Definition of Hypersensitivity - UAB School of Optometry year/Micro/powerpoint/hyper...2 Gell and...
Transcript of Definition of Hypersensitivity - UAB School of Optometry year/Micro/powerpoint/hyper...2 Gell and...
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Type I Hypersensitivity
Definition of Hypersensitivity
An immunologic reaction whichproduces tissue damage onreexposure to antigen.
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Gell and Coombs Classification
• Type I (IgE-mediated)• Type II (Fc and complement-mediated)• Type III (Immune complex-mediated)• Type IV (Delayed-type hypersensitivity)
Gell and Coombs Classification
•• Type I (IgE-mediated)Type I (IgE-mediated)• Type II (Fc and complement-mediated)• Type III (Immune complex-mediated)• Type IV (Delayed-type hypersensitivity)
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Type I Hypersensitivity:History of Discoveries
• Anaphylaxis: Portier and Richet, 1902• Histamine: Dale and Laidlaw, 1911• Transfer of sensitivity: Prausnitz &
Küstner• Mast cells as main tissue source of
histamine: Riley and West, 1952• IgE immunoglobulin: Ishizaka and
Ishizaka, 1966
Type I Hypersensitivity Diseases
• Allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (hayfever)
• Asthma• Eczema (atopic dermatitis)• Acute urticaria• Anaphylaxis
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Mast Cell Mediators
• Preformed– Vasoactive amines: histamine– Neutral proteases: tryptase, chymase– Acid hydrolases: β-hexoseaminidase– Proteoglycans: heparin, chondroitin sulfate
• Newly formed– Eicosanoids: PGD2, LTC4– Cytokines: TNFα, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6
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Mast Cell Tryptase
• Tetrameric serine protease• Found only in mast cells, not basophils• Peaks in 1 hour and remains elevated 4-6 hours in
serum following release in anaphylaxis• Alpha isoform is predominant in blood: most
mastocytosis patients with systemic disease havetotal tryptase levels that are elevated (> 20 ng/ml)and are at least 10-fold greater than their βtryptase level.
Histamine
• Produced almost exclusively by basophilsand mast cells (3-8 pg/cell)
• Immediate pharmacologic effects:– pruritus (H1)– ↑ vascular permeability/vasodilatation (H1)– smooth muscle contraction (H1)– gastric acid secretion (H2)
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Injection of Histamine in theSkin: The Triple Response
• Local erythema - H1 (and some H2)-mediated arteriolar dilatation
• More widespread flare from antidromicrelease of Substance P from sensorynerves
• Wheal produced by increased vascularpermeability
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Acute Phase Allergic Reaction:
• Occurs within seconds to minutes ofIgE receptor activation (mast cellmediator release) and resolvingwithin an hour
• Intense pruritus, edema, erythema• Almost all effects can be replicated
with histamine
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Late Phase Allergic Reaction:
• A delayed inflammatory response (peaking at4-8 hrs and persisting up to 24 hrs) followingan intense acute phase reaction– Skin: erythema, induration, burning– Lungs: airway obstruction poorly responsive to
bronchodilators– Nose/eyes: erythema, congestion, burning
• Histology: mast cell degranulation followedby influx of first neutrophils and eosinophilsfollowed by mononuclear cells
• Major portion of effects replicated by TNFα
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Therapy of Allergic Disease
• Inhibition of IgE synthesis: Immunotherapy• Inhibition of IgE binding to receptor:
– Monoclonal anti-IgE (Xolair (Omalizumab)• Inhibition of mast cell mediator release:
– Topical corticosteroids– Cromolyn, nedocromil
• Inhibition of mediator action:– Antihistamines– Leukotriene receptor antagonists– Topical and systemic corticosteroids
Gell and Coombs Classification
• Type I (IgE-mediated)•• Type II (Fc and complement-mediated)Type II (Fc and complement-mediated)• Type III (Immune complex-mediated)• Type IV (Delayed-type hypersensitivity)
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Type II Hypersensitivity Reactions:Mechanisms of Tissue Damage
• Complement-mediated cytolysis• Antibody-dependent cell-mediated
cytotoxicity (ADCC)
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Type II Hypersensitivity Reactions:Examples of Diseases
• Transfusion reactions• Hemolytic disease of the newborn
(Rh incompatibility)• Hyperacute graft rejection• Drug-induced hemolytic anemia
Transfusion
Reactions
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Gell and Coombs Classification
• Type I (IgE-mediated)• Type II (Fc and complement-mediated)•• Type III (Immune complex-mediated)Type III (Immune complex-mediated)• Type IV (Delayed-type hypersensitivity)
Type III HypersensitivityMechanisms of Tissue Injury
• In situ activation of complement• Anaphylatoxin-mediated activation of
mast cells and phagocytes• Complex-mediated phagocytosis and
release of phagocyte granule enzymesand cytokines into the localmicroenvironment
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Type III HypersensitivityExamples of Diseases
• Arthus reaction• Hypersensitivity pneumonitis• Immune complex-mediated
glomerulonephritis• Serum sickness
The Arthus Reaction
• Occurs with introduction of antigen intoan individual with high titer antibody
• Requires both complement & phagocytes• Peaks at 3-6 hours after exposure• Histology: massive influx of neutrophils,
edema, sometimes necrosis
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Hypersensitivity PneumonitisSyndromes and Associated Antigens
• Farmer’s lung (thermophilic actinomycetes)• Malt worker’s lung (Aspergillus spores)• Pigeon fancier’s disease (avian proteins)• Cheese washer’s lung (Penicillium spores)• Furrier’s lung (fox fur)• Laboratory technician’s lung (rat urine
proteins)
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Serum Sickness
• Fever, rash, joint pain, lymphadenopathy,occasionally glomerulonephritis
• Timecourse: days to weeks afterintroduction of foreign antigen
• Causes: allogeneic serum, drugs, infections,autoimmune disorders
SerumSicknessReactions
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AutoimmuneGlomerulo-nephritis
Gell and Coombs Classification
• Type I (IgE-mediated)• Type II (Fc and complement-mediated)• Type III (Immune complex-mediated)•• Type IV (Delayed-type hypersensitivity)Type IV (Delayed-type hypersensitivity)
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Type IV Hypersensitivity Reactions
• Contact dermatitis• Foreign body reaction• Infection-associated
– Mycobacterial– Fungal– Viral
• Chronic graft rejection
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Ocular Allergy
• Allergic conjunctivitis• Vernal conjunctivitis• Atopic keratoconjunctivitis• Giant papillary conjunctivitis• Contact allergy
Ocular Contact Allergy: Causes
• Topical medications• Cosmetics, eyeliner, mascara• Hair products• Creams• Nail polish• Soaps, detergents• Numerous others
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Ocular Contact Allergy:Clinical Features
• Frequently a complication of topicaleye medications
• Conjunctival injection, chemosis,watery discharge
• Eczema of periorbital skin
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Ocular Contact Allergy:Therapy
• Remove offending agent• Cold compresses• Topical or systemic steroids