Decortication Level and Particle Size Effect on Direct...
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Decortication Level and Particle Size Effect on Direct-Expanded White Sorghum Extrudates DAVID ACOSTA 1 , Marc Barron 2 , Mian Riaz 2 , Ralph Waniska 1 and Lloyd Rooney 1 . (1) Cereal Quality Laboratory,Texas A&M University, College Station, TX. (2) Food Protein R&D Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX. Abstract White sorghum samples prepared by combining 4 different decortication levels (0, 10, 20 and 30%) and three particle sizes were extruded in a Maddox single screw friction- type extruder. A commercial yellow cornmeal and polished rice were extruded as controls. The extrusion conditions were held constant for all samples. The expansion ratio, bulk density, color and texture of the extrudates were significantly affected by both particle size and decortication level. As the decortication level increased, the extrudates tended to be whiter, more expanded, less dense, crispier and more viscous. The extrudates made from coarse particle size materials had more desirable characteristics when compared to the other particle sizes used. Some sorghum products had a higher expansion ratio than both rice and corn, and had similar bulk density and texture characteristics. Introduction Extrusion cooking is used to produce a wide variety of food products with unique sensory attributes (Desrumaux et al, 1999). Extruded food materials undergo various transformations, including starch gelatinization and fragmentation, and protein denaturation, which affect the product properties. The most common cereals used in the extrusion of snacks and breakfast cereals are corn, wheat, rice and oats. Sorghum is not a major ingredient in extruded snacks and breakfast cereals (Riaz, 1997). New white food sorghum hybrids produce light colored, bland flavored grains that have some advantages for production of unique products. The performance of these new sorghums in different extrusion systems has not be thoroughly evaluated. Introduction Extrusion cooking is used to produce a wide variety of food products with unique sensory attributes (Desrumaux et al, 1999). Extruded food materials undergo various transformations, including starch gelatinization and fragmentation, and protein denaturation, which affect the product properties. The most common cereals used in the extrusion of snacks and breakfast cereals are corn, wheat, rice and oats. Sorghum is not a major ingredient in extruded snacks and breakfast cereals (Riaz, 1997). New white food sorghum hybrids produce light colored, bland flavored grains that have some advantages for production of unique products. The performance of these new sorghums in different extrusion systems has not be thoroughly evaluated. Objective Determine the effects of decortication and particle size on the characteristics of direct- expanded white sorghum extrudates. Materials and Methods Samples Grain of a white sorghum (ATx631 x RTx436) was decorticated to remove 0, 10, 20 and 30% of kernel weight. The whole sorghum and the decorticated samples were hammer-milled using a Fitz mill and sieved. Overs of US Standard Sieves # 20 (coarse) and 50 (meal) were retained. Samples of each decortication level without milling (whole, decorticated grain) were used also. ConAgra yellow corn meal and polished long grain rice were used as controls. Extrusion was performed in a single screw, friction-type Maddox Extruder Model MX-3001. All samples were tempered to 14% moisture; 300 rpm screw speed was used. The die used had 6, 1/8 inch holes.The temperature varied according to the friction each sample produced . Each sample was extruded until a steady state was reached and extrudates were sampled. Baking of samples was performed after extrusion in a tray oven at 100 C for 30 min. After baking, the samples were cooled and packaged in metallic plastic-film. Expansion ratio was the diameter of the extrudates measured with an electronic caliper divided by the diameter of the die. Bulk density was obtained by dividing the weight of extrudates that filled a container of known volume. Texture of the extrudates was evaluated using a Texture Analyser TA-XT2 with an aluminum blade as a probe. 