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Definition of SPEDefinition of SPE
“Separation or removal of an analyteor analytes from a mixture of
compounds by selective partitioning
of the compounds between a solid
phase (sorbent) and a liquid phase
(solvent).”
“Separation or removal of an analyteor analytes from a mixture of
compounds by selective partitioning
of the compounds between a solid
phase (sorbent) and a liquid phase
(solvent).”
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Definition of a Robust SPE
Procedure
Definition of a Robust SPE
Procedure
“A robust SPE procedure is one that can
provide sample extracts of adequate
purity and high reproducible
extraction efficiencies when
performed by any analyst on any
sample of the matrix type for which
the procedure was optimized.”
“A robust SPE procedure is one that can
provide sample extracts of adequate
purity and high reproducible
extraction efficiencies when
performed by any analyst on any
sample of the matrix type for which
the procedure was optimized.”
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A Typical SPE Procedure
Involves Six Steps
A Typical SPE Procedure
Involves Six Steps
1. Sample pre-treatment
2. Column solvation
3. Column equilibration
4. Sample application
5. Interference elution
6. Analyte elution
1. Sample pre-treatment
2. Column solvation
3. Column equilibration
4. Sample application
5. Interference elution
6. Analyte elution
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Solvent Strength(Chemical Strength is always relative)
Solvent Strength(Chemical Strength is always relative)
SORBENT INCREASING STRENGTH SORBENT INCREASING STRENGTH
Silica Hexane - - - MeOH - - - H2O
Hydrocarbon H2O - - - - - MeOH - - - Hexane
Bonded silica H2O <<: MeOH - - - H2O: >> MeOH
Silica Hexane - - - MeOH - - - H2O
Hydrocarbon H2O - - - - - MeOH - - - Hexane
Bonded silica H2O <<: MeOH - - - H2O: >> MeOH
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Effect of Solvent on pKa of HOAc at 25 CEffect of Solvent on pKa of HOAc at 25 C
Reference: Hendrickson, Cram and Hammond,
“Organic Chemistry”, 3rd Edition McGraw Hill p 303
Reference: Hendrickson, Cram and Hammond,
“Organic Chemistry”, 3rd Edition McGraw Hill p 303
Percent Organic Solvent in WaterPercent Organic Solvent in Water
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
0 20 40 60 80 100
MeOHMeOH
DioxaneDioxanepKapKa
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0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00
Ba+2
Pb+2
Ca+2
Mg+2
K+
Mn+2
NH4+
Na+
H+
Li+
SCX / PRS Counter-ion SelectivitySCX / PRS Counter-ion Selectivity
Relative Selectivity
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SAX Counter- ion SelectivitySAX Counter- ion Selectivity
OH-
F-
RCOO-
HPO4-
IO3-
HCO3-
Cl-NO2
-
BrO3-
HSO3-
CN-
Br-
NO3-
ClO3-
HSO4-
I-Citrate-
R-Ph-SO3-
Relative Selectivity
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Steps to be Optimized During
Method Development
Steps to be Optimized During
Method Development
• Sorbent selection
• Sample preparation
• Column conditioning
• Sample loading rate
• Selection of interference elution solvent
• Interference elution solvent flow rate
• Selection of Isolate elution solvent
• Isolate elution solvent flow rate
• Sorbent selection
• Sample preparation
• Column conditioning
• Sample loading rate
• Selection of interference elution solvent
• Interference elution solvent flow rate
• Selection of Isolate elution solvent
• Isolate elution solvent flow rate
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SPE Column ConditioningSPE Column Conditioning
• Solvation of the Sorbent
• Purification of the SPE Column / Sorbent
• Solvation of the Sorbent
• Purification of the SPE Column / Sorbent
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Comparison of 0.1 ml and 0.4 ml SPE
Columns
Comparison of 0.1 ml and 0.4 ml SPE
Columns
0.10.1mlml
0.40.4mlml
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Contaminant ElutionContaminant Elution
• Analyte-Insoluble Solvents
• Selective Mixtures
• Maintain Retention Conditions
• Verify no Analyte Bleed
• Proper Flow Rate
• Analyte-Insoluble Solvents
• Selective Mixtures
• Maintain Retention Conditions
• Verify no Analyte Bleed
• Proper Flow Rate
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Why use Mixed-mode
Columns?
Why use Mixed-mode
Columns?
