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ISBN: 978-93-89832-07-5

Sumant Verma

Sumant Verma

Verma

NCERT BASED OBJECTIVE IN YOUR GRIP

NCERT BASED OBJECTIVE IN YOUR GRIP

In last 5 years more than 95% of biology questions in NEET is being framed from NCERT.• This book contains huge number of questions framed from NCERT.

• No questions is from outside of NCERT or concepts of NCERT.

• Includes questions from almost each figure given in NCERT

biology.

• No unnecessary, complicated questions having no link with

NCERT and NEET.

Sumant Kumar Verma (S.V. Sir) started his teaching career at Career point Kota, as Zoology faculty in 1999. After working almost 8 years, he joined Deeksha Classes, Jodhpur(Raj.). He is presently working at Deeksha Classes as HOD, Life Science and Zoology faculty from last 13 years. In more than 21 years of his teaching career has contributed in success of thousand of students in NEET Examinations.

English

Edition

Dedicated toMy Father

Late - Arun Kumar VermaChief Aircraft Engineer (Govt. of Bihar)

&Grandfather

Late - Kamla Kant SahayChief Aircraft Engineer (Govt. of Bihar)

I would like to thank my colleagues of Life Science Department in the Journey at 20 years of professional teaching career namely, Dr. Piyush Kaushik, Gajanandji, Dr. Deepak Singhal, Mr. Aasutosh Maheswari, Sarnjit Kaur Madam, Mr. Vijay Gaur, Mr. Priyansu Trivedi, Mr. Mayank Singhvi, Mehboob Ali, and the Gems Dr. Amit Gupta in particular because these good colleagues provided, Cordial nice environment, which helped me a lot to learn to think about something creative.

I cannot forget my employers, from buttom of my heart i pay thanks to Sri. Anubhav Varshney ji (Director, Deeksha Classes, Jodhpur), Sri. Sanjay Rungtaji (Chairman, Rugta group of Institutions, Bhilai), and Sri. Om Maheswariji (Director, Carrier point, Kota) in particular because of whom i learn A, B, C of teaching and content writing.

I pay thanks to my old friends, professional Colleagues Mr. D.B. Singh (Director, Vision Classes, Patna), Mr. Arvind Tripathi, Mr. Vikas, Mr. Sanjeev Kumar (Directors Momentum, Gorakpur) because their achievements in teaching motivated my to do something within my range.

I extend my thanks to my respected mother Mrs. Gita Varma, my wife Amita Verma, and my kids, pitambra and yash verma, for their moral support. Last but not least i express my thanks to my publisher Sri. Tanay Sharmaji his team for their cooperation.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

For me, it is moment of great pleasure, i am feeling very happy while presenting this book.

I have written this book going through NCERT Biology line to line. It took many years because of my hectic class schedule and bilingual nature of the book.

When students will go through questions of this book, they will feel, as if their studied chapter got throughly revised. Since questions are from each line of NCERT of the given chapter.

In Last 5 Years or so it is quite evident that almost all questions of NEET, in biology is being framed from NCERT.

Having experience more than 20 years as Zoology faculty. I have realised that students badly needs good book based on NCERT, particularly in Hindi Medium, having quality questions this book, is end of their search.

How this book is different?

· Bilingual (f}Hkk"kh)

· No unnecessary, complicated, questions having no link with NCERT and NEET pattern.

· No question is outside of NCERT of concepts of NCERT.

I have tied my level best to keep the book error less even if some error appear, it will be sort out in next edition.

Suggestion are welcome from teacher and students.

Sumant Kumar Verma

PrEfACE

Unit 1: Diversity in Living World · Whatisliving?;Biodiversity;Needforclassification;Threedomainsoflife;Taxonomy

& Systematics; Concept of species and taxonomical hierarchy; Binomial nomenclature; Tools for study of Taxonomy — Museums, Zoos, Herbaria, Botanical gardens.

· Fivekingdomclassification;salientfeaturesandclassificationofMonera;ProtistaandFungi into major groups; Lichens; Viruses and Viroids.

