence and the second stream encompasses the activities related to the standardization of the 5G networks. As part of the activities from the first stream is worth mentioning the standardization activities carried in FSAN which resulted in a new standard for optical fronthaul / backhaul transmission technology, i.e. PtP WDM PON. While PtP WDM PON compliant equipment is currently deployed by network operators around the world, the definition of NG-PON2 standards has already started and will propagate COMBO's vision on FMC beyond project’s lifetime. The second stream of standardization activities consist of the activities related to the standardization of the 5G networks. Contributions to standards from COMBO within this stream already started in the first year of COMBO with a contribution towards NGMN. In 2015 NGMN published an operator only 5G White paper expressing the operator requirements intended to guide the development of 5G systems and related




standards. Orange, DT and Telefonica are members of the NGMN board and have participated in the 5G white paper, pushing FMC concepts and feeding information to the group. As work for 5G standardization shifted from pre-standardization to standardization work so did the contributions from COMBO to 5G standards. Starting with 2015 and the creation of the 3GPP SA2 “NextGen” study item, COMBO work towards 5G standards concentrated on proposals feeding the "key issues" and "solutions" to these key issues together with some proposals for the overall definition of 5G architecture captured in the technical report of the NextGen study item. As a key outcome of COMBO work performed up to end September 2016, a consolidated architecture option has been incorporated in NextGen study item technical report, as option 4 for the final architecture to be decided in Releases 15 and 16 of 3GPP. This architecture reflects the general concepts developed by COMBO, including the underlying ideas of Universal Access Gateway user plane and control plane.




List of authors Full Name – E-mail Company – Country Code

Serban Purge - [email protected] Orange - FR Dirk Breuer - [email protected] DTAG - DE Stephane Gosselin - [email protected] Orange - FR Jose Alfonso Torrijos Gijon - [email protected]

TID-ES

Jean-Charles Point - [email protected] JCP-Connect - FR Klaus Grobe - [email protected] ADVA-DE Luis Simón Gómez - [email protected] FON -ES

List of reviewers Full Name – E-mail Company – Country Code

JULIO MONTALVO GARCIA [email protected];

TID-ES

Approval Approval Full Name – E-mail Company –

Country Code Date

Task Leader Serban Purge - [email protected] Orange - FR 30.09.2016 WP Leader Roman Kaurson, roman.kaurson@jcp-

connect.com; JCP-Connect – FR

30.09.2016

Project Coordinator

Jean-Charles Point - [email protected]

JCP-Connect - FR 30.09.2016

Other (PMC, SC, etc)

- - -




Document History Edition Date Modifications / Comments Author 0.1 31.07.2016 Table of content defined S. Purge 0.2 07.09.2016 First draft including partners contribution S. Purge 0.3 14.09.2016 Final draft including all partners contributions S. Purge 0.4 26.09.2016 Version for external review S. Purge 1.0 30.09.2016 First public version of the document S. Purge 2.0 12.10.2016 Editorial update S. Pirge




Table of Contents

1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 9

2 TERMINOLOGY AND METHODOLOGY ......................................................................... 10

3 STANDARDIZATION ACTIVITIES PERFORMED DURING THE PROJECT ................. 12

3.1 NGMN ............................................................................................................................ 12

3.2 FSAN / ITU-T SG15-Q2 ................................................................................................. 14

3.3 BROADBAND FORUM ....................................................................................................... 16

3.4 ETSI ............................................................................................................................... 20

3.5 3GPP .............................................................................................................................. 21

3.6 OTHERS SDOS ................................................................................................................ 25

3.6.1 WIRELESS BROADBAND ALLIANCE (WBA) ...................................................................... 25

3.6.2 WI-FI ALLIANCE (WFA) ................................................................................................. 25

4 CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES .......................................................................... 26

5 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................. 27




Glossary Acronym /

Abbreviation Brief description

3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project 5G-PPP The 5G Infrastructure Public Private Partnership AA Access Agent AMCC Auxiliary Management and Communications Channel BBF Broadband Forum BBU Baseband Unit CoMP Coordinated Multipoint CPE Customer Premises Equipment C-RAN Cloud Radio Access Network DSL Digital Subscriber Line ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute Fi-Wi Fiber-Wireless FMC Fixed-Mobile Converged Network FSAN Full Service Access Network HetNet Heterogeneous network IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IETF Internet Engineering Task Force IRTF Internet Research Task ISG Industry Specification Group ITU-T International Telecommunication Union – Telecommunication

Standardization Sector JOCN Journal of Optical Communications and Networking LTE Long Term Evolution MEF Metro Ethernet Forum NFV Network Function Virtualization NGMN Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance NG-PON2 40-Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Network NG-PoP Next Generation Point of Presence OAM Operations, Administration and Management ODN Optical Distribution Network OMA Open Mobile Alliance ONU Optical Network Unit PHY physical layer PON Passive Optical Network PtP Point-to-Point RAN Radio Access Network SDN Software Defined Network




