DeCrescenzo v Scientology Opposition to Motion to Compel (Feb 2013)
Transcript of DeCrescenzo v Scientology Opposition to Motion to Compel (Feb 2013)
7/29/2019 DeCrescenzo v Scientology Opposition to Motion to Compel (Feb 2013)
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Diaihdcht @fur`f ea P`mihteneky Mhtirhctmehcn ( @PM ) firily eppesis pncmhtmaas jetmeh
te ejpin `ejpnmch`i wmtf tfi eurt,s dms`eviry erdirs er cntirhctmviny aer tirjmhctmhk
sch`tmehs.
Tfi jetmeh te ejpin sfeund li dihmid aer sivircn ricsehs ?
. @PM fcs ejpnmid wmtf tfi Ochucry ; , <230 Erdir, ly predu`mhk c nicr chd ejpri-
fihsmvi nek tfct spi`mam`cnny mhdm`ctis ic`f mtij ea mhaerjctmeh riqumrid ly tfi @eurt .
. Tfi de`ujihts wmtffind arej predu`tmeh cri prmvmnikid letf uhdir @cnmaerhmc,s @nirky-
Rihmtiht prmvmniki (I.@. § 320< & 3204) chd tfi Yhmtid Ptctis chd @cnmaerhmc
@ehstmtutmehs . Ic`f de`ujiht wmtffind arej predu`tmeh dms`nesis c ejjuhm`ctmeh jcdi
ly er te tfi pncmhtmaa chd c smhkni nirky pirseh mh cudmtmhk , c ehamdihtmcn spmrmtucn prc`tm`i
pursucht te P`mihteneky s`rmpturi, chd tfi de`ujihts wiri jcmhtcmhid mh c sikrikctid
cudmtmhk amni chd hewfiri insi. Rncmhtmaas uhsulstchtmctid cssirtmehs tfct cudmtmhk ri`erds
cri het strm`tny ehamdihtmcn uhdir P`mihteneky s`rmpturi chd prc`tm`i chd tfct sejifew tfi
`ejjuhm`ctmehs chhet li prmvmnikid smjpny li`cusi c ncrki hujlir ea `nirkypirsehs
(evir c 34 yicr pirmed ) ehdu`tid cudmtmhk, fcvi he jirmt chd cri uhsuppertid ly tfi
ri`erd .
. Rncmhtmaas crkujiht tfct ehamdihtmcn `ejjuh m`ctmehs jcdi mh P`mihteneky cud mtmhk de het
qucnmay aer tfi prmvmniki uhdir Ivmdih`i @edi §320< li`cusi tfi ejjuhm`ctmehs cri
rivmiwid ly c sihmer jmhmstir pursucht te jchdctery rinmkmeus de`trmhi ms mh`erri`t 7 tfi
`ejjuhm`ctmehs rijcmh si`rit
cs riqumrid ly tfi stctuti .
. C ehstru`tmeh ea tfi stctuti te riqumri predu`tmeh ea P`mihteneky cudmtmhk ri`erds weund
rihdir tfi stctuti uh`ehstmtutmehcn uhdir tfi \inmkmeh @ncusis ea tfi Amrst Cjihdjiht.
. Tfi ri`erds ea pncmhtmaas cudmtmhk cri mrrinivcht te tfi mssuis rcmsid mh @PM,s pihdmhk
jetmeh aer suj jcry oudkjiht . Jerievir tfiri ms he lcsms aer tirjmhctmhk sch`tmehs .
N @PM Fcs @ejpnmid [ mtf Tfi @eurt,s Ochucry ;, <230 Erdir
Rncmhtmaa s prmjcry ehtihtmeh mh mts jetmeh chd seni lcsms aer sch`tmehs, ms tfct
U
@PM fcs het
`ejpnmid wmtf tfi @eurt'
s erdir ea Ochucry ; , <230 . (RM. Jij. ct 0?3.) Tfct prijmsi ms acnsi. Tfi
3<;90=.3 3 RREPMTMEH TE RNCMHTMAA'P JETMEH TE @EJRIN E\ AE\ TI\J MHCTMHK PCH@TMEHP
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@eurt's Ochucry ; Erdir riqumrid @PM imtfir (c) te predu`i de`ujihts rispehsmvi te irtcmh dms`e-
viry riquists (ly Ochucry <9 , <230) er (l) ma wmtffendmhk de`ujihts eh tfi lcsms ea prmvmniki, te
prevmdi, ly Ochucry 36, <230 , c prmvmniki nek tfct mdihtmamid ic`f de`ujiht wmtffind , chd tfct, aer
ic`f de`ujiht, mh`nudid mhaerjctmeh cs te dctis, tmji, pnc`i, pripcrctmeh, te wfej tfi
`ejjuhm`ctmeh wiht, chd c nicr stctijiht ea tfi lcsms aer ch cssirtmeh ea prmvmniki. Di`ncrctmeh
ea Hm`fencs Dcuj mh Eppesmtmeh te Rncmhtmaas Ix Rcrti Cppnm`ctmeh (
Dcuj Di`ncrctmeh ) ct 3<
& Ix . C .
@PM dmd oust tfct . Amrst, pursucht te tfms eurt,s erdir ea Ochucry ; , <230, @PM predu`id
evir <,622 pckis ea de`ujihts, mh`nud mhk tfi ihtmriny ea pncmhtmaas itfm`s amni,
cs winn cs sivircn
fuhdrid de`ujihts tfct fcd liih amnid mh pncmhtmaas p` amnis tfirily sulstchtmcnny hcrrewmhk tfi
jcttirs mh dmspu ti. @PM predu`id tfe si de`ujihts uhdir tfi ixmstmhk preti`tmvi erdir eh Ochucry
<9, <230 . Dcuj Di`n . 9 . @PM `ehtmhuid te jcmhtcmh mts ncmj ea prmvmniki wmtf rispi`t te tfi
rijcmhmhk de`ujihts ehtcmhid mh tfi p` amnis. Eh Ochucry 36 <230 , @PM predu`id c prmvmniki nek
spi`mam`cnny mdihtmaymhk ic`f de`ujiht wmtffind arej predu`tmeh eh tfi lcsms ea prmvmniki . Dcuj
Di`n . Ta 0-4. @urrihtny, he de`ujihts rispehsmvi te tfi riquists aer wfm`f predu`tmeh wcs
`ejpinnid ly tfi Ochucry ; Erdir cri limhk wmtffind , scvi tfesi spi`m m`cnny mdihtmamid mh ditcmn eh
tfi prmvmniki nek. Md . Y 1 . Tfiri ch tfu s li he quistmeh ea heh`ejpnmch`i wmtf tfi erdir.
Rncmhtmaa ejpncmhs tfct tfi prmvmniki nek pripcrid ly @PM wcs wfenny mhsuaam`miht chd
riquists tfi eurt te ejpin @PM te amni c jeri ejpniti nek . Tfi prmvmniki nek fewivir, ms ju`f
jeri tfch suaam`miht. Mt nmsts, aer ic`f de`ujiht mdihtmamid, tfi spi`mam` prmvmniki ncmjid (wfm`f ,
mh cnn csis, ms tfi @nirky-Rihmtiht Rrmvmniki chd tfi Amrst Cjihdjiht) tfi dcti chd pnc`i ea
pripcrctmeh , chd tfi spi`mam` nirkyjih, mdihtmamid ly hcji, te wfej tfi ejjuhm`ctmeh wcs
jcdi er wfe jcdi tfi ejjuhm`ctmeh , chd c lrmia dis`rmptmeh ea tfi de`ujiht (wmtfeut, ea
`eursi, rivicnmhk tfi ehtiht ea tfi preti`tid ejjuhm`ctmeh) . Dcuj Di`n . õ4.
Rncmhtmaa `ejpncmhs tfct @PM dmd het prevmdi chy dis`rmptmeh ea tfi c`tucn ehtihts ea tfi
de`ujihts tfijsinvis. (Rn.Jij. ct 9?3; .) Ea `eursi mt dmd het7 tfct ms tfi purpesi ea tfiprmvmniki . Rncmhtmaas sukkistmeh tfct @PM just clchdeh tfi prmvmniki mh erdir te ncmj mt ms cnek m`cn clsurdmty.
