Definitions and Basic Principles
Transcript of Definitions and Basic Principles
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Definitions and Basic Principles
Arturo S. Leon, PhD, PE, D.WRE
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Videos of Open Channel Flows
Explosive Breach of Condit Dam:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4LxMHmw3Z-U
Road Collapse - Maine 2008https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NTbhyHNA1Vc
Deep tunnel Geyser (Minnesota) (Mixed flow: open channel – pressurized flow):
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NDy3fBLfhYQ
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What is Open-channel Flow?
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Types of Open-channel
•Canal•Chute•Drop•Culvert•Natural channel
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Types of Open-channel (Cont.)Canal: A canal is usually a long and mild-sloped channel built in the ground
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Chute: A chute is a channel with a steep slope
Types of Open-channel (Cont.)
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Drop: A drop is a channel with a sudden change in elevation
Types of Open-channel (Cont.)
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Culvert: A culvert is a covered channel flowing usually partly full.
Types of Open-channel (Cont.)
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Culvert with “sediments”
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Natural channel: A natural channel has irregular geometry. Examples include, rivers and creeks.
Types of Open-channel (Cont.)
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FLOW IN OPEN CHANNEL
STEADY FLOW UNSTEADY FLOW
UNIFORM FLOW NON-UNIFORM FLOW
RAPIDLY VARIED FLOW
GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW
TEMPORAL (Time)
SPATIAL (Space)
Classification of open-channel flows
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Classification of open-channel flows (Spatial criteria)
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Uniform flow
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Rapidly varied flow
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Gradually varied flow
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Dry Meadow Creek, Calif., USA.
Which flow type is this?
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● In a macro-analysis, we are concerned with the major component velocity only, viz., the longitudinal component, vx.
– The other two components being small are ignored and vx is designated as v.
Velocity Distribution
Source:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169555X15002159
Source:https://nptel.ac.in/content/storage2/courses/105105110/pdf/m2l08.pdf
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● Observations in rivers and canals have shown that the average velocity at any vertical vav, occurs at a level of 0.6y0 from the free surface, where y0 = depth of flow.
Velocity Distribution
v
y
yo
0.6yo
v0.6 = vav
vs
• Further, it is found that
in which v0.2 = velocity at a depth of 0.2y0from the free surface, and v0.8 = velocity at a depth of 0.8y0 from the free surface.
• Surface velocity vs is related to the average velocity vav as
where, k = a coefficient with a value between 0.8 and 0.95.