SDO Standard Definition Organization TWDM Time and Wavelength Division Multiplexed UAG Universal Access Gateway UE User Equipment WBA Wireless Broadband Alliance WDM Wavelength-division multiplexing WP Workpackage or White Paper WR Wavelength-Routed




1 Introduction As both fixed and mobile networks are central topics of the COMBO project the standardization ecosystem in which the project evolved is particularly wide spanning from standardization organizations from the fixed networks world to those of the mobile network world. This document presents the standardization activities of the COMBO project carried out during the project’s lifetime. The standardization activities of COMBO project included also pre-standardization activities, i.e. those activities having the main goal of creating industries' or communities' momentums for setting the floor for the standardization of the COMBO concepts. All these activities are addressed and summarized in this deliverable. First, this report presents (i) the methodology implemented for pushing project’s results into standards. In this part of the document we detail our standardization framework which consist of two approaches that we followed for caring out our standardization activities, namely the “Top-down” and the “Bottom-up” approaches and the tool we used to monitor the performance of our actions into standards, namely the standardization Dashboard. The next part of the report is dedicated to (ii) the main results and outcomes of the standardization activities for the entire duration of the project. The results presentation is structured according to the Standardization Organizations in which the results were obtained, i.e.:

• Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance (NGMN);

• Full Service Access Network (FSAN);

• Broadband Forum (BBF);

• European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI);

• The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP);

• Wireless Broadband Alliance (WBA);

• Wi-Fi Alliance (WFA). This structure also follows the timeline of the order in which the results were obtained. Finally, the last part of the document concludes this report and presents (iii) the progress and the perspectives brought by COMBO for the standardization of 5G networks in the next years.




2 Terminology and methodology The starting point for the standardization activities was identifying the technical areas of the project subject to generate results to be standardized. The technical areas, which were tentatively formulated by the project consortium, are reminded here next:

A. FMC Network architectures & NG-PoP (Next Generation Point of Presence) concept;

B. Energy efficiency and green benefit of FMC; C. RAN (Radio Access Network) design enabling FMC; D. Traffic engineering for FMC; E. Optical Access Network design for FMC.

Once these technical areas have been identified, the next step which was taken was identifying the standard organizations which cover the identified technical areas. Thus, the targeted SDOs (Standard Definition Organization) were the following ones:

• European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI);

• The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP);

• Broadband Forum (BBF);

• Full Service Access Network (FSAN);

• International Telecommunication Union – Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T).

In addition to the list of targeted SDOs there was a list of “candidate” organizations regrouping standard organizations, industry alliances, industry forums and others. This list is presented below and was mainly used for pre standardization activities:

• Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance (NGMN);

• Open Mobile Alliance (OMA);

• Wi-Fi Alliance;

• Wireless Broadband Alliance (WBA);

• Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE);

• Metro Ethernet Forum (MEF);

• Internet Research Task Force (IRTF). An important criterion for the selection of the above mentioned organizations was the involvement of the COMBO Consortium members in these standard organizations. Thus, only those organizations in which COMBO partners have standardization departments strongly involved have been considered. As methodology for fulfilling the standardization activities goals, two approaches have been defined and implemented in the project.




Top-down approach: was defined as an agile and proactive approach for bringing technical innovations to standardization groups. The principle consists in creating frameworks in existing SDOs (e.g. 3GPP Work Item / Study Item, ETSI ISG, BBF Working Text) in which to develop COMBO Innovations. Bottom-up approach: is a stepwise approach for identifying opened work items, study items, working texts, working tasks, etc. within the key standardization groups for FMC and to assess the standardization contribution opportunity of the COMBO project in a given standardization framework. The three steps of this approach are as follows:

• Step 1: identifying the candidate SDOs and study items for FMC innovations

• Step 2: monitor the SDO for contribution opportunities

• Step 3 : submit relevant contribution to the identified SDO Finally, a Standardization Dashboard was implemented in the project in order to log all the tasks related to the top down and bottom up approaches.




3 Standardization activities performed during the project

3.1 NGMN Contributions from COMBO towards NGMN already started in the first year of COMBO. In 2015 NGMN published an operator only 5G White paper [1]. This white paper includes the operator requirements intended to guide the development of 5G systems and related standards. Orange, DT and Telefonica are members of the NGMN board and have participated in the 5G white paper, pushing FMC concepts and

feeding information to the group. As a matter of fact, NGMN identified network-level FMC in the 5G design principles. For example regarding access-technology interfacing NGMN option 3 was the preferred option for interfacing between access networks (4G RAT evolution, 5G RAT, fixed/Wi-Fi) and 5G core network functions (see Figure 10 /page 50 of [1]). This option 3 means that all access types (3GPP and non-3GPP fixed / Wi-Fi) are natively integrated by the 5G core network as proposed and demonstrated by COMBO.

