Abnormal Motor Behaviors

1. Akisthesia an intense internal sensation of

physical restlessness, itchiness, and jumpiness--a need to move constantly

person with akisthesia will look and feel uncomfortable if she tries to be still.

2. Echolalia repeating/saying words as exactlyrepeating/saying words as exactly

heardheard it is also frequently found in blind

visually impaired children, although most will outgrow this behavior

when done involuntarily, echolalia may be considered a tic.

3. Echopraxia is the involuntary repetition or

imitation of the observed movements of another

even though it is considered a tic, it is a behavior characteristic of some people with autism, tourette syndrome, ganser syndrome, schizophrenia (especially catatonic schizophrenia), some forms of clinical depression and some other neurological disorders.

4. Waxy Flexibility

is a psychomotor symptom of catatonic schizophrenia which leads to a decreased response to stimuli and a tendency to remain in an immobile posture.

for instance, if you were to move the arm of someone with waxy flexibility, they would keep their arm where you moved it until it was moved again, as if it were made from wax.

5. Dyskinesia refers to involuntary movements,

similar to a tic or chorea a symptom of several medical

disorders and is distinguished by the underlying cause

when a dyskinesia presents after treatment with an antipsychotic drug such as haloperidol, it is a tardive dyskinesia and is commonly found in face as tongue "rolling"

a dyskinesia found in a patient with parkinson's disease is more commonly a jerky, dance-like movement of the arms or head and usually presents after several

years of treatment with medication containing l-dopa.

Abnormal Thought Process

1.Neologism new, foreign-sounding words onlynew, foreign-sounding words only

the patient can understandthe patient can understand is a word that, although devised

relatively recently in a specific time period, has not been accepted into a mainstream language.

2.Looseness of Association ideas slip off the track on to

another which is obliquely related or unrelated.  

"The next day when I'd be going out you know, I took control, like uh, I put bleach on my hair in California."  

3. Flight of Ideas fast shifting or changing from one fast shifting or changing from one

topic to another but has some topic to another but has some relationship with each otherrelationship with each other

4.Blocking interruption or stoppage in the interruption or stoppage in the

expression of thoughts/ideas due expression of thoughts/ideas due to emotions, delusions, etc.to emotions, delusions, etc.

5. Circumstantiality refers to a thought disorder

wherein thinking takes a roundabout manner to get to an answer

differentiable from tangentiality by the speaker eventually getting back to the point.  

"My mother's job? She used to sit around the house doing nothing but drinking, she'd just sit there and stew, making noises, chugging her drinks. She threw my dad out of the house. I'll never forget that, the way she did it. Anyways, my mom was a waitress

6. Confabulation saying made-up or saying made-up or

fabricated/fantastic responses to fabricated/fantastic responses to fill in memory lapses to avoid fill in memory lapses to avoid shame.shame.

7. Word Salad speech that is unintelligible due to

the fact that, though the individual words are real words, the manner in which they are strung together results in incoherent gibberish  

thought disorder wherein words are chosen or repeated based on similar sounds, instead of semantic meaning

Q: "Why do people believe in God?" A: "Because he makes a twirl in life, my box is broken help me blue elephant. Isn't lettuce brave? I like electrons. Hello, beautiful."  

8. Clang Asociation thought disorder wherein words

are chosen or repeated based on similar sounds, instead of semantic meaning.  

"The train rain brained me. He ate the skate, inflated yesterdays gate toward the cheese grater."

C. Delusion a belief that is clearly false and

that indicates an abnormality in the affected person's content of thought

the false belief is not accounted for by the person's cultural or religious background or his or her level of intelligence

the key feature of a delusion is the degree to which the person is convinced that the belief is true

a person with a delusion will hold firmly to the belief regardless of evidence to the contrary.

delusions can be difficult to distinguish from overvalued ideas, which are unreasonable ideas that a person holds, but the affected person has at least some level of doubt as to its truthfulness.

a person with a delusion is absolutely convinced that the delusion is real.

delusions are a symptom of either a medical, neurological, or mental disorder.

