Definitions of British film

• Legally a British film should have:

• Been mostly made in Britain with mostly a British cast and crew.

• Must be mostly British financed.

• Must represent Britain.

• BUT how you define the Britishness of a film is entirely up to you

British cinema – things to consider….

• Most British films are produced in a very small area of the country – London and the South East, does this make them representative of the country?

• Most British films are made by white middle aged men, does this make them representative?

• Class is a significant issue in British film. Why?

• British comedies are successful. Why?

• How much do you think British films are influenced by Hollywood?

• What sort or perception of Britain does the rest of the world get from watching our films?

British stereotypes through film• Everyone in the UK lives in large terraced house in an

affluent part of London.• Everyone appears to have gone to public school or to

have worked down the pits since they were 10.• The British are a little eccentric (mad).• Britain is largely white and middle class.• The north of England is like another country of , working

class, pie eating manual labourers.• The British all have a dry wit, self depreciating and

pessimistic.• Scotland and Wales don’t exist.• Emotionally repressed.• Very polite and courteous.

US vs UK cinema

• What are the differences between US and UK film (besides the money spent).

• Think about themes and characters in films.

• Social Realism: British cinema has a tradition in tackling social issues since the mid 1950s.

• These films are known as social realism and modern examples include ‘Bullet Boy’, ‘Sweet Sixteen’ and ‘Trainspotting’

Problems with British film?

• Hollywood power: Most UK films are independently made and find it difficult to compete with the big US multi- national companies. The market is saturated by US imports. US films have more money to market/advertise.

• American imperialism: We are living in an ‘Americanised country that is generally dominated by US culture( think of the music and TV industries as well).

• The idea of ‘Britishness’: until recently the British film industry was accused of ignoring issues and subject matter of those outside of the ‘white mainstream’. Recently films like ‘Bend it Like Beckham’, East is East, ‘Dirty Pretty Things’ and ‘Bullet Boy have begun to challenge British cultural stereotypes.

British Talent

• Since the 1930s the British film industry has struggled to compete with the influx of Hollywood films and the power of the Hollywood studio system.

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_film_studio

• Unlike the US, Britain has never had a studio system. In addition many of the best British talents have emigrated to the Hollywood system.

• Task: How many British actors and directors that are now ‘big’ in Hollywood can you name?

• Recent example: Parminder Nagra from ‘Bend it Like Beckham’.

• Leicester born actress. Began in local theatre and discovered by channel 4 talent scout. Got part in ‘Beckham’ and whilst in LA promoting film she got part as Dr Neela in US hospital drama ‘ER’.

Problems with British film?

• Hollywood power: Most UK films are independently made and find it difficult to compete with the big US multi- national companies. The market is saturated by US imports. US films have more money to market/advertise.

• American imperialism: We are living in an ‘Americanised country that is generally dominated by US culture( think of the music and TV industries as well).

• The idea of ‘Britishness’: until recently the British film industry was accused of ignoring issues and subject matter of those outside of the ‘white mainstream’. Recently films like ‘Bend it Like Beckham’, East is East, ‘Dirty Pretty Things’ and ‘Bullet Boy have begun to challenge British cultural stereotypes.

Colonialism and post colonialism

Colonialism • Before we can understand post colonialism we need to ask what colonialism

is?

• Colonialism is the building and maintaining of colonies in one territory by people based elsewhere. It can also take the form of subjugation of a minority culture by a majority culture. Colonialism is often linked with the concept of imperialism.

• Task: Discuss- who were the countries listed below colonised by?

• Senegal• Brazil• South Africa• Canada• Philippines• India

• Task: Watch this feature on ‘Avatar’. • What is the film saying about the idea of colonisation? What about the choice

of Afro-American actors to play the Nabi.

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LJKxcbcvxa4&feature=channel

The Colonies in the 19th century

Map of the British Empire- circa 1890s

The British Empire- a bit of history• The British Empire comprised the colonies, ruled or administered by the

United Kingdom.

• These had originated as trading posts established by England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries.

• At its height in the early 20th Century, the British empire was the largest empire in history and, for over a century, was the foremost global power.

• By 1922, the British Empire held sway over a population of about 458 million people, one-quarter of the world's population at the time.

• As a result, its political, linguistic and cultural legacy is widespread. At the peak of its power, it was often said that "the sun never sets on the British Empire" because its span across the globe ensured that the sun was always shining on at least one of its numerous territories.

• The growth of Germany and the United States eroded Britain's economic lead by the end of the 19th century. During the remainder of the 20th century, as part of a larger decolonisation movement by European powers, most of the territories of the British Empire became independent, ending with the return of Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China in 1997. Fourteen territories now remain under British sovereignty.

Colonialism and Imperialism

• A colony is part of an empire and so colonialism is closely related to imperialism.