10 randomly selected extrudates per treatment were analyzed. The area under the curve F*t and the number of peaks were registered. Color (L and chroma) was determined on ground extrudates passing through US standard no. 40 sieve (Hsieh et al, 1993) with a Minolta Colorimeter using CIE L*a*b* values. Statistical Analysis was performed with SAS V8 for Windows software, using α=0.05. • Decortication and particle size affected the area (an indication of the work of initial bite). • The 30% decorticated samples had larger areas compared to all other samples. • Extrudates prepared from whole and decorticated grain also had larger areas, followed by meal and coarse. Conclusions • Whiter, more expanded, stronger, crispier, and bland flavored extrudates were produced using sorghum with increasing decortication level. • Extrudates with better characteristics were prepared with coarse particle size ingredients. • Extrudates from some sorghum samples were similar to corn or rice extrudates. • Variation in decortication level and particle size affect extrudate characteristics such as expansion ratio, crispness and bulk density. • Extrudates with good characteristics can be produced without milling or by decorticating sorghum. • Low-cost, friction extruders can be used to produce an array of products. Acknowledgements Partial financial support from the USAID- INTSORMIL Title XII CRSP. We appreciate the long term use of the Maddox extruder from the Maddox Metal Corporation, Dallas, TX. References Desrumaux, A., Bouvier, J.M. and Burri, J. 1999. Effect of free fatty acids addition on corn grits extrusion cooking. Cereal Chem. 76(5): 699-704. Hsieh, F., Grenus, K.M., Hu, L. and Huff, H.E. 1993. Twin-screw extrusion of rice flour with salt and sugar. Cereal Chemistry 70: 493-498. Riaz, M. 1997. Extruders in food applications. CRC Press. 2000 Fig. 3 Expansion Ratio of Extrudates Fig. 3 Expansion Ratio of Extrudates . 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 0% 10% 20% 30% Decortication Diameter (mm) whole coarse meal • Coarse particle size expanded more during extrusion, regardless of level of decortication (top line of graph). • The expansion ratio increased as the decortication level increased (as expected). • The expansion ration of extrudates was affected by the particle size, decortication level and their interaction. Results . Results Results . PARTICLE PARTICLE SIZE SIZE corn rice • As can be seen in the pictures, the color of the extrudates was affected by both the decortication level and particle size. • The Chroma was affected by the decortication level. • Chroma decreased as decortication level increased, as expected. • Extrudate Lightness was affected by both the decortication level and particle size. • The Lightness increased as the decortication level increased to 20%. • Extrudate Lightness was higher prepared from coarse, followed by whole decorticated grain and meal. whole coarse meal D E C O R T I C A T I O N + 0% 10% 20% 30% Figure 2. Extrudates From Each Treatment. Figure 1. Raw Materials Used. Figure 1. Raw Materials Used. Table 2. Comparison of Different Decortication Levels Table 2. Comparison of Different Decortication Levels (Average of all Particle Sizes) (Average of all Particle Sizes) BULK TREATMENT DENSITY AREA F*T # PEAKS L CHROMA EXPANSION (g/ml) g s RATIO DECORTICATION 0 0.103 a 12326 b 41.6 c 78.52 c 15.30 a 3.63 d 10% 0.063 b 11802 b 50.7 b 83.33 b 14.41 b 4.36 c 20% 0.058 c 12653 b 56.3 a 84.46 a 14.16 c 4.67 b 30% 0.059 c 14236 a 57.1 a 85.18 a 13.46 d 4.78 a LSD ( α =.05) 0.002 890 3.8 0.93 0.21 0.06 Table 3. Comparison of Different Particle Sizes (Average of all Table 3. Comparison of Different Particle Sizes (Average of all Decortication Levels) Decortication Levels) BULK TREATMENT DENSITY AREA F*T # PEAKS L CHROMA EXPANSION (g/ml) g s RATIO PARTICLE SIZE WHOLE 0.078 a 13679 a 53.45 a 82.44 b 14.38 a 4.21 b COARSE 0.057 b 11830 c 53.38 a 84.55 a 14.22 a 4.81 a MEAL 0.077 a 12753 b 47.55 b 81.62 c 14.39 a 4.06 c LSD ( α =.05) 0.001 771 3.2 0.81 0.18 0.05 • Some sorghum samples expanded more than corn or rice; these extrudates had similar bulk densities and texture characteristics. • Decorticated sorghum samples yielded extrudates with bland flavor. • The number of peaks (an indication of crispness) was affected by the particle size, decortication level and their interaction. • The number of peaks increased as the decortication level increased • The number of peaks increased as the particle size increased. Table 1. Average Values for All Treatments Table 1. Average Values for All Treatments BULK TREATMENT DENSITY AREA F*T # PEAKS L CHROMA EXPANSION decort./particle (g/ml) g s RATIO 0% WHOLE 0.123 a 13446 b 40.7 f 78.94 g 15.21 b 3.32 j 0% COARSE 0.062 d,e 11842 c 51.1 d,e 81.10 f 15.32 