· Salient features and classification of plants into major groups-Algae, Bryophytes,Pteridophytes,GymnospermsandAngiosperms(threetofivesalientanddistinguishingfeaturesandatleasttwoexamplesofeachcategory);Angiosperms-classificationuptoclass, characteristic features and examples).

· Salientfeaturesandclassificationofanimals-nonchordateuptophylalevelandchordateuptoclasseslevel(threetofivesalientfeaturesandatleasttwoexamples).

UNIT 2: Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants · Morphology and modifications: Tissues; Anatomy and functions of different parts of

floweringplants:Root,stem,leaf,inflorescence-cymoseandracemose,flower,fruitandseed (To be dealt along with the relevant practical of the Practical Syllabus).

· Animal tissues: Morphology, anatomy and functions of different systems (digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous and reproductive) of an insect (cockroach). (Brief account only)

Unit 3 – Cell Structure and Function · Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life: Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic

cell;Plantcellandanimalcell;Cellenvelope,cellmembrane,cellwall;Cellorganelles-structure and function; Endomembrane system-endoplasmic reticulum, golgi bodies,lysosomes, vacuoles; mitochondria, ribosomes, plastids, micro bodies; Cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, centrioles (ultrastructure and function); Nucleus-nuclear membrane,chromatin, nucleolus.

SYLLABUS

(viii) Biology for NEET: (NCERT Based Objective in Your Grip)

· Chemical constituents of living cells:Biomolecules-structureandfunctionofproteins,carbohydrates,lipids,nucleicacids;Enzymes-types,properties,enzymeaction.

· B Cell division: Cellcycle,mitosis,meiosisandtheirsignificance.Unit 4 – Plant Physiology · Transport in plants:Movementofwater,gasesandnutrients;Cell tocell transport-

Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport; Plant — water relations — imbibition, water potential, osmosis, plasmolysis; Long distance transport of water— Absorption, apoplast,symplast,transpirationpull,rootpressureandguttation;Transpiration-Openingandclosingofstomata;Uptakeandtranslocationofmineralnutrients-Transportoffood,phloemtransport,Massflowhypothesis;Diffusionofgases(briefmention).

· Mineral nutrition: Essential minerals, macro and micronutrients and their role; Deficiencysymptoms;Mineraltoxicity;ElementaryideaofHydroponicsasamethodtostudymineralnutrition;Nitrogenmetabolism-Nitrogencycle,biologicalnitrogenfixation.

· Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis as a means of Autotrophic nutrition; Site of photosynthesis take place; pigments involved in Photosynthesis (Elementary idea); Photochemicalandbiosyntheticphasesofphotosynthesis;Cyclicandnon-cyclicandphotophosphorylation; Chemiosmotic hypothesis; Photorespiration C3 and C4 pathways; Factors affecting photosynthesis.

· Respiration:Exchangegases;Cellularrespiration-glycolysis,fermentation(anaerobic),TCA cycle and electron transport system (aerobic); Energy relations-Number ofATPmolecules generated; Amphibolic pathways; Respiratory quotient.

· Plant growth and development: Seed germination; Phases of Plant growth and plant growth rate; Conditions of growth; Differentiation, dedifferentiation and Redifferentiation; Sequenceofdevelopmentalprocessinaplantcell;GrowthRegulators-auxin,gibberellin,cytokinin, ethylene, ABA; Seed dormancy; Vernalisation; Photoperiodism.

Unit 5 – Human Physiology · Digestion and absorption: Alimentary canal and digestive glands; Role of digestive

enzymes and gastrointestinal hormones; Peristalsis, digestion, absorption and assimilation of proteins, carbohydrates and fats; Caloric value of proteins, carbohydrates and fats; Egestion; Nutritional and digestive disorders — PEM, indigestion, constipation, vomiting, jaundice, diarrhoea.

· Breathing and Respiration: Respiratory organs in animals (recall only); Respiratory systeminhumans;Mechanismofbreathinganditsregulationinhumans-Exchangeofgases, transport of gases and regulation of respiration Respiratory volumes; Disorders relatedtorespiration-Asthma,Emphysema,Occupationalrespiratorydisorders.

