Definition: -It is a congenital or acquired hollow swelling or tumor like structure containing fluid, semi-fluid,or solid structures like hair or teeth.Classification: -I-CONGENITAL: -A-Dermoid cyst: -Commonly it is subcutaneous cyst and rarely observed in internal organs (ovary, testicle, or brain1-Simple form: -Contents: It is lined with epithelium and contains mucoid fluid.2-Compound form: -It is a Teratoma like cystAffected animals: ainly calvesLocation: The neck, entrance of laryn!, or posterior part of lower ma!illaCharacteristics: "all is similar to skin (has hair follicle and sebaceous gland#.-!ollicul"r cyst: -Affected animals:$oalLocation: %ony alveoli, especially the first molar teethCharacteristics: It increases in si&e at age of one year.#-Denti$erous cyst: -Contents:ToothAffected animals: $oalLocation: 't the temporal bone as a sinus opening anterior to ear baseCharacteristics: Thick e!udate comes out from the opening of the sinus and when it is probed, the probe will strike the toothC- Ton$ue %"se cyst: -Contents:ucoidAffected animals:Calves and foalsLocation: Tongue base, laryn!, or epiglottisCharacteristics: (edunculated or not, and large cyst may interfere with mastication or causes dyspnea and asphy!ia.D-&m%ilic"l cyst: -Contents: ucoid fluidAffected animals:Calves and foalsLocation: )mbilical regionCharacteristics: *en+s egg to hand fist si&eII-AC'&I(ED: -A-Tr"um"tic epit)eli"l cyst: -Contents: ,rey yellowish mucoid fluidCharacteristics: Caused by trauma or fire shooting with sequestration of piece of skin or foreign body at wound base with superficial healing of the wound.#-(etention cyst: -It is an acquired cyst formed as a result of obstruction of secretory duct of glands1-At)erom": -Contents:-ebaceousAffected animals:*orseLocation: -ebaceous gland of false nostrilCharacteristics: It causes stenosis of nasal passage and respiratory noise2-*ucous mem%r"ne cyst: -Contents: Clear viscid mucoid fluid due to obstruction of mucoid glandAffected animals:Cattle and horseLocation:Inner aspect lower lip and sublingual mucous membrane.ectal mucous membrane of horse/aginal mucous membrane cowCharacteristics:-pherical or oval shape-Nec+ cyst, %r"c)i"l cyst, r"nul", "nd )oney cyst: -It is formed as a result of obstruction of mucous gland or duct of sublingual or submandibular salivary glandContents: *oney like thick yellowish saliva (-o it is called Honey cyst#Affected animals: 0ogLocation:%esides fraenum linguae or tongue (-o it is called mouthcavity cyst orranula# )nder laryn! or upper part of neck (-o it is called neck cyst#Characteristics:.ound or oval swelling with thin wallC-E-ud"ti.e cyst: -It is formed as a result of accumulation of e!udates in pre-e!isting cavity as in case of accumulation of fluid in tunica vaginalis after castration or ovarian cyst.D-/"r"sitic cyst 0pseudo-cyst1: -It is formed as a result of irritation of tissue by growing parasite wth formation of pseudo-cyst surrounded by fibrous tissueExamples:Coenurus cerebralis %rain of sheep and cattleTaenia cystasseter muscle and heart in cattle and pigs1chinococcus cyst (*ydatid#2idney, liver, lung, spleen, and boneE-De$ener"ti.e cyst: -Causes:3-Intramuscular in4ection of irritant drugs or chemicals that can+t be absorbed 5-It associates tumors like cysto-carcinoma, cysto-sarcoma, or cysto-fibromaSymptoms:3-6ocali&ed swelling containing fluid (fluctuating#, semi-fluid, or solid structures like teeth or hair (dentigerous or dermoid cyst respectively#5--low growth rate and absence of inflammatory signs7-"ell defined periphery with absence of pathological lesion in skin covering the cyst8--ympytoms are confirmed by e!ploratory puncturing9-.adiography diagnoses and confirms bone cystDiagnosis:3-*istory5-Clinical signs7-1!ploratory puncturing8-0ifferential diagnosis9-.adiographyreatment:3-'spiration of contents by needle or trocar and cannula with in4ection of irritants like Tr. Iodine or 9: Carbolic acid to destroy secretory lining and to stimulate granulation tissue for obliterationof the cavity.5--urgical incision at lowest point and swap with Tr.Iodine to stimulate granulation tissue formation and obliteration7--eton may be used to stimulate granulation tissue formation and obliteration8--urgical e!cision9-(edunculated