Figure 1: Interface option 3 of NGMN white paper [1]

This option 3 is also the recommended solution by the Focus Group on networks aspects IMT-2020 established in May 2015 by ITU-T Study Group 13 to analyse the impact of 5G. Its report on Standards Gap Analysis [2] identified FMC as a high-priority item in that gap analysis, where fixed access networks should be considered as an access network of IMT-2020 with a converged access-agnostic core, which integrates fixed and mobile core. Focus Group IMT-2020 recommended supporting true FMC ensuring a seamless user experience within the fixed and mobile domains.




After its publication, NGMN white paper has been used as a key 5G reference in multiple organizations, for example 5G PPP [3], Digital Europe [4], Tech UK [5], 5G Americas [6], etc. Horizon 2020 projects, such as METIS, METIS II, ICIRRUS, mmMAGIC, etc. and books related to 5G [7][8][9]. Additionally in the actually discussed end-to-end architecture framework, FMC is a vital part. The specific topics are listed in separate sections of the “Questions Arising from Architecture Considerations” NGMN internal documents. In the following list, some covered topics are shown as an excerpt of the NGMN questions list. This list does not claim to be complete. For RAN:

• Can Cloud-RAN deployments be achieved using more efficient/flexible/economic alternatives to CPRI? Will RAN splits change to support the new radio technologies?

• What are the optimum fronthaul/backhaul technologies – fibre, microwave, copper, etc.?

For Core:

• What does a common subscriber identity and profile schema look like?

• How will devices select the best available network, how can network policies influence that decision?

• Opportunistic access to Wi-Fi – how could a UE (User Equipment) access a third party Wi-Fi hotspot for off-load (dual connectivity) or maintenance of session (single connectivity) and have the ability to tunnel back to the operator’s core network?

For Policy Control:

• How will devices select the best available network? How can network policies influence that decision?

• How can a common policy framework control fixed and mobile access networks?

It should be noted that the COMBO project has addressed several of these key questions, so that COMBO operator partners are in a good position to further contribute to NGMN on these questions:

• On RAN aspects, COMBO has gained insights on the cost-effectiveness of various transport technologies for C-RAN depending on RAN functional splits, showing in particular the respective areas of interest of NG-PON2 and WR-WDM-PON [13];

• On core aspects, COMBO has proposed and specified universal user and subscriber AUThentication (uAUT) and universal Data Path Management (uDPM) to handle both authentication issues and multiple user data paths in




FMC context, allowing opportunistic access through various access networks [11];

• On policy control, COMBO has proposed the Universal Access Gateway (UAG) functional entity implementing in particular the network part of uDPM and allowing implementation of network policies for the choice of user data paths in the network [14].

3.2 FSAN / ITU-T SG15-Q2 In 2008, FSAN (Full-Service Access Network consortium) started work on a new PON standard, which would then become the G.989 series on NG-PON2. In the first two years or so, many technological contenders for a PON suitable to cope with the requirements outlined in G.989.1 were discussed. Over time, it turned out that NG-PON2 would contain

an optional Point-to-Point (PtP) system based on multiple wavelengths called PtP WDM PON. This system was, and still is, regarded suitable for different backhaul and mobile fronthaul applications. Over time, and well up into 2015, many aspects of the PtP WDM PON system had to be detailed and defined in the respective Recommendations G.989.2 and G.989.3. In addition, it turned out that the physical-media part (described in G.989.2) has some similarities to and overlap with SG15-Q6's Draft Recommendation G.metro. The work leading to the PtP WDM PON definitions has been closely influenced by project partner ADVA from the beginning of the COMBO project up into 2015. This work was a continuation of the work that ADVA started in the earlier OASE project. It stopped somewhere in the second half of 2015, when the first versions of G.989.2/G.989.3 were released. By this time, FSAN started work on XGS-PON, a single-channel PON not necessarily suitable for general x-haul. Work on XGS-PON was not directly supported by COMBO anymore. After finalization of the first Recommendation versions, work continued on an extended JOCN (Journal of Optical Communications Networks) paper, which summarized the NG-PON2 work. This paper [18] [19] was issued as a 2-part invited FSAN paper on physical-layer aspects of NG-PON2. It is not sole outcome of the COMBO project, however is co-authored by one of the COMBO partners (ADVA, Klaus Grobe) and thus was partly influenced by the COMBO outcomes. Relevant aspects of NG-PON2 PtP WDM PON that were driven by ADVA include (see [12] for detailed considerations on some of these aspects):

• The choice of tunable lasers as transmitters

• The definitions of the wavelength ranges for the PtP WDM PON system for upstream and downstream




• Related work on the respective cyclic AWGs (Arrayed Waveguide Gratings) that are necessary to support these wavelength ranges

• Definitions of the achievable (or necessary) power-budget classes

• The concept of an additional Auxiliary Management and Communications Channel (AMCC).