• The initial assumption is that colonialism and imperialism are the same, however some suggest that imperialism is the concept while colonialism is the practice.

• For example there is no doubt that currently the US is the culturally dominant force in the world so it could be said that most of the world is dominated by American imperialism. However America has no actual colonies or territories that it governs.

• Therefore American Imperialism or ‘Americanisation’ as it has come to be known, is conceptual not a practical ‘taking over’ of another nation or culture.

Marxist criticisms• “It is an instrument of wholesale destruction, dependency and systematic

exploitation producing distorted economies, socio-psychological disorientation and massive poverty “

• This is the Marxist view of colonialism. They viewed it as a form of capitalism, enforcing exploitation and social change. Working within the global capitalist system, colonialism is closely associated with uneven development.

• Task: what have been some of the consequences of the British empire for the countries it governed?

• Language.• Place Names (the Australian states for example-Victoria, Queensland etc)• Parliamentary, legal and education systems.

• Imposing British values.• Ruled by monarchy/elite ruling classes.• Immigration to the mother country.

An image of two ‘punkawallahs’ (Indian servants) who would care for their white British masters during the time of the empire.

What would Marxists say?

An image of the touring West Indian cricket team of 1906. Note the number of white British players and the seating arrangement!

Why a split team? What would Marxists say?

Decolonisation and Immigration

• By the 1960s most of the British Empire had been dismantled allowing nations to become independently governed or decolonised.

• After the second world war, Britain was rebuilding its economy and called for many of its colonial nationals to come over to the UK and work.

• The first wave of mass immigration came in 1948 from the Caribbean, most famously on the ship the ‘Windrush’.

• By the early 1950s over 1 million, West Indians were in the UK, mostly men and mostly in the big cities. Immigration from the Caribbean continued into the 1960s.

• A second wave of large immigration came in the late 60s/early 70s from the Indian sub continent ( India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka). There were also a number of people of Indian origin who came over from Kenya, Uganda and South Africa.

The Second Generation• This bring us up to date. Those born in this country but

with immigrant parentage are often referred to as ‘second generation’.

• Some of you might well be ‘third generation’ African, Asian or West Indian as your parents may well have been born in the UK.

• Think back to our earlier discussions. As a percentage, how British did you consider yourself?

• Now consider a colonial. How British would a young boy living in Kingston or Bombay in the 1920s feel?

• Watch this clip from YouTube.

Post colonialism• Post colonialism is a discourse- a way of

theorising and debating issues in the same way as feminism. It examines and analyses the cultural legacy of colonialism.

• Post colonialism comprises a set of theories found amongst philosophy, political science, sociology, theological studies, literature and the media.

• The goal of post-colonialism is to understand the effects of colonialism on cultures. It about learning how the world can move beyond this period together, towards a place of mutual respect.

• Frantz Fanon: father of post colonial theory

• Many theorists have emerged to discuss issues of colonisation and identity and perhaps the most notable is Frantz Fanon, a philosopher from the Caribbean island (and French colony) of Martinique.

• Whilst living in France, Fanon wrote his first book in 1952, ‘Black Skin, White Masks’, an analysis of the effect of colonial subjugation on humanity.

• Fanon was a key supporter of the ‘Négritude’ movement which highlighted consciousness in racial difference, a sort of black power movement. This movement was seen as a means to achieve equality and remain under French rule without losing one’s identity through assimilation.

Post Colonial theory- Frantz Fanon

• Fanon said this about colonisation…….

• “Colonisation is not satisfied merely with holding a people in its grip and emptying the native's brain of all form and content. By a kind of perverted logic, it turns to the past of oppressed people, and distorts, disfigures and destroys it”.

• There are obvious links with what the Marxists said.

Another view- Stuart Hall• Stuart Hall is a Jamaican born cultural

theorist and writer who published a number of works on identity and ‘diaspora’ in the 1970s and 80s.

• Hall states that culture and identity for second generation colonials has changed…

• “Cultural identities come from somewhere, have histories. But, like everything which is historical, they undergo constant transformation. Far from being eternally fixed in the past, they are subject to the continuous‘ play' of history, culture and power”.

• Hall seems to be suggesting that when cultures mix into a hybrid form, the original culture becomes more explicit with a greater sense of being different, “this idea of otherness as an inner compulsion changes our conception of 'cultural identity‘”.

• Hall states that in his native Jamaica, Jamaicans did not really start identifying with Africa and being of African slave descent until the 1970s and the emergence of ‘Afro-centric thinking’ and Rastafarianism, to be heard in reggae and the music of Bob Marley.

• The ‘constant transformation’ of identity is key to Hall’s work. He doesn't see identity as being fixed. For Hall identity is constantly evolving and there is no such thing as one shared culture as culture itself is so fragmented, particularly in Africa and the Asian sub continent where there are different tribes, religions and languages.