cysts of the base of tongue, vagina, or abdominal cavity can be removed by ecraseur to avoid bleeding;--0entigerous cyst can be treated by surgical e!cision, curetting, cauteri&ation of the sinus, then closure of the wound with establishment of an opening at the lowest point for drainageT&*O(STumors or neoplasms are those benign or malignant over growths that can be observed anywhereover thebodyof theanimal. !alignant tumors usuallyaffect elder animals (squamous cellcarcinoma# while "enigntumors affect younger animals (warts#.Classification and characters:Tumors classified into benign or malignant, and solitary or multiple.1-#eni$n tumorIt is a locali&ed tumor, doesn?t recur after e!cision, slower in growth rate, doesn?t ulcerate, anddoesn?t adhere to the skin.2-*"li$n"nt tumorIt develops rapidly, metastatic, recur after e!cision, adhere to skin, and shows ulceration.Diagnosis:3-*istory. 5-Clinical signs. 7-Clinical e!amination8-*istopathologic e!amination to confirm the diagnosis and to determine the nature of the tumor.Treatment:1-#eni$n Tumora-Ligature:(edunculatedtumors canberemovedbyligationwithelasticor rubberymaterials andtheinduced wound is dressed with antiseptic solution. The aim of use of ligature is to close the bloodsupply of the tumor and to hasten its separation and sloughing."-Hot #ron:It controls bleeding, and causes necrosis and sloughing of the stump of the tumor.c-Ecraseur:The skin is incised and the chain is applied on the incision.d-$art Enucleator: It is a forceps with e!cavated 4aws and sharp borders used for removal of warts.e-%otential Caustics:6ike arsenal paste, nitric acid, acetic acid, salicylic acid, or liquor of potassae.f-Surgical Excision:2-*"li$n"nt Tumor,enerally, the success rate of treatment of malignant tumors is very low.a-&adiotherapy:The aim of use of this method is the destruction of malignant cells by gamma radiation. 'nywaythis technique is better to be used in ad4unction with surgical de-bulking."-Cryotherapy:It depends up on two cycles of free&ing and thawing.c-#mmunotherapy:%y using %C, that is in4ected 3 ml@cm7 once a week for 8 weeks. -evere reaction and necrosisof the tissue occurs. This technique is used for treatment of sarcoma in equine.d-Surgical Excision:'lone, it is of no value.A!ECTIONS O! T2E S3INI-4O&NDS: -Definition: -It is any disruption or beak in continuity of the skin, mucous membrane, or soft tissuesCauses: -Trauma or surgeryClassification of traumatic 'ounds: -A- Closed 5ounds 0intern"l, su%cut"neous, or interstiti"l1: -Definition: -' wound with various degrees of damage to the underlying tissues (contusion) or the superficial layer of epithelium (a"rasion), with no break in continuity of skin or mucous membrane.ypes: -1-Contusions: -Causes: -Trauma by blunt ob4ects leading to damage of subcutaneous tissuesi-1 st de$ree contusions 0%ruises1: -Symptoms: -3-1cchymosis, as a result of ruptured capillaries in the skin and subcutaneous tissues and dissemination of blood through the intercellular spaces without formation of gross collection of blood, leading to reddish blue or purplish coloration of skin (non-pigmented skin#5--light inflammation and painreatment: -3-6eft untreated (spontaneous resolution#5-Cold applications or astringent, and light bandage (arrest hemorrhage#7-'nodyne over painful surfaceii-2nd de$ree contusions 0)em"tom"1: -Definition: -'ccumulation of blood in abnormal cavity and frequently seen subctaneously, submucously, or subcapsular in large parenchymatous organsCauses: -In4ury to superficial veinSymptoms: -3-Aonpainfull swelling of the affected region that varies from orange si&e to man+s head or more5-(ulsation that indicates rupture of an artery7-$luctuation of recent hematoma, pseudo-cripitation of old ones (due to the formation of fibrin trabiculae#, and fibrosis and calcification of long standinghematoma (the wall becomes thicker, and the contents become encapsulated and organi&ed and may be replaced by fibrous tissues even with calcification with formation of bone like structure#.8--uppuration and abscess formation as a result of infection (through tiny undetected wound or indirectly by metastasis#9-6ocomotor disturbances due to intra-articular hematoma (hemarthrosis#Diagnosis: -3-Case history 