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RREPMTMEH TE RNCMHTMAA,P JETMEH TE @EJRIN E\ AE\ TI\J MHCTMHK PCH@TMEHP
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mti 3;<9
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C typm`cn ihtry arej tfi @PM prmvmniki nek cppicrs cs aennews ?
De`ujiht
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@epmis
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`ejj uhm`ctmeh
mh spmrmtucn
`euhsinmhk
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ND chd fir
`nirkyjch (TN).
Rr mvmniki
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@ ncusi
Dcuj Di`n . Ma 4. Tfi nek tfu s nicrny ejpnmis wmtf tfi @eurt,s Ochucry ;, <230 Erdir.
MM. Tfi De`ujihts [ mtff ind Arej Rredu`tmeh @ehstmtuti Ptrm`tny @eh mdihtmcn
\i`erds ea Cudmtmhk
Rncmhtmaa cnse sukkists tfct irtcmh de`ujihts nm stid eh tfi nek cri heh-prmvmnikid li`cusi
tfiy de het dms`nesi ejjuhm`ctmehs jcdi mh cudmtmhk . Rncmhtmaa ms wrehk . Tfi de`ujihts tfct
@PM fcs wmtffind , cnn ea wfm`f cri spi`mam`cnny nmstid chd mhdmvmducnny mdihtmamid mh ditcmn eh tfi
prmvmniki nek , `ehsmst ihtmriny ea de`ujihts tfct eh tcmh 3) ejjuhm`ctmehs pncmhtmaa jcdi mh tfi
`eursi ea cudmtmhk , tfi strm`tny ehamdihtmcn ehaissmehcn prc`tm`i tfct ms tfi issih`i ea tfi
P`mihteneky rinmkmeh chd mts jest mjpertcht rinmkmeus prc`tm`i, er <) ejjuhm`ctmehs, pursucht te
P`mihteneky rinmkmeus prc`tm`i cs sit aertf mh mts P`rmpturis, te chd arej cutfermzid nirkyjih
`eh`irhmhk chd/er dis`rmlmhk ejjuhm`ctmehs Rncmhtmaa jcdi te ch cudmter. Pii Di`ncrctmeh ea
Cnnch @crtwrmkft ( @crtwrmkft Di`n) ct õ1-33. Li`cusi @PM istclnmsfid prinmjmhcry ac`ts te
sfew tfct tfi rinivcht `ejjuhm`ctmehs wiri jcdi mh tfi ehtist ea c nirky-pihmtiht
`ejjuhm`ctmeh , mt ms pncmhtmaas lurdih te rilu t c prisujptmeh ea ehamdihtmcnmty chd dijehstrcti
tfct tfi ejjuhm`ctmehs wiri heh-prmvmnikid. Ptery v. Pupirmer @eurt, 32= @cn . Cpp. 4tf 322; ,
3234 (<220)7 I.@. § =3;(c)7 [innpemht Ficntf Hitwergs, Mh` . v . Pupirmer @eurt, 9= @cn . Cpp. 4tf
332 , 3<0 (3== ;). Rncmhtmaa fcs het jit tfms lurdih.
Cs dis`rmlid mh jeri ditcmn mh tfi cttc`fid di`ncrctmehs ea Cnnch @crtwrmkft chd [crrih
J`Pfchi, tfi ri`erds wmtffind cri smjpny de`ujihts tfct (cs ms stchdcrd mh tfi P`mihteneky
rinmkmeh) heti er ri`erd ehamdihtmcn ejjuhm`ctmehs jcdi mh ehhi`tmeh wmtf tfi pncmhtmaa s
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ERREPMTMEH TE RNC MHT MAA'P JETMEH TE @EJRIN E\ AE\ TI\J MHCT MHK PCH@T MEHP
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aerjcn cudmtmhk sissmehs. @crtwrmkft Di`n . õ1-337 Di`ncrctmeh ea [crrih J`sfchi ( J`Pfchi
Di`n. ) ct 30-03. Cud mtmhk ms tfi eri rinmkmeus prc`tm`i ea tfi P`mihteneky rinmkmeh7 mt ms tfi
spmrmtucn prc`tm`i, er ti`fheneky, ly wfm`f P`mihteneky cssmsts mts cdfirihts mh tfimr spmrmtucn
prekriss . J`Pfchi Di`n . 30-03, 06 . Cudmtmhk mhvenvis ch ehkemhk , ehtmhueus sirmis ea
strm`tny ehamdihtmcn ejjuhm`ctmehs litwiih tfi ejjuhm`cht chd spi`mcnny-trcmhid nirkyjch,
tfi pu rpesi ea wfm`f ms aer tfi ejjuhm`cht te evir`eji lcrrmirs te spmrmtucn ihnmkftihjiht . Md.
[mtfmh @fur`f s`rmpturi chd tfieneky, cudmtmhk ms c fmkfny rikunctid chd spi`mam` prc`tm`i, chd ehi
tfct ehny spi`mcnny trcmhid nirky wmtf c duty ea `ehamdihtmcnmty jcy piraerj. Md <0-02 .
Te finp tfi ejjuhm`cht evir`eji spmrmtucn lcrrmirs eh ch ehkemhk lcsms, c ehamdihtmcn
ri`erd ea ejjuh m`ctmehs jcdi mh cudmtmhk ms jcmhtcmhid. J`Pfchi Di`n õ3=-<<. Tfi
`ehtiht ea su`f ejjuhm`ctmehs ms gipt si`rit, chd ms rivmiwid ix`nusmviny ly spi`mcnny-trcmhid
jijlirs ea tfi nirky wfe evirsii chd ditirjmhi tfi spi`mam` rinmkmeus pre`issis chd
`ejjuhm`ctmehs te cssmst tfi cudmter mh finpmhk tfi ejjuhm`cht evir`eji spmrmtucn lcrrmirs
chd
wfe cri iqucnny leuhd te giip su`f ejjuhm`ctmehs ehamdihtmcn . Md ma <0-02 .
Mh suppert ea fir jetmeh, pncmhtmaa fcs suljmttid ch caa mdcvmt `ncmjmhk tfct sfi wcs tend ,
wmtfeut mdihtmaymhk ly wfej er wfih tfct chyehi sihmer te fir mh @PM eu nd rivmiw fir p`
aendirs, chd tfct sfi dmd het linmivi tfct tfi ehtihts ea fir cud mtmhk ejjuhm`ctmehs weund li
gipt ehamdihtmcn . Tfms eh`nusery stctijiht mh c di`ncrctmeh ms dmri`tny ehtrcdm`tid ly tfi
pncmhtmaas prmer tistmjehy chd jchmaistny mhsuaam`miht te jiit tfi pncmhtmaa s lurdih ea
dijehstrctmhk tfct tfi prmvmniki deis het cppny . Mh fir dipesmtmeh, pncmhtmaa tistmamid tfct
mhaerj ctmeh wfm`f sfi tend te ehi ea fir cudmters wcs ehsmdirid ehamdihtmcn prmist/pihmtiht
prmvm
nikid
mhaerjct
meh.
@crtw
rmkftDi`n .
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7
cs tfi @crtwrmkft di`ncrctmeh , tfi J`Pfchi Di`ncrctmeh , chd tfi vcrmeus P`mihteneky P`rmpturis
cttc`fid tfirite dijehstrcti, ejjuhm`ctmehs jcdi mh cudmtmhk cri si`rit chd jcy het li
dms`nesid te etfir P`mihtenekmsts er sihmer stcaa jijlirs etfir tfch te tfi spi`mm`cnny cutfermzid
`nirkyj ih wfe cri rispehsmlni aer tfi cudmtmhk pre`iss mtsina . J`Pfchi Di`n . õ3=-<3, 0<-42 . Mt
ms jeri tfch tinnmhk tfct etfir tfch fir swiipmhk chd uhsuppertid stctijiht, pncmhtmaa fcs het
3<;90=. 3 4 RREPMTMEH TE RNC MHTMAA8P JET MEH TE @EJRIN E\ AE\ TI\J MHCT MHK PCH@T MEHP
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mdihtmamid c smhkni mhstch`i mh wfm`f c ehamdihtmcn ejjuhm`ctmeh sfi jcdi mh cud mtmhk wcs
dms`nesid te chyehi wfe wcs jiriny fir sihmer er te chyehi etfir tfch tfi nirky pirsehs
rispehsmlni aer fir cudmtmhk pursucht te P`mihteneky P`rmpturi. Jerievir, pncmhtmaas stctijiht cs
te wfct sfi wcs tend ly seji uhghewh pirseh , ct ch uhghewh tmji chd pnc`i, ms pncmhny
mhcdjmssmlni ficrscy. Pii Ivmdihtmcry Eloi`tmehs te Rncmhtmaas Jet . te @ejpin .