• More robust procedures (Less matrix dependent vs. 100% ion exchange)
• Columns designed to provide multipleinteraction(ion exchange and polar partitioning capacity
optimized for some PTM bio-applications)
• Cleaner extract possible
• Ability to fractionate complex mixtures
• Methods for biomolecules or frombiomatrices
• More robust procedures (Less matrix dependent vs. 100% ion exchange)
• Columns designed to provide multipleinteraction(ion exchange and polar partitioning capacity
optimized for some PTM bio-applications)
• Cleaner extract possible
• Ability to fractionate complex mixtures
• Methods for biomolecules or frombiomatrices
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Mixed-Mode ExtractionMixed-Mode Extraction
Apply SampleApply Sample RinsRinsee
Elute (1)Elute (1) Elute (2)Elute (2)
Neutral Mol’s.
C18
IX
C18
IX
C18
IX
C18
IX
Basic Mol’s.
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Influence of pH on Retention
Non-Polar
Influence of pH on Retention
Non-PolarpH 3.0pH 3.0 pH 7.0pH 7.0
RCOORCOO--
RCOOHRCOOH
C4 C4
Adjust pH to Suppress Ionization
RCOOH pKa = 5.0
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pH 3.0pH 3.0 pH 7.0pH 7.0
RCOORCOO--RCOORCOOHH
SAX SAX
Adjust pH to Ensure Ionization
Influence of pH on Retention
Ion Exchange
Influence of pH on Retention
Ion Exchange
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Anion ExchangeAnion Exchange
ConditionCondition Apply SampleApply Sample
InterferenceInterference
Elution Elution
1. Methanol1. Methanol
2. Water or Buffer2. Water or Buffer
2 pH Units 2 pH Units
Above Above
Isolate pKaIsolate pKa
Water or Water orBufferBuffer
2 pH Units 2 pH Units
Below pKa Below pKa
(500mM H(500mM H22SOSO44))
Homovanillic Acid
Analyte Analyte
Elution Elution
Rumsby, et. al.
SAX SAX SAX SAX
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pH 3 pH 7 pH 11
Analyte: Weak Anion, pKa 5.0 R-COOH R-COO- R-COO-
Sorbent: NH2, pKa 9.8 R-NH3+ R-NH3
+ R-NH2
Analyte: Strong Anion R-SO3- R-SO3
- R-SO3
-
Sorbent: NH2, pKa 9.8 R-NH3+ R-NH3
+ R-NH2
Weak Anion Exchange (NH2)Weak Anion Exchange (NH2)
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Analyte: Weak Anion, pKa 5.0 R-COOH R-COO- R-COO-
Sorbent: SAX R-NR3+ R-NR3
+ R-NR3+
Analyte: Strong Anion R-SO3- R- SO3
- R-SO3
-
Sorbent: SAX R-NR3+ R-NR3
+ R-NR3+
pH 3 pH 7 pH 11
Strong Anion Exchange (SAX)Strong Anion Exchange (SAX)
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L/L ExtractionL/L Extraction
• Two Extraction Solvents per Step
• Solvents must be Immiscible
• Solubility Differentiation (Non-Selective)
• Emulsions
• Large Solvent Volumes
• Extract Concentration Required
• Serial Process
• Two Extraction Solvents per Step
• Solvents must be Immiscible
• Solubility Differentiation (Non-Selective)
• Emulsions
• Large Solvent Volumes
• Extract Concentration Required
• Serial Process
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Solid Phase ExtractionSolid Phase Extraction
• Sorbent Phase and Solvent Phase
• Inherent “Immiscibility”
• Functional Group Differentiation
• No Emulsions
• Small Solvent Volumes
• Inherent Concentration
• Batch Process
• Sorbent Phase and Solvent Phase
• Inherent “Immiscibility”
• Functional Group Differentiation
• No Emulsions
• Small Solvent Volumes
• Inherent Concentration
• Batch Process
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Interference Elution StepInterference Elution Step
• Analyte-Insoluble Solvents
• Selective Mixtures
• Maintain Retention Conditions
(pH control can be important)
• Verify no Analyte Bleed
• Optimize Flow Rate
• Analyte-Insoluble Solvents