Regarding the power-budget classes, two new classes (with lower budget for cheaper implementation) were brought into discussion by ADVA. This is still an open aspect of the PtP WDM PON definitions (i.e., it will be finalized later). Regarding the AMCC, it needs to be noted that low-cost lasers in ONUs cannot be controlled without such a communications channel. Over time (starting under the OASE project, continued under COMBO), the AMCC concept was developed to support various tunable-laser types. Several modulation techniques for the AMCC were investigated (which are now also being discussed in G-metro). In the G.989 series, further definitions of the AMCC are still pending. The concept has been successfully demonstrated in the COMBO demonstrator in April 2016. Areas were the COMBO project delivered input for the G.989 series include:

• Bit rates suitable to support the converged architecture, in particular fronthaul bit rates (which was in particular pushed by Orange)

• The allowance of a dedicated expanded-spectrum PtP WDM PON variant. (This is also the overlap area with G.metro.) This led to FSAN/Q.2 considerations of wavelength-routed ODN (since this may have certain advantages in non-residential-access infrastructure deployments).

• Discussion on new power-budget classes for the PtP WDM PON system, which enable low-cost implementation over distances as identified and confirmed by the COMBO project.

In addition to direct contributions to the G.989 series, COMBO partners also pushed the project vision on transport of backhaul/fronthaul in converged infrastructures through an operators' white paper edited in FSAN framework. This white paper was initiated in 2015 and is entitled "How does Passive Optical Network tackle Radio Access Network evolution?". Traditional Radio Access Network (RAN) architecture will need to evolve to support centralized interference management required by complex heterogeneous networks. In addition, the multiplication of antenna ports raises new challenges in terms of network coordination and energy efficiency. Cloud-RAN (C-RAN) and virtual RAN (vRAN) are attractive architectures to cope with these issues and bring also potential benefits for site installation. It is thus important for optical access to express a clear view of the potential interfaces and transmission systems that C-RAN and vRAN need, so as to connect digital unit (DU) processing to radio unit (RU) blocks. For these reasons, FSAN operators took the initiative to analyse optical network scenarios for C-RAN use cases. This white paper is edited by Orange, China Unicom, China Telecom, Telecom Italia, NTT, Portugal Telecom, KDDI and led by Orange. This white paper is fully in line with COMBO work on possible integration of fronthaul and backhaul with fixed access networks. Since some of the integration scenarios proposed by COMBO rely on NG-PON2, it is




important that FSAN could fully benefit from COMBO results on this field. Relation has been made through a COMBO contributor who is also the FSAN delegate who leads this white paper. COMBO brought contributions to this white paper on optical network scenarios for C-RAN / vRAN and also on system requirements for fronthaul. Version 11.0 of the white paper has been produced in July 2016 and is being discussed within FSAN. Areas for future work on NG-PON2, supported by COMBO and potential successor projects, include reach extenders (because some of the COMBO infrastructure deployments require reach extensions), higher bit rates of the PtP WDM sub-system, and potentially the areas of OAM (Operations, Administration and Management) (monitoring) and also some further work on hybrid and WR-ODN (Wavelength-Routed - Optical Distribution Network) and the related coexistence aspects.

3.3 Broadband Forum This section contains the main achievements made in the frame of the Broadband Forum (BBF). The Broadband Forum is a non-profit SDO dedicated to developing broadband

network specifications. It has over 20 years of expertise developing standards focused on fixed networks technologies and architectures to enable services to enterprise, mobile networks and high-speed access. The group is structured around 8 Work Areas, being one of them devoted to Wireline-Wireless Convergence. This work area was created in 2015 during the last BBF reorganization, previously FMC topics were included in the End-to-End Architecture Working Group. The following list describes the activities related to COMBO topics developed in the different Working Areas of the Broadband Forum. WT-341 RADIUS Attributes Catalog Abstract: This Working Text, leaded by Orange at the Wireline-Wireless Convergence Work Area, aims at cataloging RADIUS attributes used in the context of BBF and IETF for AAA functions. For the outcome of this work could be the standardization of Vendor Specific Attributes (VSAs) and comparison of the catalog content with Diameter attributes used in 3GPP networks. Note: This Working Text was approved in July 2016 as TR-341. Contributions from COMBO:

• “Authentication attributes” (bbf2014.1152.00)

• “New attributes for section 4” (bbf2015.159.03)

• “Draft for IETF radext WG” (bbf2015.582.01)

• “Attributes for DHCP auth. Options” (bbf2015.824.00)




• “Attributes needed in Access Reject messages and minor changes to chapter 4” (bbf2015.1050.00)

• “Attributes for Accounting-Request/Response” (bbf2015.1051.00)

• “Attributes for DNS Server IPv6” (bbf2016.038.00)

• “Comments for straw ballot” (bbf2016.420.00) SD-357 3GPP-BBF Common functions Abstract: This Study Document, leaded by Orange at the Wireline-Wireless Convergence Work Area, aims at identifying and characterizing a set of common 3Gpp and BBF functions, analysis of impact on the network and infrastructure resulting from such combined functions as well as requirements and restrictions. Depending on how it progresses, a liaison to invite 3GPP to initiate a common work may be sent in the future. Contributions from COMBO:

• “3GPP TS 23.401 and BBF TR-101 functions” (bbf2015.589.01)

• “Integration of functions from TR-203, TR-291 and 3GPP TS23.402” (bbf2015.825.00)

• “Proposed content additions” (bbf2016.658.00)

• “CP and DP common functions chart” (bbf2016.651.00). SD-357 was completed during the BBF meeting in Berlin in 2016Q3 and the next step, in phase 2, is expected to include a functional convergence study, based on a detailed use case and requirements analysis, involving both mobile (3GPP-defined) and fixed (BBF-defined) access networks. This task is planned to be performed in interaction and cooperation with 3GPP SA2.