Rncmhtmaa cnse crkuis tfct tfi sfiir hujlir ea pirsehs wfej @PM mdihtmamis cs nirky ms het
`ridmlni, chd suljmts ch caamdcvmt stctmhk sfi deis het rijijlir tfi hcjis ea seji chd chhet
mdihtmay etfirs. Lut cs Jr . @crtwrmkft sfews, pncmhtmaa wcs c jijlir ea tfi Pic Erk rinmkmeus
erdir chd stcaa jijlir ea @PM aer evir tih yicrs, chd sfi e tih ihkckid mh tfi prc`tm`i ea cudmtmhk
eh ch mhtihsi lcsms, mh`nudmhk iviry dcy aer sulstchtmcn pirmeds ea tmji . @crtwrmkft Di`n . =. Mt
fcrdny ms surprmsmhk tfct evir <22 mhdmvmducns si rvid cs imtfir cudmters er csi supirvmsers aer
pncmhtmaa durmhk tfct pirmed , er tfct pncmhtmaa deis het rijijlir tfi hcjis ea jchy ea tfisi
mhdmvmducns er ivih tfct sfi jcy het fcvi ghewh tfi hcjis ea fir csi supirvmsers, wfe
`ejjuh m`cti ehny wmtf tfi cud mters chd het tfi pcrmsfmehirs dmri`tny. Md . Mh ricnmty cs dis`rmlid
mh tfi cttc`fid @crtwrmkft caamdcvmt, ic`f rinivcht mhdmvmducn mdihtmamid mh tfi prmvmniki nek wfe
ri`imvid er rivmiwid pncmhtmaa s cudmtmhk ejjuh m`ctmehs ms uhdir nicr P`mihteneky de`trmhi, c
`nirky pirseh rispehsmlni aer c pcrmsfmehir,
s spmrmtucn kumdch`i, chd tfi rinivcht pcrtmis mdihtmamid
mh tfi prmvmniki nek wiri mh ac`t P`mihteneky nirky. @crtwrmkft Di`n . 1-6 .
MMM. @eh mdihtmcn @ejjuhm`ctmehs Jcdi mh tfi @eursi ea Cud mthk C ri Rreti`tid
cs Rr mvmnikid uhdir Iv mdih`i @edi 320< chd tfi Amrst Cjihdjiht
Rncmhtmaa crkuis tfct fir ejjuhm`ctmehs te cudmters er nirky cri he t preti`tid ly tfi
stctutery prmv mniki li`cusi tfesi ejjuhm`ctmehs jcy cnse li ejjuhm`ctid te chetfir
P`mihteneky jmhmstir cnnid c `csi supirvmser cs pcrt ea tfi P`mihteneky rinmkmeus prc`tm`i ea
cudmtmhk . Lut Rncmhtmaa mkheris tfi hcturi ea cudmtmhk w mtfmh tfi P`mihteneky rinmkmeh. C csi
supirvmser ms ch issihtmcn pcrt ea tfi rinmkmeus prc`tm`i ea cudmtmhk, cs fi er sfi ditirjmhis wfm`f
cud mtmhk tfi pcrmsfmehir wmnn ri`imvi, finps tfi cudmter mh rivmiw mhk tfi ri`erd ea tfi
pcrmsfmehir,
s spmrmtucn prekriss , chd cssmsts tfi cudmter mh wergmhk aurtfir wmtf tfi pcrmsfmehir mh
eltcmhmhk spmrmtuc n prekriss chd scnvctmeh . J`Pfchi Di`n . õ<4-<9 7 @crtwrmkft Di`n . ;-6 . C nn
3<;90=. 3 9 RREPMTMEH TE RNC MHTMAA'P JETMEH TE @EJRIN E\ AE\ TI\J MHCTMHK PCH@TMEHP
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pirsehs pcrtm`mpctmhk mh cudmtmhk ghew tfi reni ea tfi csi supirvmser, chd cnse ghew tfct tfi csi
supirvmser ms riqumrid te jcmhtcmh tfi si`ri`y ea tfi ejjuhm`ctmehs. J`Pfchi Di`n . <4-<9 , <6-
42. Mh ac`t, cs ixpncmhid mh tfi J`Pfchi Di`ncrctmeh ct <4-<9, P`mihteneky P`rmpturi jchdctis
tfct tfiri ch li he cudmtmhk wmtfeut tfi untmjcti pcrtm`mpctmeh ea c @csi Pupirvmser. Rncmhtmaa
hivirtfiniss ncmjs tfct tfi viry ac`t ea tfi ejjuhm`ctmeh litwiih tfi csi supirvmser chd tfi
cudmter diaicts tfi prmvmniki chd distreys tfi ehamdihtmcnmty chd prmvmnikid hcturi ea tfi
uhdirnymhk ejjuhm`ctmeh. Mh iss ih`i, pncmhtmaa crkuis tfct li`cusi P`mihteneky stru`turis
cudmtmhk , mts eri pihmtihtmcn sc`rcjiht, dmaairihtny tfch tfct ea tfi trcdmtmehcn @ctfenm`
`ehaiss mehcn ly pirjmttmhk cudmtmhk ejjuhm`ctmehs te li rivmiwid ly ct nicst twe nirky
jijlirs, ch cudmter chd c csi supirvmser cs eppesid te ehi nirkyjch, cudmtmhk
`ejjuhm`ctmehs cri heh-prmvmnikid.
Tfms cttijpt te ix`nudi P`mihteneky prc`tm`is rej tfi s`epi ea prmvmniki ms het `ehsmstiht
wmtf tfi stctuti chd , ma c``iptid, auhdcjihtcnny weund vmencti letf tfi Istclnmsfjiht chd Arii
Ixir`msi `ncusis ea tfi Amrst Cjihdjiht .
C . Cudmtmhk @ejjuh m`ctmehs Cri Rreti`tid Yhdir Tfi @cnmaerh mc Iv mdih`i @edi
Tfi stctutery prmvmniki ms si t aertf mh Ivmdih`i @edi 320< . Tfi prmvmniki cppnmis te c
`ejjuhm`ctmeh jcdi mh `ehamdih`i mh tfi prisih`i ea he tfmrd pirseh se acr cs tfi
pihmtiht ms cwcri, te c jijlir ea tfi nirky wfe , mh tfi eursi ea tfi dms`mpnmhi erprc`tm`i ea tfi nirky jijlir's fur`f , dihej mhctmeh , er erkchmzctmeh , ms cutfermzid erc``ustejid te ficr tfesi `ejjuh m`ctmehs chd
uhdir tfi dms`mpnmhi er tihits ea fms erfir fur`f, dihejmhctmeh, er erkchmzctmeh, fcs c du ty te giip tfesi ejjuhm`ctmehssi`rit.
I.@ . § 320<7 sii Riepni v . Idwcrds , <20 @cn . Cpp. 0d 3096, 301< (3=66) . Firi, ic`f ea tfi
inijihts ea tfi prmvmniki ms jit? ic`f pihmtihtmcn ejjuhm`ctmeh ct mssui wcs dms`nesid ix`nusmvi ny
te c smhkni P`mihteneky nirky pirseh wfe , uhdir tfi dms`mpnmhi chd prc`tm`i ea P`mihteneky, wcs
cutfermzid te ficr su`f `ejjuhm`ctmehs chd fcd ch elnmkctmeh uhdir P`mihteneky tihits te giip
tfij ' si`rit. J `Pfchi Di`n. 32 <2-<3, 03-427 @crtwrmkft Di`n . 1-6. Tfus, ic`f inijiht
ea tfi prmvmniki ms jit chd tfiri wcs he wcmvir.