• Selective Mixtures
• Maintain Retention Conditions
(pH control can be important)
• Verify no Analyte Bleed
• Optimize Flow Rate
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Extraction StepsExtraction Steps
• Sample Pretreatment
• Column Conditioning
• Column Equilibration
• Sample Application to Column
• Interference Elution
• Analyte Elution
• Sample Pretreatment
• Column Conditioning
• Column Equilibration
• Sample Application to Column
• Interference Elution
• Analyte Elution
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Column
Conditioning
Column
Conditioning
• Hygienic Cleaning
• Solvation of the Sorbent
• Hygienic Cleaning
• Solvation of the Sorbent
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SPE Column ConditioningSPE Column Conditioning
• Non-Polar SorbentsMeOH, MeCN, THF
• Bonded Polar Sorbents (HILIC)MeOH, MeCN, THF then 5-10% water /w
buffer
• Unbonded Polar SorbentsNon-Polar Solvents, Hexane, Ethyl
Acetate,
(Same solvent as the sample matrix)
• Ion-Exchange SorbentsMeOH, MeCN, THF, then water /w buffer ions
• Non-Polar SorbentsMeOH, MeCN, THF
• Bonded Polar Sorbents (HILIC)MeOH, MeCN, THF then 5-10% water /w
buffer
• Unbonded Polar SorbentsNon-Polar Solvents, Hexane, Ethyl
Acetate,
(Same solvent as the sample matrix)
• Ion-Exchange SorbentsMeOH, MeCN, THF, then water /w buffer ions
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Column EquilibrationColumn Equilibration
• Remove Excess Solvation Solvent
• Normalize Sorbent to Sample Condition
• Promote Optimum Retention
– Solvent Composition
– Ionic Strength
– pH
• Ion-Exchange
– Optimize Choice of Counter-ion
– Optimize pH for ionization of sorbent
• Remove Excess Solvation Solvent
• Normalize Sorbent to Sample Condition
• Promote Optimum Retention
– Solvent Composition
– Ionic Strength
– pH
• Ion-Exchange
– Optimize Choice of Counter-ion
– Optimize pH for ionization of sorbent
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Sample PretreatmentSample Pretreatment
• Proper Dilution/Ionic Strength
• Correct pH
• Analytes Free in Solution
• Remove Particulates
• Proper Dilution/Ionic Strength
• Correct pH
• Analytes Free in Solution
• Remove Particulates
Optimize Sample for Analyte RetentionOptimize Sample for Analyte Retention
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Sample
Application
Sample
Application
Proper Flow Rate Proper Flow Rate
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Analyte ElutionAnalyte Elution
• Elution solvent must overcome both
PRIMARY and SECONDARY
interactions
• 100% Elution in 2-10 Bed Volumes
• Use Selective Solvents/Mixtures
• Smaller elution volume ! More conc.
extract
• Optimize Flow Rate
• Elution solvent must overcome both
PRIMARY and SECONDARY
interactions
• 100% Elution in 2-10 Bed Volumes
• Use Selective Solvents/Mixtures
• Smaller elution volume ! More conc.
extract
• Optimize Flow Rate
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Flow Rate ConsiderationsFlow Rate Considerations
Optimize and Specify in Protocol for
– Column Equilibration
(Counter-ion Exchange)
– Sample Loading
– Interference Elution
– Analyte Elution
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Molecular InteractionsMolecular Interactions
• Covalent Interactions 100-300 kcal/mole
• Ionic Interactions 50-75 kcal/mole
• Polar Interactions 3-7 kcal/mole
– Hydrogen-Bonding
– Dipole-Dipole
– !-!
• Non-Polar Interactions 1-2 kcal/mole
– Van der Waals or dispersion
• Covalent Interactions 100-300 kcal/mole
• Ionic Interactions 50-75 kcal/mole
• Polar Interactions 3-7 kcal/mole
– Hydrogen-Bonding
– Dipole-Dipole
– !-!
