Matter and Change

Chemistry is a Physical Science

Objectives

• Define Chemistry• List examples of branches of chemistry• Compare/Contrast: basic research,

applied research, and technological development

Chemistry

• What is chemistry– 1st – what do you think chemistry is

• Give me some examples

– 2nd – what kinds of things do not deal with chemistry?

• Can you give me examples? What?

– Chemistry is the study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter, the processes that matter undergoes, and the energy changes that accompany these processes

• Now, tell me what that is in your own words

Equipment we use• Instruments are routinely used in chemistry to extend our ability to

observe and make measurements. Instruments make it possible, for example, to look at microstructures—things too tiny to be seen with the unaided eye. The scanning electron microscope reveals tiny structures by beaming particles called electrons at materials. When the electrons hit a material, they scatter and produce a pattern that shows the material’s microstructure.

What equipment do you think a chemist might use?

Branches of Chemistry• 6 Branches

1. Organic - the study of most carbon- containing compounds

2. Inorganic – the study of non-organic substances, many of which have organic fragments bonded to metals (organometallics)

3. Physical – the study of the properties and changes of matter and their relation to energy

4. Biochemical - the study of substances and processes occurring in living things

5. Analytical – the identification of the components and composition of materials

6. Theoretical – the use of mathematics and computers to understand the principles behind observed chemical behavior and to design and predict the properties of new compounds

1. Why use computers?

Stump the Chump

• Game – (need someone to keep a list)– 1st round – you to me

• Pick a profession (any profession that is appropriate to discuss at school)

– I will tell you how it relates to chemistry» It might not be huge, but it will relate

– 2nd round• Stump the other teams

– 3rd round• Figure out which branch each of these

belong in

ChemicalsIn all areas of chemistry, scientists work with

chemicals. A chemical is any substance that has a definite composition. For example, consider the material called sucrose, or cane sugar. It has a definite composition in terms of the atoms that compose it. It is produced by certain plants in the chemical process of photosynthesis. Sucrose is a chemical. Carbon dioxide, water, and countless other substances are chemicals as well.

Knowing the properties of chemicals allows chemists to find suitable uses for them. For example, researchers have synthesized new substances, such as artificial sweeteners and synthetic fibers. The reactions used to make these chemicals can often be carried out on a large scale to make new consumer products such as flavor enhancers and fabrics

Types of Research• 3 types

– Basic research – no goal except understanding (sometimes chance discoveries)

• (this happened, wonder why)

– Applied research - some goal in mind (usually solving a problem)

– Technological development - normally is done in order to create a product that improves quality of life (often improving something already created)

– Overlap often

Stump the Chump again• Imagine some kind of chemistry

research– (for example: studying the slime on a

South American Tree Frog)– I will tell you which branch of study it

would be– I want you to tell me what type of

research it is• Can you formulate a reason it could be

considered in another area of research?

Objectives

• Define Chemistry• List examples of branches of chemistry• Compare/Contrast: basic research,

applied research, and technological development

Review1. Technological development of a chemical product often.

(a) lags behind basic research on the same substance.

(b) does not involve chance discoveries.

(c) is driven by curiosity.

(d)is done for the sake of learning something new.

2. The primary motivation behind basic research is to

(a) develop new products.

(b) make money.

(c) understand an environmental problem.

(d) gain knowledge.

3. Applied research is designed to

(a) solve a particular problem.

(b) satisfy curiosity.

(c) gain knowledge.

(d) learn for the sake of learning.

4. Chemistry is usually classified as

(a) a biological science.

(b) a physical science.

(c) a social science.

(d) a computer science.

Review6. For each of the following types of chemical investigations, determine whether the investigation is basic research, applied research, or technological development. More than one choice may apply.

a. A laboratory in a major university surveys all the reactions involving bromine.

b. A pharmaceutical company explores a disease in order to produce a better medicine.

c. A scientist investigates the cause of the ozone hole to find a way to stop the loss of the ozone layer.

d. A pharmaceutical company discovers a more efficient method of producing a drug.

e. A chemical company develops a new biodegradable plastic.

f. A laboratory explores the use of ozone to inactivate bacteria in a drinking-water system.

7. Give examples of two different instruments routinely used in chemistry.

8. What are microstructures?

9. What is a chemical?

10. What is chemistry?