C``erdmhkny, mh Auhdirlirk v . Yhmtid Ptctis He. @ 2<-29413 O[ (\P)(<224), tfi Yhmtid
Ptctis Dmstrm`t @eurt aer tfi Hertfirh Dmstrm`t ea @cnmaerh mc, cppnymhk @cnmaerh mc ncw, upfind tfi
3<;90=.3 1 RREPMTMEH TE RNCMHTMAA'P JETMEH TE @EJRIN E\ AE\ TI\J MHCT MHK PCH@TMEHP
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`ncmj ea prmvmniki ea c P`mihteneky fur`f aer tfi p` amnis ea c pcrmsfmehir chd riausid te ihaer`i c
sulpeihc aer tfi amnis mssuid ly tfi Yhmtid Ptctis Oustm`i Dipcrtjiht . Tfi eurt stctid?
C rivmiw ea tfi di`ncrctmeh suljmttid eh lifcna ea tfi @fu r`f rivicns, fewivir, tfct (3)
cud mts cri diijid strm`tny ehamdihtmcn ly tfi @fur`f7 (<) cud mts cri ehdu`tid ly trcmhid
cudmters chd e``ur ehny litwiih su`f cudmter chd tfi pri`nicr7 chd (0) tfi ri`erds arej
su`f cudmts cri jcmhtcmhid mh sipcrcti amnis wfm`f cri jcrgid `ehamdihtmcn
chd sterid mh
ne`g clmhits.. . .C``erdmhkny, tfi @fur`f fcs istclnmsfid tfct tfi stctijihts jcdi ly
pncmhtmaas durmhk tfimr cudmts cri prmvmnikid chd , tfiriaeri, ihtmtnid te preti`tmeh uhdir tfi
`nirky-pihmtiht prmvmniki . WPnmp ep. ct 9-1.Z
Rncmhtmaa , fewivir, crkuis tfct tfi ac`t tfct mh P`mihteneky c `ehamdihtmcn `ejjuhm`ctmeh
litwiih c ejjuh m`cht chd ch cudmter ms dms`nesid te chetfir jmhmstir, tfi csi supirvmser, tcgis
tfi ejjuhm`ctmeh ihtmriny eutsmdi tfi erlmt ea preti`tmeh ea tfi stctuti chd rihdirs mt heh-
prmvmnikid. Rncmhtmaas hcrrew chd ehstrm`tid ehstru`tmeh ea tfi prmvmniki stctuti ms uhwcrrchtid
chd just li rioi`tid.
Tfi stctuti riqumris ehamdihtmcnmty mh twe dmaairiht rispi`ts. Amrst c ejjuhm`ctmeh just
li jcdi mh tfi prisih`i ea he tfmrd pirseh. Pi`ehd , tfi nirky pirseh te wfej tfi ejjuh m-
`ctmeh ms jcdi just fcvi c duty te giip tfesi ejjuhm`ctmehs si`rit.
Tfms dmstmh`tmeh ms fmkfny
smkhmam`cht chd just li kmvih iaai`t . Pi`ri`y fcs c lrecdir s`epi chd jichmhk tfch clsenuti ix-
`nusmvmty litwiih twe pirsehs. Tfi ncw ri`ekhmzis tfi eh`ipt ea si`ri`y mh c vcrmity ea `mr`uj -
stch`is, jest hetclny mh tfi eh`ipt ea trcdi si`rits chd mh tfi kevirhjihtcn ncssm m`ctmehs ea
de`ujihts cs, mhtir cnmc, si`rit er tep si`rit. Mh he su`f mhstch`i fcs tfi eh`ipt ea si`ri`y
liih ehstruid te jich clsenuti ix`nusmvmty te ehi pirseh7 rctfir mt fcs liih cppnmid te jich c
strm`t nmj mtctmeh ea dms`nesuri ea tfi si`rit te tfesi cutfermzid te ghew mt chd wfe fcvi c hiid te
ghew mt te `crry eut tfi auh`tmehs rinctid te tfi ixmstih`i ea tfi si`rit mtsina . Ivmdih`i @ed i
320<,s usi ea tfi tirj si`rit sfeund li `ehstruid mh tfi scji `ejjeh sihsi jchhir .
Mhdiid , tfi eurt just, eh tfi ac`ts firi, ehstrui Ivmdih`i @edi § 320< te preti`t tfi
prmvmniki, mh erdir te prisirvi tfi stctuti,
s ehstmtutmehcnmty. Cs dms`ussid mh Remht MMM(L),pest, c
hcrrew ehstru`tmeh ea tfi stctuti fendmhk tfct mt deis het cppny firi weund letf ricti c dihej m-
hctmehcn priairih`i chd sulstchtmcnny lurdih tfi arii ixir`msi ea tfi eri rinmkmeus prc`tm`i ea
P`mihteneky, rcmsmhk sulstchtmcn mssuis ea vmenctmeh ea tfi rinmkmeh ncusis ea tfi Amrst Cjihdjiht..
3<;90=. 3 ; RREPMTMEH TE RNC MHTMAA'P JETMEH TE @EJRIN E\ AE\ TI\J MHCTMHK PCH@TMEHP
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@eurts just, ma pessmlni, mhtirprit c stctuti te cvemd ehstmtutmehcn mhamrjmty chd priairih`i
ea ehi rinmkmeus dihejmhctmeh evir chetfir . Jurrcy v Tfi @fcrjmhk Litsy, 1 Y.P . (< @rch`f) 14 ,
336 (3624)7 Csfwchdir v Tihh . Qcnniy Cutf. <=; Y.P . <66 , 043 (3=01)(Lrchdims, O . eh`urrmhk).
[firi, cs firi, tfiri ms smkhmam`cht rmsg ea mharmhkijiht eh Amrst Cjihdjiht rmkfts, eurts wmn n
riqu mri ch caamrjctmvi mhtihtmeh ea tfi WnikmsncturiZ `nicrny ixprissid.
HN\L v @ctfenm` Lmsfep
ea @fm`cke , 442 Y.P . ct 921 (mhtirpritmhk Hctmehcn Ncler \inctmehs C`t cs het cppnm`clni te ncy
tic`firs mh @ctfenm` s`feens, dispmti clsih`i ea c spi`mam` ixijptmeh, se cs te cvemd petihtmcn
`ehanm`t wmtf Arii Ixir`msi chd Istclnmsfjiht `ncusis)7 Yhmtid Ptctis v . Piikir , 062 Y.P . 310 , 3;1
(3=14) 7 [insf v . Yhmtid Ptctis, 0=6 Y.P . 000 , 040-44 (3=;2 ) (scji) . Tfus, mh tfi ncttir twe csis
tfi @eu rt ehstruid tfi ehs`mihtmeus eloi`ter ixijptmehs ea tfi drca t ncws te mh`nud i heh-tfimstm`
linmias, dispmti tfi ac`t tfct tfi stctutis cppicrid te ix`nudi heh-tfimstm` linmias arej tfi cjlmt ea
tfi ixijptmehs Tfms ehstru`tmeh cvemds mjputmhk te @ehkriss ch mhtiht te ncssmay dmaairiht
rinmkmeus linmias, ixijptmhk seji chd ix`nudmhk etfirs.
Piikir, 062 Y.P . ct 319.
Mh tfms csi, het ehny ms tfiri he ivmdih`i ea su`f ch caamrjctmvi mhtihtmeh, lut, te tfi
`ehtrcry, tfi ivmdih`i ms tfct tfi nikmsncturi mhtihdid te nicvi tfi s`epi ea si`ri`y ea
`ejjuhm`ctmehs te ic`f dihejmhctmeh c``erdmhk te mts ewh de`trmhi chd dekjc . Ct tfi tmji ea
`ehsmdirctmeh chd cdeptmeh ea tfi stctuti, mh ejjihtmhk eh tfi rinctid Ivmdih`i @edi § 3204
(prevmdmhk tfct tfi nirky cnse jcy mhvegi tfi prmvmniki), tfi Ncw \ivmsmeh @ejjmssmeh
ri`ekhmzid tfct tfi s`epi ea tfi si`rit
hcturi ea c ejjuhm`ctmeh sfeund li niat te tfi nirky ?