· Body fluids and circulation: Composition of blood, blood groups, coagulation of blood;Compositionof lymphand its function;Humancirculatory system-Structureofhuman heart and blood vessels; Cardiac cycle, cardiac output, ECG, Double circulation; Regulationofcardiacactivity;Disordersofcirculatorysystem-Hypertension,Coronaryartery disease, Angina pectoris, Heart failure.

· Excretory products and their elimination: Modes of excretion- Ammonotelism,ureotelism,uricotelism;Humanexcretorysystem-structureandfunction;Urineformation,

Syllabus (ix)

CONTENTS

Osmoregulation; Regulation of kidney function-Renin-angiotensin, Atrial NatriureticFactor, ADH and Diabetes insipidus; Role of other organs in excretion; Disorders; Uraemia,Renalfailure,renalcalculi,Nephritis;Dialysisandartificialkidney.

· Locomotion and Movement:Typesofmovement-ciliary,flagella,muscular;Skeletalmuscle-contractileproteinsandmusclecontraction;Skeletalsystemanditsfunctions(To be dealt with the relevant practical of Practical syllabus); Joints; Disorders of muscularandskeletalsystem-MyastheniaGravis,Tetany,Musculardystrophy,Arthritis,Osteoporosis, Gout

· Neural control and coordination:Neuronandnerves;Nervoussystem inhumans-central nervous system, peripheral nervous system and visceral nervous system; Generationandconductionofnerveimpulse;Reflexaction;Senseorgans;Elementarystructure and function of eye and ear.

· Chemical coordination and regulation: Endocrine glands and hormones; Human endocrine system-Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Pineal, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal,Pancreas, Gonads; Mechanism of hormone action (Elementary Idea); Role of hormones asmessengersandregulators.Hypo-andhyperactivityandrelateddisorders(Commondisorderse.g.Dwarfism,Acromegaly,Cretinism,goiter,exophthalmicgoiter,diabetes,Addison’s disease).

UNIT 6: Reproduction · Reproduction in organisms: Reproduction, a characteristic feature of all organisms

for continuation of species; Modes of reproduction — Asexual and sexual; Asexual reproduction; Modes-Binary fission, sporulation, budding, gemmule, fragmentation;vegetative propagation in plants.

· Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Flower structure; Development of male and femalegametophytes;Pollination-types,agenciesandexamples;Outbreedingdevices;Pollen-Pistil interaction; Double fertilization; Post fertilization events-Development ofendospermandembryo,Developmentofseedandformationof fruit;Specialmodes-apomixis,parthenocarpy,polyembryony;Significanceofseedandfruitformation.

· Human Reproduction: Male and female reproductive systems; Microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; Gametogenesis-spermatogenesis & oogenesis; Menstrual cycle;Fertilisation, embryo development upto blastocyst formation, implantation; Pregnancy and placenta formation (Elementary idea); Parturition (Elementary idea); Lactation (Elementary idea).

· Reproductive health: Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitteddiseases(STD);Birthcontrol-NeedandMethods,ContraceptionandMedicalTermination of Pregnancy (MTP); Amniocentesis; Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies — IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (Elementary idea for general awareness).

UNIT 7: Genetics and Evolution · Heredity and variation: MendelianInheritance;DeviationsfromMendelism-Incomplete

dominance,Co-dominance,MultipleallelesandInheritanceofbloodgroups,Pleiotropy;Elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; Chromosome theory of inheritance; Chromosomes and genes; Sex determination-In humans, birds, honey bee; Linkage

(x) Biology for NEET: (NCERT Based Objective in Your Grip)

and crossing over; Sex-linked inheritance-Haemophilia, Colour blindness;Mendeliandisorders in humans-Thalassemia; Chromosomal disorders in humans; Down’ssyndrome, Turner’s and Klinefelter’s syndromes.

· Molecular basis of Inheritance: Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; Structure of DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; Central dogma; Transcription,geneticcode, translation;Geneexpressionandregulation-LacOperon;Genomeandhumangenomeproject;DNAfingerprinting.