5--ymptoms7-0ifferential diagnosis from hernia, abscess, cyst, bursitis, and tumorreatment: -*-&ecent hematomaCold astringent applications+-Small si,ed hematoma*ot fomentation or topical irritant (iodine ointment#, and firm bandage to stimulate absorption ofthe fluid and disappearance of the hematoma--Large si,ed hematoma1vacuation of the clot under strict aseptic measures, 3B days after onset of swelling, through an incision at its lowest point. Then the lining is touched with an antiseptic solution (Tr. iodine# and packed with sterile gau&e (drain# for 3 -5 days, and dressing should be repeated daily (7-8 days# till complete healingiii- rdde$ree contusions: -Definition: -It is a severe contusion that causes considerable destruction of deep tissues (bone, tendon, nerve, .. etc.# and may cause gangreneSymptoms: -0epending on the affected region3-1vidence of shock 5-In4ury to internal organs7-uscular paralysisreatment: -3-Complete rest of the animal and affected organ5-oist warm antiseptic applications (to restore circulation in the severely damaged tissue and toprevent gangrene#7-Treatment of gangrene if it e!ists2-A%r"sion: -Definition: -It is a superficial wound, produced by friction of the skin or mucous membrane against hard or rough surfaces, or ob4ects, and characteri&ed by removal of small area of epithelium with e!posure of the small blood vessels in that area.Symptoms: -3-(ain due to e!posure of superficial nerve endings5--eepage of blood with the formation of clot (crusts#7-6ocal or general disturbances due to infection under the scab8-.epeate bleeding if the abrasion is situated over a 4oint, due to repeated crackingreatment: -3-Cleaning and application of antiseptics or antibiotics ointment, and healing ensues under scab (crust#5-.emoval of the crust, to allow dressing and removing the infected material if infection is suspected under the crust7-Immobili&ation of the 4oint (if the lesion is over a 4oint# to prevent cracking and repeated bleeding-Spr"in "nd str"in: -i-Spr"in: -Definition: -0amage to ligamentous fibers or its attachment to bone as a result of overstress.Classification: -3-ild sprainC -$ew fibers have been torn, mild hemorrhage, and no actual functional loss.reatment: -)nimportant and aimed at control of pain and rest5-oderate sprainC --ome fibers have been torn (varies from small tear to complete avulsion#, no wide retraction of the two ends, some hemorrhage, and some degree of functional loss.reatment: --ame as mild sprain with protection to permit healing7--evere sprainC -Complete loss of function, hemorrhage, and wide separation of the ends8--prain fractureC -'vulsion of a portion of a bone to which the ligament is attachedreatment: --evere or fracture sprain can be treated by apposition of the in4ured ligament to assure a ligamentof normal length and strength, with application of cast for ; weeks.ii-Str"in: -Definition: -0amage to a tendon or muscle as a result of overstress or overuse.Classification: -3--imple strainC -6ow-grade inflammatory reaction with swelling and edema, but there is no appreciable hemorrhage, and it can incapacitate animal from work.reatment: --.elieve of the acute condition by local analgesics and corticoids-)ltrasound, local heat and protection5-/iolent strain or musculo-tendinous in4uryC -Definition: -It is an in4ury to the muscle and tendon as a result of one violent in4ury, and it may be associated with tendonitis, tenosynovitis, or tendosynovitis. The tendon may be torn from bone, and the musculotendinous 4unction may be rupture or under go tearing.reatment: --urgical repair of ruptured musculo-tendinous 4unction or severed tendon (wound#, followed by application of cast with corrective showing.-prain is a tearing (partial# of ligaments, tendons, muscular tissues or 4oints leaving haemorrage and oedema in the area. The loss of function resulting depends on the laceration and the degree of rupture of the fibers. The swelling may become in4urious to the overlying tissues, and therefore, rest, elevation and compression should be utili&ed until healing has occurred.-prain of the 4oint results from its movement beyond its physiological limits in the direction of e!tension, fle!ion, abduction and adduction.'s a consequence the articular and periarticular tissues suffer a certain amount of bruising or laceration. The ligaments in particular are sub4ected to distortion.