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Meaning If the manager requires his subordinate to perform the

work, he must entrust him with part of the rights and powers which he would have to exercise himself to get that work done.

-Louis A. Allen Delegating of authority merely means the granting of

authority to subordinates to operate within prescribed limits.

-Theo Haimman 3

Advantages It relieves the manager of his heavy workload. It leads to better decisions. It speeds up decision-making. It help rain subordinates and builds morale. It serves as compensation to those employees who

face the prospect of limited advancement. It helps create a formal organisation structure.

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Disadvantages The central management is far removed from the actual

operations where the decisions are made. It may be difficult to perfectly match the task with the capability

of the subordinate. A manager may lack confidence and trust in his subordinates. Some managers feel very insecure in delegating authority,

when he is capable of doing the job better. Many subordinates are reluctant to accept authority and make

decision that they would be criticized. A subordinate may lack self-confidence in doing the job and

may fear that the supervisor will not guidance after delegation.

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Assignment of task. Delegation of decision making authority. Creating of obligation. Creating of accountability.

Process

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MeaningDecentralisation refers to systematic effort to delegate

to the lowest level all authority except that which can be exercised at central points .

-Louis A. AllenEverything which goes to increase the important of a

subordinate’s role is decentralisation, every thing that goes to reduce it is centralisation.

-Henri Fayol

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Centralisation would imply concentration of decision making functions at the apex of the management hierarchy.

The authority for most decisions is concentrated at the top of the managerial hierarchy.

It refers to the concentration of power of authority at higher level only.

Meaning

Advantages of Decentralisation

Disadvantages of centralisation

Are same

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Relieves top management of some burden of decision making.

Gives Managers more freedom and independence in decision making.

Promotes establishment and use of board control which may increase motivation.

Facilitates product diversification.Promotes developments of general manager.Aids in adaptation to fast changing environment.Facilitates setting up of profit centre.

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Disadvantages of Decentralisation

Advantages of centralisation

Are same 11

It provides prestige and power which strengthens the self-confidence.

It can be highly motivating and morale boosting for executives.

The services of staff specialists in those area where they are needed.

It is better equipped to handle any emergencies that might affect all unit of the organization.

The optimal utilization of human and physical resources.It is easier to achieve balance among the activities of different departments and functional area.

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Example Way to go,wipro!Wipro separated itself into several subsidiaries by product line : Telecommunications, engineering, financial services etc. Each subsidiary bring in about $ 300 millions in annual earnings and is self-sufficient with their own accounting books personnel and administrative functions. Wipro shifted from centralised to decentralised management system. All responsibilities for growth lay with the management of each entity. “ We tried to de-layer the organisation and empower our business leaders with much higher degree of growth responsibilities “ said Premji, Chairman of Wipro.

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Complete Centralization(no organization structure)

Complete Decentralization

(no organization structure)

Authority not delegated

Authority delegated

CENTRALIZTION AND DECENTRALIZTION AS TENDENCIES

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Differentiations

BASIS DELEGATION DECENTRALIZATION

Nature Delegation is a compulsory act because no individual can perform all tasks on his own.

Decentralisation is an optional policy decision. It is done at the discretion of the top management.

SCOPE/ CONCEPT It is a basic/primary concept. It has narrow scope as it is limited to superior & his immediate subordinate.

It is a secondary concept. Wide scope as it implies extension of delegation to the lowest level of management.

PURPOSE To reduce the burden of managers.

To increase the role of the subordinates in the organisation by giving them more autonomy.

Delegation v/s Decentralization

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BASIS DELEGATION DECENTRALIZATION

FREEDOM OF ACTION Less freedom to take own decisions as there is more control by superiors.

Greater freedom of action as there is less control over executives

RESPONSIBILITY It is the responsibility of every manager.

It is more significant as it is one time decision & once taken it is very difficult to change the decision.

Status It is a process followed to share tasks.

It is the result of the policy decision of the top management.

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CENTRALISATION V/S DECENTRALISATION

Mission, goal and objective of the organization: Certain types of organization such as universities and hospitals have a democratic power sharing structure and hence a decentralized Form. On the other hand, the goals and purposes of small Businesses such as a restaurant and small scale industries would require a more centralized structure.

Locations of target market: if the customers of an organization are located far apart geographically, then the decentralization would be more appropriate since in such a case, the appropriate management resources would be placed closed to the customers allowing quicker decisions and faster customer service

Desirability of creativity in the organization: DONALD HARPER suggests a decentralization if creativity with in the organization is desirable and necessary. It gives the sub ordinates freedom to be innovative and find better ways of doing things. This freedom is highly motivational factor which encourages creativity.