Forgetting. Encoding Failure Encoding failure Encoding Failure Encoding failure.
Deeper Encoding
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Transcript of Deeper Encoding
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Deeper EncodingDeeper Encoding
And the Working Memory And the Working Memory ModelModel
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Enriching EncodingEnriching Encoding
►An application of Craik & Lockhart An application of Craik & Lockhart (1972)’s Levels of Processing Theory(1972)’s Levels of Processing Theory
►Elaboration: Linking stimulus to other Elaboration: Linking stimulus to other information you already knowinformation you already know You remember “tea” because it is your You remember “tea” because it is your
favorite drinkfavorite drink
►Visual Imagery: Create a mental Visual Imagery: Create a mental picture to represent the wordspicture to represent the words ““One Sun” peg and link systemOne Sun” peg and link system
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““One Sun” Peg and Link One Sun” Peg and Link SystemSystem
►First, you memorize the rhyming “Peg” First, you memorize the rhyming “Peg” words:words:
►1=Sun1=Sun 2=Shoe2=Shoe 3=Tree3=Tree4=War4=War 5=Hive5=Hive 6=Sticks6=Sticks7=Heaven7=Heaven 8=Gate8=Gate 9=Vine9=Vine10=Hen10=Hen 0=Hero0=Hero
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““One Sun” Peg and Link One Sun” Peg and Link SystemSystem
►Then, you “link” each word you want Then, you “link” each word you want to remember to the appropriate peg to remember to the appropriate peg by creating a vivid mental imageby creating a vivid mental image Example: if your first word is “bread”, you Example: if your first word is “bread”, you
can imagine bread being burnt to a crisp can imagine bread being burnt to a crisp by a giant, hot, yellow sunby a giant, hot, yellow sun
Weird, exaggerated images are more Weird, exaggerated images are more memorablememorable
►Do the same for every item on the listDo the same for every item on the list
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““One Sun” Peg and Link One Sun” Peg and Link SystemSystem
►Try it! To remind you, the peg words Try it! To remind you, the peg words are:are:
►1=Sun1=Sun 2=Shoe2=Shoe 3=Tree3=Tree4=War4=War 5=Hive5=Hive 6=Sticks6=Sticks7=Heaven7=Heaven 8=Gate8=Gate 9=Vine9=Vine10=Hen10=Hen 0=Hero0=Hero
►The stimulus words you should try to The stimulus words you should try to remember are:remember are:
►Sled, yellow, run, happy, boat, junior, Sled, yellow, run, happy, boat, junior, idea, clumsy, short, moonidea, clumsy, short, moon
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““One Sun” Peg and Link One Sun” Peg and Link SystemSystem
►How many of the 10 words can you How many of the 10 words can you remember?remember?
►According to Paivio (1986), this works According to Paivio (1986), this works because imagery provides a second because imagery provides a second kind of memory code, and 2 codes are kind of memory code, and 2 codes are better than onebetter than one
►We can encode information visually We can encode information visually (by images), acoustically (by sounds), (by images), acoustically (by sounds), and semantically (by meaning)and semantically (by meaning)
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Working Memory ModelWorking Memory Model
►Baddeley & Hitch (1974) believed that Baddeley & Hitch (1974) believed that Short Term Memory was too vague and Short Term Memory was too vague and inaccurateinaccurate
►Their Working Memory Model replaces Their Working Memory Model replaces STM with “working memory”STM with “working memory”
►Combines the idea of STM with the Combines the idea of STM with the mental processes that control the use of mental processes that control the use of informationinformation
►4 main components: Central Executive, 4 main components: Central Executive, Phonological Loop, Visuo-Spatial Phonological Loop, Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad, Episodic BufferSketchpad, Episodic Buffer
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Central ExecutiveCentral Executive
►Makes decisions about what is Makes decisions about what is importantimportant
►Guides your attentionGuides your attention►Can pull information from LTMCan pull information from LTM►Supervises perception, thought, and Supervises perception, thought, and
actionaction►See Rubenstein study in multitasking See Rubenstein study in multitasking
articlearticle
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Phonological LoopPhonological Loop
►Replays an audio copy of information Replays an audio copy of information in your mindin your mind
►Can only hold a limited amount of Can only hold a limited amount of information for a limited timeinformation for a limited time
►Similar to a tape recorderSimilar to a tape recorder ““It’s like my IPod’s stuck on replay It’s like my IPod’s stuck on replay
(replay)”(replay)”
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Visuo-Spatial SketchpadVisuo-Spatial Sketchpad
►Similar to the phonological loop, but for Similar to the phonological loop, but for visual informationvisual information
►Temporary stores images and allows you Temporary stores images and allows you to visualize moving/changing imagesto visualize moving/changing images Example: a flip book is a series of still Example: a flip book is a series of still
images that stay in your visuo-spatial images that stay in your visuo-spatial sketchpad and allow you to see them sketchpad and allow you to see them together as one moving imagetogether as one moving image
Evidence: Sperling (1960)/PsychSim Iconic Evidence: Sperling (1960)/PsychSim Iconic MemoryMemory
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Episodic BufferEpisodic Buffer
►Combines elements from the other 3 Combines elements from the other 3 componentscomponents
►Allows you to put information together Allows you to put information together into recognizable events or patternsinto recognizable events or patterns
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Case studies: Clive Wearing and Case studies: Clive Wearing and HMHM
►What specific parts of their memories What specific parts of their memories work properly?work properly?
►What specific parts of their memories What specific parts of their memories are faulty?are faulty?