WT-348 Hybrid access architectures Abstract: Inspired by the COMBO vision this contribution aims at defining use cases for FMC within BBF. Taking benefit of nearby LTE antennas to complement poor bandwidth DSL accesses is currently referred to as “Hybrid access”. Working Text 348 was released as a Technical Report in July 2016 and defines a framework that enables converged network operators to offer their fixed access subscribers coordinated and simultaneous use of fixed broadband and 3GPP access networks. TR-348 defines deployments scenarios implying a hybrid CPE (Customer Premises Equipment) with a second WAN interface and an aggregation/distribution function inside the operator network: the Hybrid Access Gateway as illustrated in Figure 2.




Figure 2: Example of deployment scenario of TR-348 (source BBF)

Contributions from COMBO:

• “Proposed text for section 4: Use Cases” (bbf2014.1153.00)

• “Common Requirements” (bbf.2015.158.01)

• “Hybrid access at the IETF” (bbf2015.244.00)

• “Common Requirements” (bbf2015.504.01)

• “HAG bypass option for packet-based distribution” (bbf2015.504.01)

• “Hybrid access with PMIPv6” (bbf2015.817.01)

• “KPIs for Hybrid Access” (bbf2015.1058.01)

• “WT-348 Executive Summary” (bbf2015.1072.01)

• “Straw ballot comments” (bbf2016.037.00)

• “Modifications in the UC and pictures” (bbf2016,208.00)

• “WT-348 Pending items” (bbf2016.294.01) TR-348 defines a converged architecture at a lower fixed-mobile integration level than the UAG (Universal Access Gateway) defined in D3.5, nevertheless it is a valid intermediate step that can be used during the migration towards a full fixed-mobile integration. WT-378: Nodal Requirements for Hybrid Access Broadband Networks Abstract: the Working Text 378 continues the work with Hybrid Access after TR-348 has been completed. Its purpose is to define the nodal requirements of the nodes forming the solutions defined in TR-348. Contributions from COMBO:

• “MPTCP-based hybrid access options” (bbf2016.398.01)

• “Hybrid Access MPTCP requirements” (bbf2016.400.01)

• “Hybrid Access Requirements” (bbf2016.439.04). This activity was initiated in 2016 and will last until 2017.




SD-373 5G Requirements and Enablers Abstract: the Study Document 373 aims to review 5G currently proposed use cases, architectures and requirements to identify relevant components and aspects to be addressed and provided as enablers by BBF. SD-373 considers fixed-mobile convergence as a key aspect expected in 5G to reduce latency due to protocol simplification and optimal location of network functions/applications and improve reliability via establishing multiple connections, e.g. via hybrid access. Contributions from COMBO:

• “Input for SD-5G requirements section” (bbf2016.150.01)

• “White board discussions on 5G” (bbf2016.467.01)

• “Network Slicing” (bbf2016.487.00) SD-373 will be completed before the 2016Q4 meeting, establishing a BBF/3GPP cooperation on 5G FMC. In that sense, a liaison from the BBF has been issued to the 3GPP SA2 group to elaborate a concrete plan of joint activities (see next section). 5G FMC activities in collaboration with 3GPP During the July 2016 BBF meeting, which took place in Berlin, COMBO partners in collaboration with other companies such as Vodafone, KPN and Telecom Italia, co-signed a presentation, explaining the need for full FMC in 5G. This presentation argued that the standardization of FMC would require the alignment and cooperation between relevant bodies, avoiding duplication of efforts. 3GPP and BBF were proposed to establish an inter-SDO cooperation dedicated to drive FMC for 5G. The result of this COMBO initiative was a BBF liaison to 3GPP SA2 to establish an inter-SDO cooperation dedicated to driving FMC for 5G working jointly on 5G-FMC specification, including (but not limited) to:

• Identify and elaborate architecture requirements enabling 5G-FMC

• Derive the functional needs for converged connectivity and service experience of customers (incl. e.g. security, resource mgmt., QoS, session management)

• Analyze opportunities for functional convergence

• Study enhancements enabled by NFV (Network Function Virtualization) and SDN (Software Defined Network)

A joint BBF-3GPP expert workshop on 5G-FMC is being organized and will be held in November, 2016. Contributions from COMBO:

• “NG-POP as a key driver for 5G” (presented at the BBF interim meeting in May, 2016)

• “5G FMC” (bbf2016.799.02)

• “Outgoing Liaison to 3GPP SA2 - Cooperation on 5G FMC” (bbf2016.898.02)




Additionally, the DT’s 5G Executive Program Manager has explicitly made a call on BBF members during the 2016Q3 meeting in Berlin to collaborate on true convergence of mobile and fixed networks to unlock full potential of 5G [10].