Types of Delusion

delusion of grandeur: exaggerated/unrealistically sense of importance, power, identity.

Thinks he/she is the President or Jesus Christ.

Delusion of Persecution othes are out to harm or persecute in

some way. these are the most common type of

delusions and involve the theme of being followed, harassed, cheated, poisoned or drugged, conspired against, spied on, attacked, or obstructed in the pursuit of goals.

sometimes the delusion is isolated and fragmented (such as the false belief that co-workers are harassing), but sometimes are well-organized belief

systems involving a complex set of delusions ("systematized delusions").

a person with a set of persecutory delusions may be believe, for example, that he or she is being followed by government organizations because the "persecuted" person has been falsely identified as a spy.

these systems of beliefs can be so broad and complex that they can explain everything that happens to the person.

May believe their food is being poisoned or they are being watched.

D. Hallucination a profound distortion in a person's

perception of reality, typically accompanied by a powerful sense of reality.

an hallucination may be a sensory experience in which a person can see, hear, smell, taste, or feel something that is not there.

Types of hallucination

a.Visual common in alcoholicscommon in alcoholics is an hallucination involving the

sense of sight.

b.Auditory hallucinations auditory hallucinations (also

known as paracusia), particularly of one or more talking voices, are particularly associated with psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia, and hold special significance in diagnosing these conditions, although many people not suffering from diagnosable mental illness may sometimes hear voices as well.

the hearing voices movement is a support and advocacy group for people who hallucinate voices, but do not otherwise show signs of mental illness or impairment.

other types of auditory hallucinations include musical hallucinations, where people will hear music playing in their mind, usually songs they are familiar with.

this can be caused by: lesions on the brain stem (often resulting from strokes); also, tumors, encephalitis, or abscesses. other reasons include hearing loss and epileptic activity. recent reports have also mentioned that it is also possible to get musical hallucinations from listening to music for long periods of time.

is an hallucination involving the sense of hearing. called also paracusia and paracusis.

c. Olfactory hallucinations phantosmia is the phenomenon of

smelling odors that aren't really present.

the most common odors are unpleasant smells such as rotting flesh, vomit, urine, feces, smoke, etc.

phantosmia often results from damage to the nervous tissue in the olfactory system.

the damage can be caused by viral infection, brain tumor, trauma, surgery, and possibly exposure to toxins or drugs.

phantosmia can also be induced by epilepsy affecting the olfactory cortex and is also thought to possibly have psychiatric origins.

phantosmia is different from parosmia, in which a smell is actually present, but perceived differently from its usual smell.

d. Tactile hallucinations other types of hallucinations create

the sensation of tactile sensory input, simulating various types of pressure to the skin or other organs.

this type of hallucination is often associated with substance use, such as someone who feels bugs crawling on them (known as formication) after a prolonged period of cocaine use.

is an hallucination involving the sense of touch.

e. gustatoryis an hallucination involving the

sense of taste.

Language and Communication Disturbance

1. Verbigeration meaningless or stereotyped meaningless or stereotyped

response to questions response to questions

2. Metonymic Speech the use of the name of one object

or concept for that of another to which it is related

3. Stilted Language speech that has an excessively

stilted or formal quality it may seem rather quaint or

outdated, or may appear pompous, distant, or overpolite

the stilted quality is usually achieved through use of particular word choices (multisyllabic when monosyllabic

alternatives are available and equally appropriate), extremely polite phraseology.

("Excuse me, madam, may I request a conference in your office at your convenience?"), or stiff and formal syntax ("Whereas the attorney comported himself indecorously, the physician behaved as is customary for a born gentleman").

4. Pressured Speech is a hallmark symptom of

mania or hypomania in bipolar disorder (manic depression).

as "rapid, virtually nonstop, often loud and emphatic, seemingly driven, and usually hard to interrupt.

it typically occurs in mania and in some drug-induced states and in severe anxiety states."

5. Mutism a social anxiety disorder in

which a person who is normally capable of speech is unable to speak in given situations, or to specific people. Poverty of words.