#-Open 5ound: -Definition: -In4ury and break in the continuity of the skin or mucous membrane leading to disruption of that tissue to a variable degree and e!posure of the underlying soft tissues to contaminationClassification: - 1-Incised 5ound: -Causes: --harp cutting instruments, such as knives, scalpels, fragments of glass, a sharp piece of metal or occasionally wire.Symptoms: -3-,ape formation (the e!tent of gaping depending upon the nature, the elasticity and tension of the surrounding tissues#5- .egular edges and there is comparatively less in4ury to cells7-It bleeds freely and may be painful8-Its length is greater than depth9-If the edges are in apposition and the wound is protected from infection it heals by first intention2-L"cer"ted 5ounds: -' lacerated wound is caused by blunt ob4ects such as machinery tools, wheels, stones ... etc. The edges of the wound arc irregular. -ometimes the skin may be more or less e!tensively in4ured and it may be lifted over a wide area from underlying tissues. *emorrhage is relatively insignificant or absent with presence of clot. )sually dirt or foreign bodies are present.-/unctured or st"% 5ounds: -(unctured wounds are caused by sharp pointed ob4ects like nails, pins, needles, hooks and fragments of glass .... etc. They have a relatively small orifice and its depth is longer than its length. Infection or foreign particles might have been carried deep into the wound. The orifice is inadequate for drainage like punctured wounds on foot.6-/enetr"tin$ 5ounds: -These are deep wounds communicating body cavities like abdomen thora!, 4oints, trachea ... etc. The wound has an entrance but no e!it.!-/erfor"tin$ 5ounds: -' perforating wound has two openings, one of entrance and the other of e!it*owever, the term perforating wounds and penetrating wounds are sometimes used synonymously.7-Guns)ot 5ounds: -These are produced by various types of fire arms. The point of entrance of the bullet is marked by a small opening on the skin but the course of the bullet in deeper tissues e!hibits more e!tensive damage. The wound is a combination of lacerated, punctured, penetrating, or perforating wounds.8-/oisoned 5ounds: -These wounds are characteri&ed by the deposition of mineral or vegetable poison9-En.enomed 5ounds: -These wounds are characteri&ed by deposition of venom. These comprise snake, scorpion and bees bites or other insects.:-;irulent 5ounds: -These wounds are characteri&ed by the deposition of virulent microorganisms as in case of rabies, anthra! or tuberculosis. The bite of rabied animal may be considered as a punctured wound that contains the virulent saliva of the infected animal (with rabies virusD and thus termedvirulent wound, 3@5., or 9@> circle. It is the most famous used type.6-2oc+ needle 02e".y %ound %odied1: -The needle resembles hock.C-Cl"ssific"tion "ccordin$ to t)e point "nd t)e s)"ft: -1-Con.ention"l cuttin$ or con.ention"l s)"rp needle: -The point is sharp with the cutting edge being provided at the concave surface.2-(e.erse cuttin$ or re.erse s)"rp needle: -The same as above but the cutting edge is provided on the conve! surface to minimi&e cutting ofthe tissue.-T"per cut needle: -The point is cutting but the body is round.6-Non-cuttin$ needle 0round needle1: -The point is round and the body is oval, and it causes minimal traumati&ation of tissue.7-#lunt point needle 0Et)i$u"rd %lunt t"perpoint1: -The tip of point is blunt.8-Sp"tul"ted needle: -This type of needle has wide body in relation to the length of the needle and it has two cuttingedges.II-Suture m"teri"ls-uture materials are those filaments used to suture the edges of the wound to permit healing.They should maintain their strength until the wound has healed, have minimal tissue reaction, notfavorable for bacteria growth, non-capillary, non-allergic, non-carcinogenic, easily handled, withgood knot security, and cheap. )nfortunately, ideal suture material has not been found yet andsurgeon should be familiar with advantages and disadvantages of suture material to be used.A-A%sor%"%le suture m"teri"ls: -1-Sur$ic"l c"t$ut: -It is a popular cheap suture