3.4 ETSI The project has initially targeted ETSI as relevant standardisation body with in mind to set-up an ISG on Fixed Mobile Network Integration (FMNI). The reasoning is that ISG role is to perform mainly pre-

standard work, in order i) to identify the topics and interfaces relevant to future standardisation ii) to identify what are the relevant target SDOs iii) to prepare eventually standard contributions and find consensus, before to submit them to the relevant bodies. Accordingly the project has produced 2 main deliverables:

• The Terms of Reference of such an ISG, which have been submitted to ETSI

• A white paper introducing the activities which are relevant to standardisation and the UAG concept, in order to i) promote in general COMBO concept and ideas ii) to raise awareness within the standard community.

During the project life (Y2) the standard situation changed dramatically with the start of 5G-PPP initiative and subsequent acceleration of standardisation process for 5G. This resulted in

• Introduction of Fixed Mobile Convergence as a key topic in the agendas of 3GPP (mainly SA2, especially for 5G) and BBF

• Requirement to coordinate with 5G PPP standard actions Accordingly, both COMBO partners (Orange, DTAG, and Ericsson) and ETSI decided to postpone the creation of such ISG as the concepts of COMBO could be directly submitted to 3GPP and BBF (see relevant chapters). Some more advanced topics like caching and some QoS interfaces are under investigation in two ongoing ISG in which COMBO members (Telefonica, Turk Telekom, JCP-C) are active:

• NGP (Next Generation Protocols) which has defined an FMC use case, and introduces the concept of Access Agent (AA) in their content delivery architecture. The Access Agent is intended to:

o Manage in-network caching and prefetching functions o Address the issue of caching of encrypted streams

As such the Access Agent is matching to COMBO FMC architecture and enables caching at different levels of the FMC network. No Work Item (WI) is planned at this stage, but potentially contributions on the protocols used for caching and prefetching are planned. Coordination with other partners external to the COMBO project will be done for end 2016.




• MEC (Mobile Edge Computing): MEC and COMBO architectures are compatible and complementary even if MEC applications are hosted in the eNodeB. Concretely, a WI on caching has been drafted and is planned to be submitted beginning 2017 together with CHARISMA 5G PPP project. Current supporters are Turk Telekom, JCP-C, IT and Intracom. The agreed WI has a large scope, and more specifically inputs from COMBO are intended to be the introduction of cache controller and cache node concepts in the architecture, and interfaces definition.

3.5 3GPP 3GPP has been committed to the standardization work defining and specifying 5G networks and systems since mid-2015, with the so-called "5G study phase", which will result in 4GPP Release 14 (mid-2017). Actual detailed specification work will take place for Release 15 and 16, to be finalized in 2018 and 2019 respectively. As depicted in Figure 3, this study phase is fed by various other inputs, especially

from NGMN. The NGMN 5G white paper (commented above) can be seen as the kick-off of 5G standardization work at 3GPP, and COMBO had thus focused first on NGMN contribution for early influence on Fixed Mobile Convergence topics in 2013 and 2014. As the key principles of FMC were agreed in NGMN 5G white paper, COMBO efforts towards 5G preparation were shifted in part to 3GPP/SA group (Services and System Aspects), in addition to the background work at FSAN and BBF. Note that the work of 3GPP/RAN group (Radio Access Network) is out of scope for COMBO and that the stakes of FMC in 5G specification mostly concern SA group.




Figure 3: Planning of 5G standardization work in 3GPP ecosystem

The 5G study phase work started with the definition and agreement on 5G service requirements (SA1, Study on New Services and Markets Technology Enablers - SMARTER [15][16]), which were largely based on the previous work performed in NGMN 5G white paper. In particular, TR 22.891 [15] explicitly includes requirements on multi access network integration in its section 5.27, fully in line with COMBO targets. In particular, the following sentences of section 5.27 of TR 22.891 reflect COMBO targets: "So the future network should have the capability to connect to multiple non-3GPP and 3GPP access networks in order to allow the operator to improve the efficiency in the exploitation of the network infrastructure and to provide the best capabilities to end-user. The 3GPP future system is expected to support at least mobility between 3GPP and non-3GPP networks with optional session continuity, capability for the UE based on network control to select the access to connect to, simultaneous connection to different accesses, capability to access services provided by a 5G network to the UE connected to a non-3GPP access, authentication for accessing a non-3GPP network using 3GPP credential, etc." The stakes for COMBO were thus to push FMC solutions in the SA2 work which effectively started end 2015, aiming at proposing architectural key issues and solutions for these key issues. The planning of this SA2 study phase work (called NexGen) is depicted in Figure 4, where the different steps correspond also to different chapters of Technical Report TR 23.799 [17].




