Defining Disability in an Age of Enhancement James J. Hughes Ph.D. Public Policy Studies Trinity...
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![Page 1: Defining Disability in an Age of Enhancement James J. Hughes Ph.D. Public Policy Studies Trinity College james.hughes@trincoll.edu Union College – May.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061605/56649f135503460f94c27f21/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Defining Disability in an Age of Enhancement
James J. Hughes Ph.D.Public Policy Studies
Trinity College
Union College – May 22, 2010
![Page 2: Defining Disability in an Age of Enhancement James J. Hughes Ph.D. Public Policy Studies Trinity College james.hughes@trincoll.edu Union College – May.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061605/56649f135503460f94c27f21/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
What is Ability/Disability?
Medical Model of Disability: there is an objective standard of disease/disability, health/ability (and enhancement)
Social Model of Disability: disability is created by how society treats varying levels of health and ability
![Page 3: Defining Disability in an Age of Enhancement James J. Hughes Ph.D. Public Policy Studies Trinity College james.hughes@trincoll.edu Union College – May.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061605/56649f135503460f94c27f21/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Human Enhancement
Therapy/Enhancement
EnablementSome therapies already
enhanceBaseline is shiftingSocial construction of
normal, healthy, able
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Therapeutic HETs
Under therapeutic model the sick and disabled will be first to receive HETs
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Physical Ability
Prosthetics & Oscar Pistorius
Doping & gene dopingTissue engineering &
stem cellsDeclining senior disability and
changing expectations of the elderly
![Page 6: Defining Disability in an Age of Enhancement James J. Hughes Ph.D. Public Policy Studies Trinity College james.hughes@trincoll.edu Union College – May.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061605/56649f135503460f94c27f21/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Skeleto-Muscular Therapies
Growth factor and follistatin genes inserted into muscle tissue increased muscle mass without exercise, and more with exercise.
A possible therapy for muscle wasting conditions such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
![Page 7: Defining Disability in an Age of Enhancement James J. Hughes Ph.D. Public Policy Studies Trinity College james.hughes@trincoll.edu Union College – May.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061605/56649f135503460f94c27f21/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Health & Longevity
Therapies that slow aging will be therapies for aging-related diseases.
ObesityDiabetesHypertensionHeart diseaseDepressionImmune weaknessCancer
74 yr-old Tsumu Tosuka
![Page 8: Defining Disability in an Age of Enhancement James J. Hughes Ph.D. Public Policy Studies Trinity College james.hughes@trincoll.edu Union College – May.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061605/56649f135503460f94c27f21/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Cochlear & Auditory Implants
Bluetoothed implants will permit implants to work with phones and MP3 players
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Artificial Eyes
Today dots of lightTomorrow infrared and ultraviolet
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Artificial Limbs
Artificial limbs could already be stronger than organic ones
bebionic fully articulating myo-electric prosthetic hand from RSLSteeper
![Page 11: Defining Disability in an Age of Enhancement James J. Hughes Ph.D. Public Policy Studies Trinity College james.hughes@trincoll.edu Union College – May.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061605/56649f135503460f94c27f21/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Cognitive Ability
Therapies for developmental delay, brain damage and dementia
ADHD and stimulants
Flynn Effect
![Page 12: Defining Disability in an Age of Enhancement James J. Hughes Ph.D. Public Policy Studies Trinity College james.hughes@trincoll.edu Union College – May.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061605/56649f135503460f94c27f21/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Mental Health & Mood
Diagnosis creep or increasing pathology
SSRIsIncreasing openness
but declining tolerance of untreated mental illness
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Humans 1.0 Are All Disabled
In the future we will all be “disabled” in relation to the enhanced standard
Question will be how widespread access is to HETs
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Victory of the Social Model?
HETs will gradually erode a medical model of disability
Ability will be defined by our access to technological enablement
Convergence of medicalization and social model
Unenhanced subject to:• Prejudice & stigma• Structural barriers
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Literacy
Not required a hundred years ago
Expected todayEmployment
barriersStigmaMedicalization
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Infertility
Are the infertile disabled or sick?
Infertility always a problem
Now that there are fertility treatments they have organized for access
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Capabilities Approach
Sen-NussbaumNo naturalistic
fallacy or status quo bias
More capabilities are better
Capabilities determined by social and tech enablement