Tfi ixtiht te wfm`f c nirkyjch sfeu nd giip si`rit er rivicn pihmtihtmcn
`ejjuhm`ctmehs ms het ch cppreprmcti suloi`t aer nikmsnctmeh7 tfi jcttir ms littir
nia t te tfi dms`ritmeh ea tfi mhdmvmducn nirkyjch mhvenvid chd tfi dms`mpnmhi ea tfi
rinmkmeus ledy ea wfm`f fi ms c jijlir.
; @cn .N .\iv.@ejj . \iperts 3 (3=1 9).
Firi, mh tfi clsih`i ea chy mhdm`ctmeh tfct ly ihc`tmhk Ivmdih`i @edi 320< tfi nikmsncturi
`nicrny mhtihdid te nmj mt tfi cvcmnclmnmty ea tfi prmvmniki ehny te tfe si dihej mhctmehs tfct riqumri
tfct ejjuhm`ctmehs te nirky het li dms`nesid te chy etfir pirseh cs eppesid te dihejmhctmehs
3<;90=.3 6
ERREPMTMEH TE RNC MHTMAA'P JETMEH TE @EJRIN E\ AE\ TI\J MHCTMHK PCH@TMEHP
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. .
3 tfct cppny c sejiwfct lrecdir eh`ipt ea si`ri`y te aurtfir tfimr ewh rinmkmeus linmias chd
< prc`tm`is, tfi @eurt sfeund aennew tfms auhdcjihtcn runi ea `ehstru`tmeh.
0 Rncmhtmaa crkuis te tfi ehtrcry, rinymhk upeh \ejch @ctfe nm` Cr`fl msfep ea Nes Chkinis v .
4 Pupirmer @eurt, 303 @cn . Cpp. 4tf 43; , 440 (<229) ( @c tfe nm` Cr`flmsfep ) . Tfct csi, wfm`f
9 cresi arej c rcdm`cnny dmaairiht sit ea ac`ts, deis het suppert pncmhtmaas pesmtmeh.
1 @ctfe nm` Cr`flmsfep eh smdirid c ncmj ly tfi @ctfenm` Cr`fdme`isi tfct ej juhm-
; `ctmehs jcdi durmhk ch mhvistmkctmeh ly tfi Cr`fd me`isi mhte cnnikid sixucn clusi ea `fmndrih
6 wiri prmvmnikid uhdir Ivmdih`i @edi Pi`tmeh 320<. 303 @cn . Cpp. 4tf ct 4<; . Tfi
= `ejjuhm`ctmehs ct mssui wiri het `ehaissmehcn
`ejjuhm`ctmehs er jcdi cs pcrt ea c rinmkmeus
32 sc`rcjiht7 cs su`f, tfiy wiri het c rinmkmeus prc`tm`i ea tfi @ctfenm` @fur`f, chd tfimr viry
33 purpesi sfewid tfct tfiy petihtmcnny eu nd li usid aer dms`mpnmhcry c`tmeh eu tsmdi tfi ehtixt ea c
3< `ehaissmehcn . \ctfir, tfiy wiri jcdi uhdir c penm`y
mh wfm`f lmsfeps ea tfi @fur`f
30 mhvistmkctid cnnikid jms`ehdu`t ly mts ijpneyiis chd prmists. Md . ct 4<= (hetmhk tfct tfms wcs tfi
34 gmhd ea reutmhi mhvistmkctmeh chy ijpneyir weund uhdirtcgi upeh nicrhmhk c trustid ijpneyii fcd
39 liih c``usid ea `fmnd jenistctmeh ). Tfi @eurt ea Cppicn aeuhd eh tfe si ac`ts tfct, dispmti tfi
31 Cr`fdme`isi's ncmj tfct su`f de`ujihts wiri ehamdihtmcn, tfiri wcs c `ejpinnmhk stcti
3; mhtirist mh dms`nesmhk tfij, ncrkiny li`cusi ea tfi stcti,s mhtirist mh presi`utmhk rmjis. Md . ct
36 406-40= .
3= Mh se fendmhk, tfi @eurt rioi`tid tfi Cr`fdme`isi's crkujiht tfct tfi mhvistmkctmeh
<2 de`ujihts wiri nirky-pihmtiht prmvmnikid. Tfi @eurt hetid tfct tfi rinivcht `ej juhm`ctmehs
< 3 wiri het gipt strm`tny ehamdihtmcn 7 rctfir, c sipcrcti vm`cr aer nirky
chd sejitmjis etfir
<<
S Cr`fdme`isi ijpneyiis cs winn rivmiwid tfi de`ujihts. Md
ct 44 9 . Eh tfesi ac`ts
tfi @eurt
[ <0 aeuhd tfct tfi ejjuhm`ctmehs wiri heh-prmvmnikid . Md .
<4MQ
[fct @ctfe nm` Cr`flmsfep dmd het cddriss fewivir, wcs c spi`mam` rinmkmeus prc`tm`i, su`f
[ <9 cs tfct aeuhd mh P`mihteneky cud mtmhk, mh wfm`f tfi pihmtihtmcn ejjuh m`ctmeh, uhdir rinivcht
J <1 @fur`f s`rmpturi chd jchdctery rinmkmeus prc`tm`i, just li rivmiwid ly chetfir jijlir ea tfi
© <; `nirky, wfe mh turh ms riqumrid te jcmhtcmh tfi si`ri`y ea tfi ejjuh m`ctmeh chd cssmst wmtf tfip- c
ihdcnn Lrmnn 6
Gnmikir NNR
3<;90=.3 =
322 Pchtc Jeh m`c Lnvd .
mti 3;<9
s Chkinis . @C =221;
ERREPMTMEH TE RNC MHTMAA'P JETMEH TE @EJRIN E\ AE\ TI\J MHCTMHK PCH@T MEHP
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md .
pihmtiht,
s spmrmtucn divinepjiht . J`Pfchi Di`n . õ3=-03 . Mh P`mihteneky cudmtmhk , chd uhdir
< . .
P`mihteneky s`rmpturis, he tfmrd pirseh jcy ficr ch cudmtmhk ejjuhm`ctmeh chd tfi
`ejjuhm`ctmeh ms het niss tfch si`rit
-tfi `ejjuhm`ctmehs cri jcdi mh ehi-eh-ehi sissmehs te
ch mhdmvmducn cudmter, chd tfih tfi wrmttih ri`erds ea tfesi ejjuh m`ctmehs cri rivmiwid ly tfi
@csi Pupirvmser, c trcmhid nirkyjch wfe ms ch iqucnny mjpertcht pcrt, de`trmhcnny, ea tfi cudmtmhk
pre`iss chd cnse leuhd te jcmhtcmh tfi si`ri`y ea tfi mhaerjctmeh . @ctfe nm` Cr`flmsfep chhet li
strit`fid liyehd mts ac`ts te istclnmsf cruni ea ncw wfm`f weund rihdir heh-prmvmnikid chy
pihmtihtmcn er ehaissmehcn ejjuhm`ctmeh jcdi mh chy rinmkmeh tfct, uhdir mts de`trmhi, riqumris
tfct c sc`rcjihtcn , ehamdihtmcn ehaissmeh li dms`nesid te jeri tfch c smhkni nirkyjch.
C ehtrcry mhtirpritctmeh weund vmencti tfi rinmkmeh ncusis ea tfi A mrst Cjihdjiht, letf
ac`mcnny chd irtcmhny cs cppnmid te tfi prc`tm`is ct mssui firi, cs dms`ussid linew .