material of collagen obtained from the submucosa of sheep or serosaof beef intestine, sterili&ed by gamma radiation and preserved in >9: alcohol, and can?t be re-sterili&ed. (laincatgutlosesitsstrengthrapidly(7-=days#andsoitcan?tbeusedincertainregions. Chromic catgut is obtained by e!posure of plain catgut to chromium salts, that increasesstrength of the filaments, decreases tissue reaction, and prolongs duration of absorption (3B-5Bdays#. .ate of absorption increases when the diameter of the filaments is small,if the suturee!posed to gastric en&ymes, if infection is present, and when the region has great blood supply.'s the knot-holding ability decreases when the suture material is wet, the ends should be leftslightly longer to minimi&e the chance of knot untying. *owever, this type of suture material is aprotein and has high tissue reaction when compared with synthetic forms.2-Coll"$en: -It is a natural suture material related somewhat to catgut, and obtained from the fle!or tendons ofsteers. It is smoother, causes less inflammation than catgut, more uniform than catgut, has less fray tendency, and used mainly in ophthalmic surgery.-/oly$lycolic "cid 0De-on D 1 "nd /oly$"l"ctin cmfrom the wound edge of the right side and drawn B.8 cm from the edge in the same side, then it passes to the left side (in the same level# then it penetrates B.8 cm from the wound edge and drawn B.> cm from the edge. 't the left side and with a lower level (B.8 cm# the needle is inserted B.> cm from the edge and drawn B.8 cm, then it passes to the right side and inserted B.8 cm from the edge and drawn B.> cm. Two lines of suture material can be seen parallel to the wound (one on each side#.-Interruptin$ in.ertin$ m"ttress suture: -This pattern is similar to the hori&ontal mattress suture. The needle is inserted B.9 cm from thewound edge parallel to the wound, penetrates muscularis, and passes downward for B.9 cm, thendrawn. 't the same level where the needle is drawn (but on the other side of the wound# theneedle is reinserted B.9 cm from the wound edge, penetrates muscularis, and passes upward, thendrawn at the same level of the 3st bite. Two lines of suture material can be seen perpendicular onthe wound, parallel to each other?s, and of the same length.6-Cus)in$ suture: -It resembles inverting mattress suture but it is performed in continuous manner, and the mucosa is not involved. The needle is inserted B.8 cm from the wound edge and passes parallel to the wound for B.8 cm and drawn, and then it passes to the other side at the same level and re insertedin a manner similar to subcuticular suture.7-Connell suture: -It resemblescushingsuture, but theneedlepassesall intestinal layers, sothepossibilityofcontamination is higher.8-Sc)emiedenFs suture: -It is an inverting suture pattern that doesn?t involve the mucosa. -titches are brought throughfrom inside the gut into the muscularis and drawn from the serosa.9-Simple interrupted suture: -It involvesthemucosaandcanbeperformedintwomanners, eithersimpleinterruptedthatdoesn?t interfere with circulation, or crushing manner that interferes with blood supply.:-G"m%ee suture: -In this pattern, the needle is inserted B.9 cm from the edge of one side into the serosa and drawn form the mucosa, then it passes to the mucosa of the same side and drawn from the submucosa, then it passes to the submucosa of the other side, and drawn from the mucosa, then passes from the mucosa to the serosa.rganic mercury compounds act as disinfectants by liberating mercury ions asthiomersolates for wounds, skin, and instruments%-Sil'er salts*ilver nitrate is an astringent that can be used for corneal ulcersC-Co++er salts/opper sulfate 8 can be used as astringent fungicidal and germicidalD-1inc salts?ike 1inc sulfate, 1inc o6ide, and 1inc chloride--Arsenical saltsperatingtablesshouldbecleansedaftereach operation with germicidal solution2)-7uckets should be carefully cleansed and disinfected2(-ed %y lo5ered sensiti.ity to e-tern"l stimuli 5it) diminis)ed motor response to suc) stimuliG3-Anesthetic agent: -It is t)e su%st"nce t)"t produces controll"%le loss of consciousness "nd "%sence of motor response to no-ious stimuliG4-Analgesic agent: -It is t)e su%st"nce t)"t tempor"rily "%olis)es "5"reness of p"in5-Local analgesic: -It is " su%st"nce t)"t 5)en "pplied to t)e ner.e endin$s or ner.e fi%ers, tempor"rily pre.ents t)e conduction of impulses %y t)e ner.e, %y interference 5it) tr"nsmission of impulses concerned 5it) "ppreci"tion of p"inG6-Local analgesia: -It is t)e loss of sens"tion in " limited "re" of t)e %ody7-egional analgesia: -It is insensi%ility in " l"r$e "re" of t)e %ody, or it is " process t)rou$) 5)ic) cert"in re$ion ret"ined insensi%le!