• Non-Polar Interactions 1-2 kcal/mole
– Van der Waals or dispersion
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Extraction ComponentsExtraction Components
Analyte(s)Analyte(s)
Matrix (Sample or Solvent)Matrix (Sample or Solvent)
SorbentSorbent
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Retention/ElutionRetention/Elution
Retention
Analyte !" Sorbent
Matrix #$ Sorbent
Analyte #$ Matrix
Retention
Analyte !" Sorbent
Matrix #$ Sorbent
Analyte #$ Matrix
Elution
Analyte #$ Sorbent
Matrix !" Sorbent
Analyte !" Matrix
Elution
Analyte #$ Sorbent
Matrix !" Sorbent
Analyte !" Matrix
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Non-Polar SorbentsNon-Polar Sorbents
(CH2)7CH3 CH2CH3
(CH2)3CN
(CH2)17CH3
Octadecyl Octyl Ethyl
Phenyl Cyclohexyl Cyanopropyl
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Polar SorbentsPolar Sorbents
(CH2)3OCH2CHCH2
HO OH
Si OH
Cyanopropyl
(CH2)3CN(CH2)3NH2
Aminopropyl
Silica Diol
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Ion-Exchange SorbentsIon-Exchange Sorbents
(CH2)3NH2
Aminopropyl
(CH2)3N+(CH3)3
(CH2)3SO3HSO3H
SAX (quaternary amine)
(CH2)3COH
O
CBA (carboxylic acid)
SCX (benzenesulfonic acid) PRS (propylsulfonic acid)
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Barriers to SPE UseBarriers to SPE Use
• More complex than liquid/liquid extraction
• More choices than liquid/liquid extraction
• Less user familiarity
• Longer method development cycle
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HPLC vs. SPEHPLC vs. SPE
• Elution: Column Chromatography:
Vr = Vm + KVs
0.2 << K << 200
• Extraction: SPE Chromatography:
K = > 1000 Retention
K = < 0.001 Elution
• Elution: Column Chromatography:
Vr = Vm + KVs
0.2 << K << 200
• Extraction: SPE Chromatography:
K = > 1000 Retention
K = < 0.001 Elution
[stat]
[matrix]
[stat]
[eluent]
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11 2/32/3 44 55 66
Six-Step SPE ProcedureSix-Step SPE Procedure
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A Typical SPE Procedure
Involves Six Steps
A Typical SPE Procedure
Involves Six Steps
1. Sample pre-treatment
2. Column solvation
3. Column equilibration
4. Sample application
5. Interference elution
6. Analyte elution
1. Sample pre-treatment
2. Column solvation
3. Column equilibration
4. Sample application
5. Interference elution
6. Analyte elution
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Non-Polar Interactions
SorbentsSorbents InteractionsInteractions
C8C8
PPHH
C2C2
vanvan der Waals der Waals
vanvan der Waals der Waals
vanvan der Waals der Waals
Si
Si
Si
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Polar Interactions
SorbentsSorbents InteractionsInteractions
CCNN
NH2NH2
2OH2OH
Dipole/DipoleDipole/Dipole
Hydrogen-Hydrogen-
BondingBonding
Hydrogen-Hydrogen-
BondingBonding
OH
Si NH
H
SiN
OH
C
OSi
OH
OOH
H
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SorbentsSorbents InteractionsInteractions
PRSPRS
CBACBA
SAXSAX
ElectrostaticElectrostatic
ElectrostaticElectrostatic
ElectrostaticElectrostatic
H3+N
SO3-Si
Si
H3+N
O-
O
N+(CH3)3Si
-O3S
Ionic Interactions
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ConditioningConditioning
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Apply Sample Rinse EluteApply Sample Rinse Elute
Aqueous, pH 5-7 Acetonitrile 0.5% HCL in Methanol
Si
Si
+NH3O-
Si
Si
+NH
3O- O
H
Cl-+
NH3
Si
Si
Secondary Silanol
Interactions on Non-Polar
Phases
Secondary Silanol
Interactions on Non-Polar
Phases
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Steps to be Optimized During Method
Development
Steps to be Optimized During Method
Development
• Sorbent selection
• Sample preparation
• Column conditioning
• Sample loading rate
• Selection of interference elution solvent
• Interference elution solvent flow rate
• Selection of Isolate elution solvent
• Isolate elution solvent flow rate
• Sorbent selection
• Sample preparation
• Column conditioning
• Sample loading rate
• Selection of interference elution solvent
• Interference elution solvent flow rate
• Selection of Isolate elution solvent
• Isolate elution solvent flow rate
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Flow Rate ConsiderationsFlow Rate Considerations