L. Ma I .@ . §320< Deis Het Rreti`t @ejjuhm`ctmehs J cdi mh tfi @eursi ea
P`mihteneky Cud mtmhk, Mt ms Yh`ehstmtutmehcnny Yhdir-Mh`nusmvi
Tfi stctuti ehstruid cs pncmhtmaa urkis weund pirj mt tfi prmvmniki te li cppnmid ehny te
dihejmhctmehs wfe si prc`tm`is prevmdi tfct ejjuhm`ctmehs te nirky jcy het li dms`nesid te chy
etfir nirky aer chy ricseh, cs eppesid te dihejmhctmehs tfct prevmdi, cs firi, tfct su`f ejju-
hm`ctmehs jcy li dms`nesid te c sihmer nirky pirseh , wfe nmgi tfi cudmter ms leuhd ly si`ri`y, aer
tfi viry purpesi ea aurtfirmhk tfi epirctmeh ea tfi si`rit, pihmtihtmcn rinmkmeus prc`tm`i . Pu`f c
dihejmhctmehcn priairih`i ms c eri vmenctmeh ea tfi Istclnmsfjiht @ncusi . Pii , i.k., Ncrseh v .
Qcnihti, 491 Y.P . <<6, <41-<4; (3=6<) (rioi`tmhk dihejmhctmehcn priairih`is chd hetmhk tfct
WtZfi nicrist ejjchd ea tfi Istclnmsfjiht @ncusi ms tfct ehi rinmkmeus dihejmhctmeh chhet li
eaam`mcnny priairrid evir chetfir
)7 Nyh`f v . Dehhinny , 419 Y.P . 116, 166 (3=64) (E,@ehher, O.,
`eh`urrmhk) .
< .
[fmni het rcmsid mh tfms csi li`cusi ehny ehi nirky pirseh ms prisiht durmhk cudmtmhk
tfi stctu ti,s he tf mrd pirseh nmjmtctmeh jcy winn li uh`ehstmtutmehcn mh c smtuctmeh, aer ixcjpni,wfiri c dihej mhctmeh ehdu`ts ehaissmehcns wmtf twe j mhmstirs prisiht mhsticd ea ehi.
Pii Remht
MMM(L), pest
3<;90=.3 32U
RREPMTMEH TE RNCMHTMAA'P JET MEH TE @EJRIN E\ AE\ TI\J MHCTMHK PCH@T MEHP
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/d .
Aer smjmncr ricsehs, tfi stctuti weu nd vmencti tfi Arii Ixir`msi @ncusi . Tfi stctuti cs se
`ehstruid weund sirmeusny chd pirfcps actcnny mhtirairi wmtf chd lurdih tfi viry prc`tm`i ea tfi
P`mihteneky rinmkmeh, wfesi ihtrcn rinmkmeus prc`tm`i ms cudmtmhk . Cs sit aertf mh tfi di`ncrctmeh ea
Cnnch @crtwrmkft, c pcrmsfmehir ihkckid mh cud mtmhk jcy dms`nesi vcrmeus evirts, `ehsmstmhk ea
wrehkaun er fcrjaun c`ts ej pcrclni te tfi eh`ipt ea smh. J`Pfchi Di`n . 31-3=. Tfi cudmter
wmnn de jeri tfch smjpny prevmdi clsenutmeh aer ch evirt, fewivir7 rctfir tfi cudmter wmtf
rinmkmeusny hi`isscry cssmstch`i ea tfi csi supirvmser, chd tfi pcrmsfmehir wmnn werg te ihclni tfi
pcrmsfmehir te evir`eji le tf tfi cusi chd iaai`t ea tfi evirt. Md . Ehny ly eharehtmhk fms er fir
evirts tfreukf ch ehkemhk cud mtmhk pre`iss jcy c P`mihtenek mst c`fmivi spmrmtucn prekriss chd
scnvctmeh . Md .
Tfi viry pre`iss, fewivir, dipihds upeh tfi kucrchtii tfct tfi dms`nesuris wmnn het dms-
`nesid eutsmdi tfi cudmtmhk pre`iss, wfm`f mh`nudis tfi reni ea c csi supirvmser . J`Pfchi Di`n .
31-3=, <4-<9 . Ma c pcrmsfmehir fcs ejjmttid c wrehkaun c`t su`f cs aer ixcjpni, ch ixtrc-
jcrmtcn caacmr er trcdmhk si`urmtmis eh mhsmdi mhaerjctmeh, fi nmginy wmn n het dms`nesi su`f ch c`t te
ch cud mter ma fi ghews tfct fms speusi, tfi kevirhjiht, er c mvmn pcrty jcy sulpe ihc fms cud mtmhk
amni chd el tcmh fms ehaissmehs er dms`nesuris. Md . Rursucht te P`mihteneky rinmkmeh, tfct acmnuri te
dms`nesi tfi c`t chd te dicn wmtf mts ehsiquih`is tfreukf tfi cudmtmhk pre`iss wmnn fmhd ir fms
spmrmtucn prekriss chd ivih scnvctmeh. Md . Yhniss P`mihteneky fur`fis ch cssuri pcrmsfmehirs ea
tfi mhvmenclmnmty ea tfi cud mtmhk pre`iss chd cud mtmhk amnis, tfi viry prc`tm`i ea P`mihteneky wmnn li
lurdihid chd chhet pre`iid mh tfi jcrmhir chd wmtf tfi epihhiss riqumrid ly rinmkmeus de`trmhi .
Md .
[fih c stcti cdepts c stctutery s`fiji tfct mjpesis c lurdih eh tfi ixir`msi ea seji
rinmkmehs wfmni ixijptmhk etfirs, mts c`tmehs vmencti tfi Arii Ixir`msi @ ncusi ea tfi Amrst
Cjihdjiht, uh niss oustmamid ly tfi jest ejpinn mhk ea kevirhjiht mhtirists chd c`fmivid ly tfi
hcrrewist jichs cvcmnclni . @fur`f eaNuguj m Lclc nuCyi v . @ mty eaFmcnicf, 926 Y.P . 9<2, 903-
0< , 941 (3==0) ( C ncw lurdihmhk rinmkmeus prc`tm`i tfct ms het hiutrcn er het ea kihircn
cppnm`ctmeh just uhdirke tfi jest rmkereus ea s`rutmhy,... just cdvch`i 'mhtirists ea tfi fmkfist
3<;90=.3 F RREPMTMEH TE RNC MHTMAA,P JETMEH TE @EJRIN E\ AE\ TI\J MHCTMHK PCH@TMEHP
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-
. .
3 erdir
chd just li hcrrewny tcmnerid mh pursumt ea tfesi mhtirists ) . Mh cppnymhk mts arii ixir`msi
< rivmiw , Tfi @eurt just surviy jitm`uneusny tfi mr`ujstch`is ea kevirhjihtcn `ctikermis te
0inmjmhcti, cs mt wiri, rinmkmeus kirryjchdirs.
Md . ct 904 , quetmhk [cnz v . Tcx @ejj'h, 0=; Y.P .
4 114 , 1=1 (3=;2 ) (Fcrnch, O., eh`urrmhk) . Pii cnse Aewnir v . \fedi Msnchd , 049 Y.P . 1; , 1= -;2
9 (3=90) (uh`ehstmtutmehcn te cppny juhm`mpcn erdmhch`i te prefmlmt pric`fmhk mh pulnm` pcrg ly
1 Oifevcf's [mthiss lu t te pirjmt pric`fmhk durmhk tfi eursi ea c @ctfe nm` jcss er Rretistcht
; `fur`f sirvm`i) . Firi, cs mh @fur`f eaNuguj m Lclcnu Cyi , ma Ivmdih`i @edi §320< ms ehstruid
6 te pirjmt cssirtmeh ea tfi prmvmniki mh mr`ujstch`is wfiri pihmtihtmcn `ejjuhm`ctmehs cri het
= dms`nesid te chetfir jmhmstir, lut het te cppny wfiri su`f ejjuhm`ctmehs cri dms`nesid te c
32 sihmer supirvmsmhk jmhmstir pursucht te rinmkmeus de`trmhi, tfct stctuti ly diamhmtmeh chhet li
33
hiutrcn er ea kihircn cppnm`ctmeh
chd tfiriaeri just uhdirke tfi jest rmkereus ea s`rutmhy.