-"arcotic agent: -It is t)e su%st"nce t)"t produces insensi%ility, or stupor %orderin$ upon it, "nd simple stimuli li+e noise c"n only produce tempor"ry p"rti"l "rous"lG Accordin$ly "ll "nest)etic "$ents "re n"rcotic %ut m"ny n"rcotics "re not "nest)eticsG#-$%&notic agent: -It is " n"rcotic "$ent t)"t produces sleepin$, 5)ic) is " st"te of p)ysiolo$ic"l unconsciousness, from 5)ic) t)e "nim"l c"n e"sily %e "5"+ened %y 5ide ."riety of stimuliG1'-(edati)e: -It is " n"rcotic "$ent t)"t c"n %e used to c"lm " ner.ous, e-cited, or .icious "nim"l, "nd t)ese dru$s c"use dro5sinessG11-Ataractic or tran*uili+er: -It is su%st"nce t)"t produces sed"tion 5it)out dro5sinessGAI*S O! ANEST2ESIA: -1-2um"nity point of .ie5 li+e pre.ention of p"in durin$ sur$ic"l interference2-Cre"tion of " s"fe st"te under 5)ic) t)e sur$eon "nd "ssist"nts c"n 5or+EAA*INATION O! T2E ANI*AL: -T)e $ener"l condition of t)e "nim"l s)ould %e e."lu"ted "nd recorded prior to "nest)esi" "nd sur$ery, includin$ )istory, temper"ture, pulse r"te, "nd respir"tion r"te etcGGGG/(E/A(ATION O! ANI*AL !O( ANEST2ESIA: -1-!"stenin$ 26 )ours prior to oper"tion2-!luid t)er"py "ccordin$ to "nim"l st"te-/re"nest)etic medic"tion "ccordin$ to t)e n"ture of "nest)esi", sur$ery, "nd "nim"l speciesT@/ES O! ANEST2ESIA: -I-Su%st"nces )".e selecti.e tr"nsient p"r"lytic "ction on sensory ner.esI-1-Loc"l "n"l$esi"I-1-A-Surf"ce "pplic"tion I-1-A-i-Topic"l "pplic"tionI-1-A-ii-Intr"-syno.i"l "n"l$esi"I-1-#- Intr"-derm"l "nd Su%cut"neous infiltr"tion "n"l$esi"I-1-#-i-Intr" or su%-derm"l infiltr"tionI-1-#-ii-Line"r infiltr"tion "n"l$esi"I-1-#-iii-!ield %loc+ "n"l$esi" I-1-#-iii-1-Cup s)"peI-1-#-iii-2-In.erted-L %loc+ I-1-#-iii--(in$ %loc+2-(e$ion"l "n"l$esi" 2-A-/erineur"l ner.e %loc+2-A-i-/erip)er"l ner.e %loc+2-A-ii-/"r".erte%r"l ner.e %loc+2-#-Spin"l ner.e %loc+2-#-i-Epidur"l "n"l$esi"2-#-i-1-C"ud"l epidur"l2-#-i-2-Se$ment"l lum%"r epidur"l2-#-ii-Intr"t)ec"l "n"l$esi" or su% "r"c)noidII-Sed"tion, n"rcosis, "nd pre-"nest)etic medic"tionII-1-In com%in"tion 5it) loc"l or re$ion"l "n"l$esi"II-2-In "d?unction to $ener"l "nest)esi"III-Su%st"nces )".e depress"nt p"r"lytic "ction on t)e cns producin$ pro$ressi.e loss of consciousness "nd .olunt"ry motor function 0$ener"l "nest)esi"1III-1-#y in)"l"tion 0.ol"tile "nest)esi"1III-2-#y intr".enous in?ectionIII--#y com%in"tion of t)e mentioned types 5it) or 5it)out premedit"tionGENE(AL CONSIDE(ATIONS IN SELECTING ANEST2ETIC *ET2OD:1-N"ture "nd m"$nitude of t)e oper"tion: -Loc"l infiltr"tion is sufficient for simple interferences li+e incision of superfici"l "%scess or neopl"sm, or c"str"tion in imm"ture "nim"lsG 2o5e.er some simple sur$ic"l oper"tions c"nHt %e performed %y loc"l infiltr"tion "s " result of se.ere fi%rosis, temper"ment of t)e "nim"l, or se.erity "nd intensity of sur$ic"l procedureG2-Site of oper"tion: -/resence of some critic"l structures in .icinity of site of oper"tion m"y render loc"l infiltr"tion insufficient "s t)e mo.ement of t)e "nim"l m"y end"n$er )is life, "nd t)e e-"mple is t)e sur$ery for retrop)"ryn$e"l "%scessG-Dur"tion of oper"tion: -T)e dur"tion of oper"tion "ffects t)e c)oice of "nest)etic met)od, especi"lly 5)en "doptin$$ener"l "nest)esi"G S)ort-dur"tion, simple dent"l oper"tions, c"n %e performed %y usin$ ultr"-s)ort "ctin$ %"r%itur"tes, 5)ile lon$er interferences c"n %e performed %y usin$ lon$er-"ctin$ %"r%itur"tes 5it) loc"l "n"l$esi", or in)"l"tion "nest)esi"G/re-"nest)etic medic"tion s)ould %e considered 5)en t)e oper"tion is " m"?or oper"tion 5it) lon$ dur"tion "nd it is reBuired t)"t t)e "nim"l rem"in Buite for se.er"l )ours "fter sur$eryG /re-"nest)etic medic"tions not only reduce t)e "mount of "nest)etic "$ent "nd incre"se dur"tion of "nest)esi", %ut "lso control undesir"%le effect of some "nest)etics li+e s"li."tionG6-Species "nd %reed