Figure 4: Planning of 3GPP/SA2/NexGen work up to end 2016

Thanks to the preliminary work performed in NGMN and supported by operators (including COMBO main operators), the early work of SA2/NexGen (in TR 23.799) resulted in a list of high-level architectural requirements which are fully compliant with the idea of a 5G network as an integrated fixed and mobile network. In particular, the following first three requirements from TR 23.799 have to be highlighted in COMBO perspective: "The architecture of the NextGen System shall: 1 Support the new RAT(s), the Evolved E-UTRA, and non-3GPP access types. GERAN and UTRAN are not supported: a) As part of non- 3GPP access types, WLAN access (including "untrusted WLAN" according to the meaning defined in pre Rel. 14 for the term "untrusted") and Fixed access shall be supported. Support for satellite access is FFS.

2 Support unified authentication framework for different access systems. 3 Support multiple simultaneous connections of an UE via multiple access technologies. …"

These 3 key architectural requirements pave the way to an integrated fixed and mobile network in the framework of 5G specifications. COMBO work towards TR 23.799 then concentrated on proposals feeding the "key issues" and "solutions" to these key issues, together with some proposals for the overall definition of 5G architecture. These contributions are described in the following: A key issue on enabling unified authentication for network users and subscribers was first drafted and discussed as S2-160957 for February 2016 SA2 meeting. It finally was not submitted due to possible strong impact on the SA3 work related to security. As a matter of fact, a more general key issue was created in TR 23.799 on Security framework, including authentication issues and including the non-3GPP access authentication aspects (in working task 6 of this key issue). The objective is here to minimize access dependency and capturing any specifics/adaptation for non-3GPP access based on architecture for integration of non-3GPP accesses. A second contribution was drafted and submitted on the COMBO uDPM solution for SA2 April 2016 meeting. Specifically, this contribution proposes a solution to the Key




Issue 4 "Session Management". It deals with the ability to dynamically control user data paths, when several user data paths are available (e.g. via 3GPP and non-3GPP access types), while maintaining session continuity whenever necessary, and allowing simultaneous use of several user data paths, for a given user session and its individual traffic flows. This joint Orange-Telefonica contribution was proposed for April 2016 and May 2016 SA2 meetings as S2-162689. Due to a too high work load of SA2 group (too many contributions), processing of this uDPM contribution was delayed. Following joint discussions between Orange, DT and Telefonica (involving COMBO contributors, 3GPP/SA2 and BBF delegates), two contributions were thus drafted and submitted, for a presentation at the July SA2 meeting:

• a contribution on uDPM (S2-163304, "user Data Path Management"), targeting the new key issue 20 on access traffic steering, switching and splitting;

• a high-level architectural contribution (S2-164278, "Proposal on overall high-level NextGen Architecture"), so as to push Fixed Mobile Network Integration in SA2 plenary discussions.

This resulted in a text to be incorporated in TR 23.799 on the proposed integrated core network architecture for 5G. On the specific aspects of key issue 20, strongly related to COMBO uDPM proposed solution, further work will be needed in the next phase of 3GPP work, as this key issue will be handled in details during this next phase for 3GPP Release 15. As a key outcome of COMBO work performed up to end September 2016, a consolidated architecture option has been incorporated in TR 23.799 [17], as option 4 for the final architecture to be decided in Releases 15 and 16 of 3GPP. This architecture reflects the general concepts developed by COMBO, including the underlying ideas of Universal Access Gateway user plane and control plane.




Figure 5: Consolidated architecture option 4, as proposed by COMBO and incorporated in TR 23.799

3.6 Others SDOs

3.6.1 Wireless Broadband Alliance (WBA) The WBA is an industrial forum that develops whitepapers, recommendations, and reference documentation but it does not standardization strictly speaking. The only documents that can be considered as specifications are the WRIX that regulate roaming between Wi-Fi operators. Despite the WBA does not cover the same field as COMBO project, the consortium detected that the paper “Software defined networking (SDN) and network function virtualization (NFV) for Wi-Fi networks” had relevant information to be considered as reference for COMBO.

3.6.2 Wi-Fi Alliance (WFA) The WFA is a global non-profit industry association formed by different companies devoted to seamless connectivity. COMBO consortium has monitored the initiatives developed by the WFA during the project life seeking for possible synergies. Nevertheless, no synergies have been detected due the strict focus of the WBA forum on Wi-Fi, the work of which is seen as complementary to the transversal architectural work of COMBO project.