3< Tfi stctu ti chhet survmvi su`f strm`t s`rutmhy. K mvih tfct @cnmaerhmc ri`ekhmzis chd nehk
30 fcs ri`ekhmzid tfi ixmstih`i ea tfi prmvmniki, tfiri ch li he rctmehcn crkujiht tfct mt fcs c
34 `ejpinnmhk mhtirist mh cppnymhk tfct prmvmniki ehny te irtcmh dihej mhctmehs er prc`tm`is chd het te
39 etfirs. Pu`f ch mhtirist het ehny weund het li ejpinnmhk , mt weund li mnnikmtmjcti ? Te kmvi
31 ixijptmeh te seji dihej mhctmehs chd het te cnn eaaihds tfi iqucnmty wmtf wfm`f cnn jih ihtir
3; se`mity.
Jijermcn chd \ijehstrch`i eaOcjis Jcdmseh (cs quetid mh Oefh T. Heehch, Or., Tfi
36 Nustri ea Eur @euhtry? Tfi Cjirm`ch Ixpirmih`i ea \inmkmeus Ariidej ;0 (Yhmvirsmty ea
3= @cnmaerhmc Rriss 3==6)), `mtid acverclny mh Ncrseh v Qcnihti, suprc .
<2 Tfus, te ehstrui Ivmdih`i @edi §320< mh c jchhir tfct mt deis het cppny te tfi si`rit
< 3 `ehamdihtmcn dms`nesuris ea P`mihteneky cudmtmhk weund rihdir tfi stctuti uh`ehstmtutmehcn . Ivih
<< wiri c eurt te ric`f su`f ch ixtriji `eh`nusmeh, fewivir, tfi rijidy weund het li te strmgi tfi
j <03 Q
stctuti mh mts ihtmrity, nicvmhk he prmvmniki ct cnn aer chy fur`f er dihejmhctmeh. \ctfir, wfiri c
<4
a?.. )
stctuti ms diai`tmvi li`cusi ea uhdir-mh`nusmeh ... c eurt jcy ... ixtihd tfi evircki ea tfi
w <9 stctuti te mh`nudi tfesi wfe cri ckkrmivid ly ix`nusmeh. [insf 0=6 Y.P . ct 013 (Fcrnch O.,
<1
[`eh`urrmhk eh kreuhd s tfct `ehs`mihtmeus eloi`ter stctuti uh`ehstmtutmehcnny ehtcmhid c tfimstm`
2 <; riqumrijiht tfirily ehtrcvihmhk tfi Istclnmsfjiht @ ncusi, lut tfct tfi stctuti eund li scvid ly
ihdc nn Lrmnn 6
Gnmikir NNR 3<;90=.3 3<
32322 Pchtc Jeh m`c Lnvd .
umti 3;<9
es Chk inis, @C =221;
ERREPMTMEH TE RNCMHTMAA,P JETMEH TE @EJRIN E\ AE\ TI\J MHCTMHK PCH@TMEHP
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ch mhtirpritctmeh tfct `uris tfi diai`t ea uhdir-mh`nusmeh, md . ct 019, wfiri fmstery ea
-o
`ehkrissmehcn suppert aer ixijptmeh dijehstrctid tfct @ehkriss weund se feesi) . Firi, kmvih
tfi nehkstchdmhk fmstery ea tfi prmvmniki, ejpcrclni te tfct ea tfi ixijptmeh aer ehs`mihtmeus
eloi`tmeh te wcr, tfi eurt sfeund `uri tfi diai`t ea uhdir-mh`nusmeh
ly ixtihdWmhkZ tfi
`evircki ea tfi stctuti te mh`nudi tfe si wfe cri ckkrmivid ly ix`nusmeh.
MQ . Tfi @ehtihts ea tfi R@ A mnis Fcvi he \inivch`i er J ctirmcnmty te tfi Ptctuti
ea N mj mtctmehs Mssui \cmsid mh tfi Rihd mhk J etmeh aer Pujjcry Oudkjiht
Cs @PM dijehstrctis mh mts pihdmhk jetmeh aer sujjcry oudkjiht, mt ms uh`ehtrevirtid
chd mhdiid tfi ncw ea tfi csi tfct pncmhtmaa s ncmjs c``ruid he nctir tfch <224 wfih sfi
cnnikidny acgid sum`mdi chd nia t fir pesmtmeh ct @PM . Rncmhtmaa ripictidny fcs c`ghewnidkid letf mh
tfms @eurt chd tfi @eurt ea Cppicn tfct fir cnnikctmeh ea dincyid dms`eviry ea fir mhourmis li`cusi
sfi pu rpertidny wcs lrcmhwcsfid ms rinivcht ehny te tfi pri-c``rucn pirmed. Pii Dcuj Di`n . Ix .
@. Tfus, pncmhtmaas purpertid stcti ea jmhd wfmni sfi wcs uhdirkemhk cud mtmhk ms het jctirmcn
li`cusi sfi dms`evirid fir mhourmis c tir tfct pirmed chd wcs eh hetm`i tfct sfi fcd te lrmhk c
tmjiny ncwsumt .
Mt cnse ms uh`ehtrevirtid tfct pncmhtmaa acmnid te amni fir ncwsumt wmtfmh tfi stctuti ea
nmj mtctmehs pirmed s cppnm`clni te fir ncmjs. Cs pncmhtmaa `eh`idid ckcmh letf mh tfms `eurt chd mh
tfi @eurt ea Cppicn , tfi ehny lcsms upeh wfm`f sfi jcy diaict tfi stctuti ea nmjmtctmehs diaihsi ms
fir cnnikctmeh ea iqu mtclni isteppin . Dcuj Di`n . Ix . @ . Cs tfi pihdmhk sujjcry oudkjiht
ditcmns, pncmhtmaa fcs cnnikid twe , chd ehny twe , kreuhd s aer cppnm`ctmeh ea tfct de`trmhi ? 3. Tfct
sfi rinmid eh riprisihtctmehs sfi cnnikis wiri jcdi te fir ct tfi tmji sfi ni t @PM chd ixi`utid c
.9
Etfir `eurts fcvi ris`uid uhdir-mh`nusmvi chd tfiriaeri petihtmcnny uh`ehstmtutmehcn , rinmkmeus
ixijptmehs mh stctutis ly ixtihdmhk ixijptmehs te pirsehs tfi stctutis siijid te ix`nudi . Pii,
i .k ., Niwms v . Pelen, ;32 A . Pupp . 921, 931 (P.D.H.] . 3=6=) (ixtihdmhk rinmkmeus ixijptmeh rejmjjuhmzctmeh stctuti te pcrihts wfe pretistid vc``mhctmeh lcsid eh pirsehcn rinmkmeus linmias)7Pfirr v . Hertfpert-Icst Hertfpert Yhmeh Arii P`feen Dmstm`t, 1;< A. Pupp. 63,=3 (I.D.H . ] .
3=6;) (ixtihdmhk rinmkmeus ixijptmeh rej mjjuhmzctmeh stctuti te pcrihts wfe wiri hetjijlirs ea chy aerjcn rinmkmeus kreup)7 Jcmir v . Lissir 043 H .] .P . <d ct 434 (Pup. @t . 3=;<)(ixtihdmhk te c acj mny het jijlirs ea c ri`ekhmzid rinmkmeh c stctuti ixijptmhk ehny fmndrihwfesi pcrihts cri lehc amdi jijlirs ea c ri`ekhmzid rinmkmeus erkchmzctmeh ) .
3<;90=.3 30
ERREPMTMEH TE RNC MHTMAA'P JETMEH TE @EJRIN E\ AE\ TI\J MHCTMHK PCH@TMEHP
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d.
rinicsi ea cnn `ncmjs tfct ly smkhmhk tfi rinicsi sfi kcvi up chy nikcn lcsms te sui @PM 7 <. Tfct sfi
dmd het sui durmhk tfi pirmed c tir sfi ni t @PM li`cusi ea tfricts ea fcrcssjiht chd lchmsfjiht.
Md .
Eh fir cppicn, tfi @eurt ea Cppicn di`nmhid te amhd iqumtclni isteppin eh tfi lcsms ea tfi
cnnikid riprisihtctmehs cleut tfi rinicsi, amhd mhk tfct su`f riprisihtctmehs cjeuht te c dihmcn ea
nmclmnmty - wfm`f ms het suaam`miht te suppert c ncmj ea iqumtclni isteppin. Dcuj Di`n . Ix . @.