of "nim"l: -Not only si>e "nd temper"ment of t)e "nim"l "ffect t)e c)oice of "nest)etic met)od, %ut "lso t)e "n"tomy "nd p)ysiolo$y of some species "ffect t)"t c)oiceG Gener"lly t)e l"r$er si>e "nim"ls )".e $re"ter difficulties "nd d"n$ers in induction "nd m"inten"nce of $ener"l "nest)esi"G T)e s"fe s"tisf"ctory met)ods for $ener"l "nest)esi" in pets m"y %e unsuit"%le for l"r$e "nim"ls, especi"lly for )e".y .i$orous one, "s t)e upset of locomotor coordin"tion "nd prolon$ed recum%ency m"y ent"il ris+sGNot "ll species re"ct to dru$s in t)e s"me m"nner, "s )orse m"y %e e-cited 5)en "dministered su%-"nest)etic dose of %"r%itur"te, "nd c"t m"y %ecome m"ni"c 5)en $i.en l"r$e dose of morp)ineGIncre"sed suscepti%ility for to-icity %y "nest)esi" "ffected %y t5o m"in f"ctors, t)e &rolonged ,asting0predisposes to depletion of li.er $lyco$en "nd reduced deto-ic"tion c"p"city of non-.ol"tile "nest)etic "$ents1, "nd disease condition 0to-emi" predisposes to de$ener"tion of p"renc)ym"tous or$"ns "s li.er le"din$ to reduction of its deto-ic"tion c"p"city, "lso to-emic "nim"l seems to need sm"ller dose1GA-T)e 2orse: -T)e "nim"l s)ould %e "deBu"tely restr"ined to ensure s"fety of t)e .eterin"ri"n "nd t)e "nim"l )imselfG C"stin$ met)ods of conscious "nim"l fri$)tenin$ "nd e-pose )im to in?ury, "ccordin$ly, m"ny muscle p"r"ly>in$ dru$s c"n %e sued to induce c"stin$ 5it)out end"n$erin$ t)e "nim"lGT)e possi%ility of %loc+in$ of m"ny perip)er"l ner.es s)ould %e considered, "nd on usin$ "nest)etic met)od t)"t is "ssoci"ted 5it) slo5 reco.ery, .eterin"ri"ns )".e to ensure t)"t t)is reco.ery period 5ill %e free from e-citementGSome sed"ti.es "nd non-.ol"tile "nest)etics "re precluded from use in )orse, "s t)ey donHt )".e some reBuirements li+eI t)e "%ility of t)e "nim"l to rise to )is feet soon "fter sur$eryI "nd "t t)e outside 5it)in 1-2 )ours 5it) stron$ enou$) locomotor po5er "nd coordin"tion to pre.ent t)e "nim"l from f"llin$G#-(umin"nts: -Gener"lly t)ey "re unsuit"%le c"ndid"te for in)"l"tion "nest)esi" unless endotr"c)e"l tu%e is used, %ut under field condition, li$)t $ener"l "nest)esi" %y intr".enous in?ection )"s s"tisf"ctory resultsG 2o5e.er t)e simpler re$ion"l "n"l$esic tec)niBues in t)is species "nd side effects of $ener"l "nest)esi" m"+e re$ion"l "nest)esi" more popul"r in t)ese speciesGC-T)e Do$: -Gener"l "nest)esi" )"s " )i$) de$ree of perfection in t)is species t)"t m"+e t)is met)od so popul"r for .eterin"ri"ns not only for sur$ery %ut "lso for e-"min"tion procedures in t)e "nim"lG Some %reeds )".e %r"c)icep)"lic s+ull predisposin$ t)em to "sp)y-i" "s " result ofrel"-"tion of ?"5 muscles durin$ $ener"l "nest)esi" "nd "ccordin$ly endotr"c)e"l tu%e s)ould %e considered on inducin$ $ener"l "nest)esi" in suc) %reedsGD-T)e C"t: -C"t is " difficult su%?ect to %e "nest)eti>ed Buietly "nd s"fely "s restr"int pro.o+es .iolent stru$$lin$G Accordin$ly c"t s)ould %e )"ndled Buietly 5it) minim"l restr"int t)en $ener"l "nest)esi" c"n %e induced %y slo5 intr".enous %"r%itur"teG(eferences: 2"ll, CG4G "nd Cl"r+e, 3G4G 01 hours.3-)nna+s paste Ninc o!ide 39 gm, gelatine 39 gm, glycerine 79 gm, and water 79 ml. 5-agnesium sulfate 7-%oric acid paste8-2aolin poultice 2aolin, glycerine, aconite, and water./I-'nti-inflammatoryC -3-CorticoidsC --They are drugs used for acute noninfectious inflammatory conditions to relief pain and swelling,and to reduce fibrosis.)sesC -3-.elief of post surgical pain and swelling, in combination with antibiotics as they lower immunity.5-.elief of pain due to tenosynovitis, splint, or bucked shin, by local in4ection.7-.elief of pain and swelling, and lower fibrosis, when in4ected parenteraly, in combination with cast for treatment of tendosynovitis.8-.elief of pain during acute arthritis by intra articular in4ection, in combination with hyaluronic acid, and must be preceded by radiographs to ensure absence of chip fracture. This must be performed under aseptic condition and with compression. It acts on synovial membrane, allowing recovery of cellular function, reduction of synovial volume, and increasing its viscosity.-ide effectsC -3-6owering immunity. 'nd predispose to infection, so it must be used with antibiotics.5-0istruction of articular cartilage. 