· Evolution: Origin of life; Biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution from Paleontology, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidence); Darwin’s contribution,ModernSyntheticTheoryofEvolution;Mechanismofevolution-Variation(Mutation and Recombination) and Natural Selection with examples, types of natural selection;Geneflowandgeneticdrift;Hardy-Weinberg’sprinciple;AdaptiveRadiation;Human evolution.

UNIT 8: Biology and Human Welfare · Health and Disease: Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (Malaria, Filariasis,

Ascariasis. Typhoid, Pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm); Basic concepts ofimmunology-vaccines;Cancer,HIVandAIDS;Adolescence,drugandalcoholabuse.

· Improvement in food production: Plant breeding, tissue culture, single cell protein, Biofortification;ApicultureandAnimalhusbandry.

· Microbes in human welfare: In household food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers.

UNIT 9: Biotechnology and its Applications · Principles and process of Biotechnology: Genetic engineering (Recombinant DNA

technology). · Application of Biotechnology in health and agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine

production,genetherapy;Geneticallymodifiedorganisms-Btcrops;TransgenicAnimals;Biosafetyissues-Biopiracyandpatents.

UNIT 10: Ecology and environment · Organisms and environment: Habitat and niche; Population and ecological adaptations;

Population interactions-mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism; Populationattributes-growth,birthrateanddeathrate,agedistribution.

· Ecosystem: Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; Energy flow;Pyramids of number, biomass, energy; Nutrient cycling (carbon and phosphorous); Ecologicalsuccession;EcologicalServices-Carbonfixation,pollination,oxygenrelease.

· Biodiversity and its conservation: Concept of Biodiversity; Patterns of Biodiversity; Importance of Biodiversity; Loss of Biodiversity; Biodiversity conservation; Hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book, biosphere reserves, National parks and sanctuaries.

· Environmental issues: Air pollution and its control; Water pollution and its control; Agrochemicals and their effects; Solid waste management; Radioactive waste management; Greenhouse effect and global warming; Ozone depletion; Deforestation; Any three case studies as success stories addressing environmental issues.

Syllabus (xi)

CLASS XIUnit 1: Diversity in Living World 1. The Living World 1–14 2. BiologicalClassification 15–32 3. Plant Kingdom 33–52 4. Animal Kingdom 53–84UNIT 2: Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants 5. Morphology of Flowering Plants 85–106 6. Anatomy of Flowering Plants 107–126 7. Structural Organisation in Animals 127–156Unit 3: Cell Structure and Function 8. Cell:TheUnitsofLife 157–180 9. Biomolecules 181–208 10. Cell Cycle and Cell Division 209–232Unit 4: Plant Physiology 11. Transport in Plants 233–258 12. Mineral Nutrition 259–270 13. Photosynthesis in Higher Plants 271–292 14. Respiration in Plants 293–306 15. Plant Growth and Development 307–322Unit 5: Human Physiology 16. Digestion and Absorption 322–342 17. Breathing and Exchange of Gases 343–356 18. Body Fluids and Circulation 357–376 19. Excretory products and their Elimination 377–396

CONTENTS

(xii) Biology for NEET: (NCERT Based Objective in Your Grip)

20. Locomotion and Movement 398–41821. Neural Central and Coordination 419–44822. Chemical Coordination and Integration 449–472

CLASS XIIUNIT 6: Reproduction

1. Reproduction in Organism 473–4882. Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants 489–5163. Human Reproduction 517–5484. Reproductive Health 549–460

UNIT 7: Genetics and Evolution5. Principle of Inheritence and Variation 561–5846. Molecular basis of Inheritence 585–6107. Evolution 611–640

UNIT 8: Biology and Human Welfare8. Human Health and Diseases 641–6829. Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production 683–704

Part I: Animal Husbandry, Part II: Plant Breeding10. Microbes in Human Welfare 705–716UNIT 9: Biotechnology and Its Applications11. Biotechnology-PrinciplesandProcesses 717–73812. Biotechnolgoy and its Application 749–746UNIT 10: Ecology and environment13. Organism and Population 747–76814. Ecosystem 769–78815. Biodiversity and its Conservation 789–80816. Environmental Issues 809–830Questions based on NCERT Figures 831–942