Optimize and Specify in Protocol for
• Column Equilibration
• Counter-ion Exchange
• Sample Loading
• Interference Elution
• Analyte Elution
Optimize and Specify in Protocol for
• Column Equilibration
• Counter-ion Exchange
• Sample Loading
• Interference Elution
• Analyte Elution
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Sample Loading Flow Rate vs. Extraction
Efficiency
Sample Loading Flow Rate vs. Extraction
Efficiency
100
50
Increasing Flow Rate
% Recovery
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Elution Solvent Flow Rate vs. Extraction
Efficiency
Elution Solvent Flow Rate vs. Extraction
Efficiency
100
50
Increasing Flow Rate
% Recovery
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Sorbent ScreeningSample Application
Sorbent ScreeningSample Application
C2C2C8C8C18C18 CNCN PHPH
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Influence of pH on Non-Polar RetentionInfluence of pH on Non-Polar Retention
pH 7.0 - RCOO-pH 3.0 - RCOOH
C2 C2
Adjust pH to Suppress Ionization
RCOOH pKa = 5.0
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pH 3.0 - RCOOHpH 3.0 - RCOOH pH 7.0 - RCOO-pH 7.0 - RCOO-
SAXSAX SAXSAX
Adjust pH to Ensure IonizationAdjust pH to Ensure Ionization
Influence of pH on Ionic RetentionInfluence of pH on Ionic Retention
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Analyte CharacteristicsAnalyte Characteristics
• Functional Groups• Solubilities• pKa Values• Stability Characteristics• Chromatographic Behavior
• Functional Groups• Solubilities• pKa Values• Stability Characteristics• Chromatographic Behavior
HydrophobicH-Bonding
Cationic Anionic
OH
HN NH2
SH
NH3+
NH2+
NH+
COO-
S
O
O
O-
P
O
O-
O-
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Mechanism SelectionAnalyte-Based
Mechanism SelectionAnalyte-Based
NNHH22
NNHH33++
NNHH22
FunctionalityFunctionality AnalyteAnalyte MechanismMechanism
HydrophobicHydrophobic
H-BondingH-Bonding
IonicIonic
Non-PolarNon-Polar
PolarPolar
Ion-ExchangeIon-Exchange
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Mechanism Selection - SummaryMechanism Selection - Summary
OH
HN NH2
SH
NH3+
NH2+
NH+
S
O
O
O-
P
O
O-
O-
NR3+
Aqueous
Aqueous or
Non-Polar
Solvent
Aqueous (Low
Ionic Strength)
(High ionic strength)
Aqueous (Low
Ionic Strength)
(High ionic strength)C
O
O-
Hydrophobic
H-Bonding
Cations
Anions
Non-Polar
Polar
Cation Exchange
Anion Exchange
C18 C8
C2CH
PH
CN
SI
2OH
NH2
CN
CBA PRS SCX
(ENV+ C18 C8)
SAX NH2
(ENV+ C18 C8)
Analyte Matrix Sorbent
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Apply Sample Rinse Elute
Aqueous, pH 5-7
Acetonitrile
Acetonitrile,0.1M K2HPO4
(50:50)
Secondary Interactions onIon Exchange Phases
Secondary Interactions onIon Exchange Phases
0.1M K2HPO4
Rinse
+NH3 NH3+
H3N+
-
Si
SO3
Si
SO3- -
Si
SO3
+NH3
-
Si
SO3
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Sorbent ScreeningAnalyte Elution
Sorbent ScreeningAnalyte Elution
C8C8C18C18 PHPH
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Validate for RuggednessValidate for Ruggedness
• Vary Solvent Strength by ± 5%
• Vary pH of Ionic Steps
• Change Sample Volumes
• Change Flow Rates
• Verify Linearity
• Check Multiple Sorbent Lots
• Vary Solvent Strength by ± 5%
• Vary pH of Ionic Steps
• Change Sample Volumes
• Change Flow Rates
• Verify Linearity
• Check Multiple Sorbent Lots
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Ionic CombinationsIonic Combinations
Cation Anion pH = 3.0 pH = 7.0 pH = 11.0
Weak
Weak
Weak
Weak
Strong
Strong
Strong Strong
3NH+
NR3+
-O2CHO2C
-O3S
NH2
NR3+
NR3+
NR3+
NR3+
NR3+
3NH+
3NH+
3NH+
-O2C
-O3S -O3S
HO2C -O2C
NH2-O3S -O3S -O3S
-O2C
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Ion-Exchange ElutionIon-Exchange Elution
• High Ionic Strength
• pH Change
– Neutralize Sorbent
– Neutralize Analyte
• High Selectivity Counter-ions
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Cleanup TechniquesCleanup Techniques
Selective ElutionSelective ElutionSelective RinseSelective Rinse
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Sample
Application
Sample
ApplicationInterferenc
e Elution
Interferenc
e ElutionAnalyte
Elution
Analyte
Elution Column
Conditioni
ng
Column