7-asking signs of inflammation.8-.apid relief of pain leading to early forcing of the animal to work and destruction of affected 4oint, so it should be associated with rest.ContraindicationsC -3-0uring degenerative arthritis or reparable fracture of the 4oint.5-In4ection of long acting corticoid (for 4oint only# into soft tissue as it causes tissue calcification.7-infection. 8-Counterirritation.9-Chip fracture of 4oint as it masks signs of inflammation, relieves pain, and causes more destruction of the 4oint by deminerali&ation of bone fragment and erosion of the cartilage, and increases incidence of post surgical infection.5-AonsteroidalC -a-$luni!in meglumin. b-'cetyl salicylic acid (aspirin#c-Indomethacine. d-0iclophinac sodium.Treatment of chronic inflammationC -Counter irritantC --It is used to change sub-acute or chronic inflammatory process to a more acute form in the hope that resolution will occur when the acute inflammation heals. This occurs via induction of local hyperemia, increasing blood supply, with subsequent attraction of more o!ygen, nutrition, and "%Cs for repair of inflamed area, and resorption of e!udates.3-.ubefacientC --They increase circulation leading to redness and mild heat, and it should be repeated once or twice daily as it has temporary relief. It can be used to relief pain during muscular or 4oint soreness. It has many terms like iodine ointment, ichthyol, liniments, tightener, brace, and sweat, with very little difference among them. '-Iodine ointment and Ichthyol ointmentC -%-6inimentC -i-Camphor and cottonseed oil ii-Camphor and soap liniment iii-Terpentine oiliv-Chloroform linimentC -6iniments contain one or more of essential (volatile# oils, their use on limbs can produce considerable edema and skin soreness, their blistering effect increases when applied under bandage, and if the reaction is severe or neglected scars and denuded areas can result.C-TightenerC --It is any combination of drugs used to aid removal of edema or synovia of a 4oint capsule or tendon sheath, so that the tendons are more palpable. The effect is related to massage and bandage rather than being related to the drug itself.-Tincture of belladonna 8o&, tannic acid powder 5o&, menthol crystals 5o&, camphor crystals 3o&,and alcohol q.s.3qt. It shouldn+t be applied over skin soreness, and should be applied daily and covered with cotton and bandage for 9 days.0--weatC --It is drug used to induce accumulation of moister over skin, and most products have alcohol can induce such effect. It must be used under plastic wrapping, oiled silk, or wa!ed paper.i-'lcohol ii-'lcohol and glycerin1-%raceC --It is a mi!ture of drugs that used routinely following workouts (at night#, with massage and compression bandage, to prevent filling of 4oint capsule or tendon sheath.5-%listers or /esicantsC --It is used for subacute or chronic inflammation to produce blistering and inflammation down thesubcutaneous tissue. ,enerally it is ineffective painful method, especially for bone conditions like e!ostosis.'-.ed iodide (%iniodide# of mercury and Cantharides (-panish fly#C -)sesC -3-Chronic inflammation of 4oints 5-Chronic bone conditions7-Tendonitis, synovitis, or tendosynovitis 8-(ointing of abscess,eneral roles of applicationC -3-Clipping hair 5-.ubbing for 9 minutes 7--hould be removed after >-58 hours. 8-'pplication of petroleum 4elly at the periphery (recautionsC -3-Cross tying to prevent licking 5-0on+t use it for young animals.7--houldn+t be used on medial aspect of the thigh 8-Iodide interferes with interpretation of radiographs. ContraindicationsC -3-'cute inflammatory conditions 5-9 CA=S-S: -1-Heriditary: -(-Ae: -The incidence of fracture is higher in young animals, and heavy animals0-Se.: -3uringse6ual intercourse, femalesaremoresusceptibletopelvicfracture, whilemales are more susceptible to fracture of hind limb2->*teritional: -?ow calcium and phosphorus, high vitamin at*re of land: -,racture is less fre;uent on soft land and its incidence increases on slipary or hardlands8-Ani#al te#+er: -,racture is less fre;uent in calm animals and more fre;uent in vicious animalsB-Ani#al condition and diseases: -/ancer or skinniness predisposes to fracture Symptoms:I-L&CAL SI9>S: -1-Pain, restlessness, and laying down $-*welling&-,unctionimpairment)-