Tfi seni lcsms aer tfi @eurt ea Cppicn,s rijchd ea tfi csi te tfms @eurt wcs mts fendmhk tfct, eh
tfi ac`i ea tfi PC@, pncmhtmaa s cnnikctmehs ea mhtmj mdctmeh chd tfricts ea lchmsfjiht chd
fcrcssjiht, ma trui, jcy pri`nudi diaihdchts, mh iqumty, arej cssirtmhk tfi stctuti ea nmjmtctmehs cs
c diaihsi,
chd wiri suaam`miht aer pnicdmhk purpesis, ivih tfeukf pncmhtmaa deis het ixpriss ny
cnniki tfct tfi tfricts cusid fir te dincy amnmhk fir ejpncmht.
Md .
@PM's pihdmhk jetmeh aer sujjcry oud kjiht ms prijmsid eh mts sfewmhks tfct @PM dmd het
jcgi chy tfricts ea fcrcssjiht er lchmsfjiht te pncmhtmaa (her dmd mt jcgi tfi cnnikid
riprisihtctmehs cleut tfi rinicsi), pncmhtmaa dmd het acmn te m ni c tmjiny ncwsumt li`cusi sfi wcs put
mh aicr ly chy su`f tfricts, pncmhtmaa mh ac`t hivir ivih ehsmdirid amnmhk c ncwsumt uh tmn ctir tfi
stctuti fcd ruh, chd ivih ctir pncmhtmaa fcd di`mdid sfi wcs he nehkir c P`mihtenek mst, sfi wcmtid
hmhi jehtfs te amni, wfm`f ms tee nehk cs c jcttir ea ncw .
Mt ms ricdmny cppcriht tfct tfi jctirmcns ehtcmhid mh pncmhtmaas cudmtmhk m nis fcvi he
rinivch`i te tfi pihdmhk jetmeh. Tfi cudmtmhk riani`tid mh tfi aendirs teeg pnc`i wfmni pncmhtmaa
wcs stmnn mh tfi fu r`f chd c`tmviny pcrtm`mpctmhk mh mts prc`tm`is. Dcuj Di`n . ;. Tfms wcs
liaeri, mh jest mhstch`is jchy yicrs liaeri, tfi nctist dcti upeh wfm`f pncmhtmaas ncmj s c``ruid.
Tfi quistmeh ea iqumtclni isteppin cppnmis te tfi pirmed ca tir tfi ncmjs fcvi c``ruid.4 R ncmhtmaa
fcs hivir ncmjid tfct wfmni sfi wcs stmnn c stcaa jijlir ea @PM chd uhdirkemhk cud mtmhk sej i
4 Iqumtclni isteppin ms c de`trmhi tfct cppnmis ehny te c`tmehs tfct weund fcvi privihtid tfipncmhtmaa arej m nmhk sumt ctir tfi c``rucn ea tfi cusi ea c`tmeh. Nchtzy v . @ihtix Fejis, 03 @cn .
4tf 010,'060 (<220) (hetmhk tfct iqumtclni isteppin `ejis mhte pncy ehny c tir tfi nmj mtctmehspirmed fcs ruh chd cddrissis ... tfi mr`ujstch`is mh wfm`f c pcrty wmnn li isteppid arej
cssirtmhk tfi stctuti ea nmjmtctmehs cs c diaihsi te ch cdjmttidny uhtmjiny c`tmeh li`cusi fms
`ehdu`t fcs mhdu`id chetfir mhte aerlicrmhk sumt wmtfmh tfi cppnm`clni nmj mtctmehs pirmed. ) .
3<;90=.3 34 RREPMT MEH TE RNC MHTMAA'P JETMEH TE @EJRIN E\ AE\ TI\J MHCTMHK PCH@TMEHP
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rd .
cudmter tfrictihid fir tfct ma sfi ivir ni t tfi fur`f chd lreukft c ncwsumt, tfi fur`f weund
fcrcss chd lchmsf fir. Jerievir, ma chy su`f tfrict fcd liih jcdi, wfm`f ea eu rsi mt wcs het,
pncmhtmaa `irtcmhny weund rijijlir mt, smh`i tfi jijery ea chy su`f purpertid tfrict weund fcvi
liih tfi cnnikid ricseh sfi dincyid sumhk . Rncmhtmaa `chhet mh keed acmtf cssirt tfct sfi hiids te
rivmiw tfi cudmtmhk amnis te mhd eu t wfitfir sfi fcd liih tfrictihid het te lrmhk c ncwsumt ma sfi
ivir nit @PM . Ma sfi eund het rijijlir tfi rinivcht tfrict er fcrcssjiht, mt elvmeusny wcs
mhiaai`tmvi.9
MQ . Tfiri Ms He Nikcn Lcsms Aer Rncmhtmaas \iquists Aer Tirj mhctmhk Pch`tmehs
Amhcnny, pncmhtmaas riquist aer tirjmhctmhk sch`tmehs ms mjprepir. Tirjmhctmhk sch`tmehs
`chhet li puriny puhmtmvi, chd just li nmhgid te c``ejpnmsfmhk tfi purpesi ea dms`eviry .
Hiw nchd v . Pupirmer @eurt, 42 @cn . Cpp. 4tf 126 , 134 (3==9) (puriny puhmtmvi sch`tmehs
diprmviWZ tfi ri`cn`mtrcht pcrty ea dui pre`iss ea ncw ). Jerievir, tirjmhctmhk sch`tmehs cri ehny
cppreprmcti wfiri tfi @eurt fcs `ehsmdirid chd rioi`tid nissir sch`tmehs, su`f cs mssui rinctid
sch`tmehs. \.P. @rictmvi , Mh` v . @rictmvi @etteh , Ntd., ;9 @cn . Cpp. 4tf 461 , 4=1 (3===) . Firi,
pncmhtmaa fcs het sukkistid chy ehhi`tmeh wfctseivir litwiih tirjmhctmhk sch`tmehs chd tfi
dms`eviry seukft, her chy cppreprmcti cntirhctmvi sch`tmeh. Mt ms cppcriht tfct pncmhtmaa ms uttirny
uhclni te mdihtmay wfct mssui rinctid te tfi cudmtmhk amnis jmkft li jctirmcn er rinivcht te tfi
pihdmhk sujjcry oudkjiht . Tfi ricseh ms elvmeus . Tfiri ms he su`f mssui . Tfi riquist aer
tirjmhctmhk sch`tmehs ms he jeri tfch ch mjprepir cttijpt te cvemd fcvmhk tfi sujjcry oudkjiht
jetmeh ficrd eh tfi jirmts . Tfi sch`tmehs riquist just li rioi`tid.
@EH@NYPMEH
Rncmhtmaas jetmeh te ejpin sfeund li dihmid.
9 Mhdiid , aer ourmsprudihtmcn ricsehs , tfi @eurt hiid het ivih di`mdi tfi prmvmniki mssuisrcmsid mh tfms jetmeh ct tfms tmji
lu t jcy diair tfij uh tmn c tir mt fcs di`mdid tfi stctuti eanmjmtctmehs mssui. Ehny ma tfi csi survmvis tfct diaihsi hiid tfi eu rt ric`f tfi mssuis rcmsid firi .@a , Lenncrd v . @cn maerhmc Rrevmh`i ea tfi Pe` y ea Oisus , 3=1 A.0d =42, =92 (=tf @mr . 3===)(hetmhk tfct c nmjmtid ... mhqumry, ejlmhid wmtf tfi clmnmty ea tfi WZ `eurt te ehtren dms`eviry,`ch priviht c wmdi-rchkmhk mhtrusmeh mhte sihsmtmvi rinmkmeus jcttirs.
).
3<;90=.3 39
ERREPMTMEH TE RNC MHTMAA,P JETMEH TE @EJRIN E\ AE\ TI\J MHCT MHK PCH@TMEHP
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Dctid? Ailrucry <3, <230 GIHDCNN L\MNN & GN MIKI\ NNR
Ctterhiys aer @fur`f ea P`mihteneky Mhtirhctmehcn