Conditioni
ng
Column Pre-
Equilibration
Column Pre-
Equilibration
Typical SPE ProcedureTypical SPE Procedure
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SampleSample
ApplicationApplication WashWash ElutionElution
Typical SPE ProcedureTypical SPE Procedure
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1. Non-retaining sorbents (from Sorbent
Screening) are good cleanup sorbents
2. Non-eluting solvents (from Analyte Elution
Screening) are good rinse solvents
3. Solvents intermediary between sample and
elution solvent are good rinse solvents
4. Solvents in which the analyte(s) are
insoluble are good rinse solvents
1. Non-retaining sorbents (from Sorbent
Screening) are good cleanup sorbents
2. Non-eluting solvents (from Analyte Elution
Screening) are good rinse solvents
3. Solvents intermediary between sample and
elution solvent are good rinse solvents
4. Solvents in which the analyte(s) are
insoluble are good rinse solvents
Cleanup TipsCleanup Tips
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Capacity & Elution VolumeCapacity & Elution Volume
• Capacity is ~ 1- 5% of Sorbent Mass
• Minimum Elution Volume is ~ 125 µl per
100 mg Sorbent Mass for Spin Columns
• “Effective” Capacity is increased through
Selective Extractions
• If large sorbent mass is required initially,
first elution may be reconcentrated on
smaller bed
• Capacity is ~ 1- 5% of Sorbent Mass
• Minimum Elution Volume is ~ 125 µl per
100 mg Sorbent Mass for Spin Columns
• “Effective” Capacity is increased through
Selective Extractions
• If large sorbent mass is required initially,
first elution may be reconcentrated on
smaller bed
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Benzoic acid, pKa 4.80
COO
H
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NH2
COO
H
p-Aminobenzoic Acid
pKa's 4.65 , 4.80
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Automation of SPEAutomation of SPE
• Routine Analysis
• Method Development
• Routine Analysis
• Method Development
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Step One: SAMPLE PRETREATMENTStep One: SAMPLE PRETREATMENT
A TYPICAL SPE PROCEDURE:
Automation of the six steps
A TYPICAL SPE PROCEDURE:
Automation of the six steps
• pH
• Ionic strength
• Redox
• Wetting / protein binding
• Filtering
• Mixing
• pH
• Ionic strength
• Redox
• Wetting / protein binding
• Filtering
• Mixing
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Step Two: COLUMN SOLVATIONStep Two: COLUMN SOLVATION
• Variable volumes
• Variable flow rates
• Multiple solvents
• Variable volumes
• Variable flow rates
• Multiple solvents
A TYPICAL SPE PROCEDURE:
Automation of the six steps
A TYPICAL SPE PROCEDURE:
Automation of the six steps
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A TYPICAL SPE PROCEDURE:
Automation of the six steps
A TYPICAL SPE PROCEDURE:
Automation of the six steps
Step Three: COLUMN EQUILIBRATIONStep Three: COLUMN EQUILIBRATION
• Multiple solvents
• Variable volumes
• Variable flows
• Multiple solvents
• Variable volumes
• Variable flows
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A TYPICAL SPE PROCEDURE:
Automation of the six steps
A TYPICAL SPE PROCEDURE:
Automation of the six steps
Step Four: SAMPLE APPLICATIONStep Four: SAMPLE APPLICATION
• Variable volumes
• Variable flow rate
• Multiple collection options
• Variable volumes
• Variable flow rate
• Multiple collection options
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A TYPICAL SPE PROCEDURE:
Automation of the six steps
A TYPICAL SPE PROCEDURE:
Automation of the six steps
Step Five: INTERFERENCE ELUTIONStep Five: INTERFERENCE ELUTION
• Multiple solvents
• Variable volumes
• Variable flow rates
• Multiple collection options
• Drying options– Volume
– Flow
• Multiple solvents
• Variable volumes
• Variable flow rates
• Multiple collection options
• Drying options– Volume
– Flow
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A TYPICAL SPE PROCEDURE:
Automation of the six steps
A TYPICAL SPE PROCEDURE:
Automation of the six steps
Step Six: ANALYTE ELUTIONStep Six: ANALYTE ELUTION
• Multiple solvents
• Variable volumes
• Variable flow rates
• Multiple solvents
• Variable volumes
• Variable flow rates