4 Conclusions and perspectives This document summarises the achievements of the COMBO project in the standards ecosystem. It can be noticed that within the report the focus is set on the activities related to the top-down approach of the project. Authors’ deliberate reason for doing so resides in the fact that while concentrating the major part of the effort related to standardization activities, the top-down standardization activities are the origin of the most noticeable results of the project in the standardization field. From the project’s entire set of standardization actions/results along the project’s lifetime; one may notice that two streams of standardization activities emerge. The first stream regroups the activities related to the standardization of the functional and structural convergence and the second stream encompasses the activities related to the standardization of the 5G networks. As part of the activities from the first stream is worth mentioning the standardization activities carried in FSAN which resulted in a new standard for optical fronthaul / backhaul transmission technology, i.e. PtP WDM PON. While PtP WDM PON compliant equipment are currently deployed by network operators around the world, the definition of NG-PON2 standards has already started and will propagate COMBO's vision on FMC beyond project’s lifetime. Still in the stream of functional and structural convergence an important amount of effort was spent for the creation of an ETSI ISG on Fixed Mobile Network Integration. Although the creation of the ISG was finally withdrawn because of “effort-duplication” concerns expressed by some industry actors a positive collateral effect of this bold initiative is noticeable in the joint BBF-3GPP initiative of creating inter-SDO collaboration so that to make sure that FMC will be part of 5G networks. The second stream of standardization activities consists of the activities related to the standardization of the 5G networks. Contributions to standards from COMBO within this stream already started in the first year of COMBO with a contribution towards NGMN. In 2015 NGMN published an operator only 5G White paper expressing the operator requirements intended to guide the development of 5G systems and related standards. Orange, DT and Telefonica are members of the NGMN board and have participated in the 5G white paper, pushing FMC concepts and feeding information to the group. As work for 5G standardization shifted from pre-standardization to standardization work so did the contributions from COMBO to 5G standards. Starting with 2015 and the creation of the 3GPP SA2 “NextGen” study item, COMBO work towards 5G standards concentrated on proposals feeding the "key issues" and "solutions" to these key issues together with some proposals for the overall definition of 5G architecture captured in the technical report of the NextGen study item. As a key outcome of COMBO work performed up to end September 2016, a consolidated architecture option has been incorporated in NextGen study item technical report, as option 4 for the final architecture to be decided in Releases 15 and 16 of 3GPP. This architecture reflects the general concepts developed by COMBO, including the underlying ideas of Universal Access Gateway user plane and control plane.




5 References [1] NGMN Alliance, NGMN 5G White Paper, version 1.0, Feb 2015. [2] Report on Standards Gap Analysis », ITU-T SG13, FG IMT-2020,

November 2015. [3] 5G PPP Vision http://www.5g-ppp.eu. [4] Digital Europe white paper on 5G spectrum, August 2015. [5] Tech UK, "5G opportunities- A discussion white paper", August 2015. [6] 5G Americas, "The voice of 5G & LTE for the Americas", February 2016. [7] "5G mobile and wireless communications Technology", 2016 Cambridge

University Press. [8] "The future X networks", a Bell Labs prespective", 2016 CRC Press. [9] Cognitive Radio Oriented Wireless Networks", 2016 Springer. [10] https://www.broadband-forum.org/news/download/pressreleeases/2016/

PR07_BBF_DeutscheTelecom_FINAL.pdf [11] COMBO deliverable D3.2: “Analysis of horizontal targets for functional

convergence”, V2.0, September 2015. [12] COMBO deliverable D3.3: “Analysis of transport network architectures for

structural convergence”, V2.0, September 2015. [13] COMBO deliverable D3.4: “Assessment of transport network architectures

for structural convergence”, V1.0, June 2016. [14] COMBO deliverable D3.5: “Assessment of candidate architectures for

functional convergence”, V1.0, July 2016. [15] 3GPP Technical Report TR 22.891, "Study on New Services and Markets

Technology Enablers", V14.1.0, June 2016, section 5.27 on multi-access integration, available on https://portal.3gpp.org/desktopmodules/Specifications/SpecificationDetails.aspx?specificationId=2897.

[16] 3GPP Technical Report TR 22.864, "Feasibility Study on New Services and Markets Technology Enablers - Network Operation; Stage 1", V14.0.0, June 2016, available on https://portal.3gpp.org/desktopmodules/Specifications/SpecificationDetails.aspx?specificationId=3016

[17] 3GPP Technical Report TR 23.799, "Study on Architecture for Next Generation System (Release 14)", V0.8.0, September 2016, available on: https://portal.3gpp.org/desktopmodules/Specifications/SpecificationDetails.aspx?specificationId=3008

[18] Jun Shan Wey, Derek Nesset, Maurizio Valvo, Klaus Grobe, Hal Roberts, Yuanqiu Luo, and Joe Smith, "Physical Layer Aspects of NG-PON2




Standards—Part 1: Optical Link Design [Invited]," J. Opt. Commun. Netw. 8, 33-42 (2016)

[19] Yuanqiu Luo, Hal Roberts, Klaus Grobe, Maurizio Valvo, Derek Nesset, Kota Asaka, Harald Rohde, Joe Smith, Jun Shan Wey, and Frank Effenberger, "Physical Layer Aspects of NG-PON2 Standards—Part 2: System Design and Technology Feasibility [Invited]," J. Opt. Commun. Netw. 8, 43-52 (2016)

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