b 4.41 g 0% MEAL 0.123 a 11688 c 33.1 g 75.51 h 15.35 b 3.17 k 10% WHOLE 0.075 b,c 12401 b,c 50.2 d,e 82.51 e,f 14.77 c 4.20 h 10% COARSE 0.041 g 9950 d 53.2 d,e 84.91 b,c,d 13.99 e,f 4.86 b,c 10% MEAL 0.072 c 13055 b,c 48.7 e 82.56 e,f 14.44 c,d 4.00 i 20% WHOLE 0.047 f,g 13519 b 62.2 a,b 83.57 d,e 14.53 c 4.56 e,f 20% COARSE 0.069 c,d 11814 c 54.5 c,d,e 85.93 a,b,c 13.83 e,f 5.04 a 20% MEAL 0.056 e,f 12625 b,c 52.4 d,e 83.88 d,e 14.10 d,e 4.41 g 30% WHOLE 0.067 c,d 15350 a 60.7 a,b,c 84.73 c,d 12.99 g 4.75 c,d 30% COARSE 0.056 e,f 13713 b 54.7 c,d,e 86.27 a,b 13.72 f 4.92 a,b 30%MEAL 0.055 e,f 13644 b 56.0 b,c,d 84.55 c,d 13.66 f 4.67 d,e CORN 0.055 e,f 9268 d 65.7 a 84.63 c,d 34.42 a 4.78 c,d RICE 0.085 b 12837 b,c 65.1 a 87.40 a 10.89 h 4.55 f LSD ( α =.05) 0.009 1466 6.6 1.5197 0.3666 0.118 • Bulk density of extrudates decreased as decortication level increased. • The bulk density was lower for the coarse particle size samples. • Bulk density was affected by both particle size and decortication levels. 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 0% 10% 20% 30% Decortication (%) # Peaks w w h h o o l l e e c c o o a a r r s s e e m m e e a a l l Figure 4. Number of Peaks during Breakage of Figure 4. Number of Peaks during Breakage of Extrudates during Texture Analysis. Extrudates during Texture Analysis. Raw Materials : • Lighter appearance occurred as more pericarp was removed and as the particle become smaller. • Corn meal appears yellow, and rice was white.
Transcript of Decortication Level and Particle Size Effect on Direct...
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Decortication Level and Particle Size Effect on Direct-Expanded White Sorghum ExtrudatesDAVID ACOSTA1, Marc Barron2, Mian Riaz2, Ralph Waniska1 and Lloyd Rooney1.
(1) Cereal Quality Laboratory,Texas A&M University, College Station, TX. (2) Food Protein R&D Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.
AbstractWhite sorghum samples prepared bycombining 4 different decortication levels (0,10, 20 and 30%) and three particle sizes wereextruded in a Maddox single screw friction-type extruder. A commercial yellow cornmealand polished rice were extruded as controls.The extrusion conditions were held constantfor all samples. The expansion ratio, bulkdensity, color and texture of the extrudateswere significantly affected by both particle sizeand decortication level. As the decorticationlevel increased, the extrudates tended to bewhiter, more expanded, less dense, crispierand more viscous. The extrudates made fromcoarse particle size materials had moredesirable characteristics when compared tothe other particle sizes used. Some sorghumproducts had a higher expansion ratio thanboth rice and corn, and had similar bulkdensity and texture characteristics.
Introduction Extrusion cooking is used to produce awide variety of food products with uniquesensory attributes (Desrumaux et al, 1999).Extruded food materials undergo varioustransformations, including starchgelatinization and fragmentation, andprotein denaturation, which affect theproduct properties.
The most common cereals used in theextrusion of snacks and breakfast cerealsare corn, wheat, rice and oats. Sorghumis not a major ingredient in extruded snacksand breakfast cereals (Riaz, 1997). Newwhite food sorghum hybrids produce lightcolored, bland flavored grains that havesome advantages for production of uniqueproducts. The performance of these newsorghums in different extrusion systemshas not be thoroughly evaluated.
Introduction Extrusion cooking is used to produce awide variety of food products with uniquesensory attributes (Desrumaux et al, 1999).Extruded food materials undergo varioustransformations, including starchgelatinization and fragmentation, andprotein denaturation, which affect theproduct properties.
The most common cereals used in theextrusion of snacks and breakfast cerealsare corn, wheat, rice and oats. Sorghumis not a major ingredient in extruded snacksand breakfast cereals (Riaz, 1997). Newwhite food sorghum hybrids produce lightcolored, bland flavored grains that havesome advantages for production of uniqueproducts. The performance of these newsorghums in different extrusion systemshas not be thoroughly evaluated.
Objective
Determine the effects of decortication andparticle size on the characteristics of direct-expanded white sorghum extrudates.
Materials and MethodsSamples
Grain of a white sorghum (ATx631 xRTx436) was decorticated to remove 0, 10,20 and 30% of kernel weight. The wholesorghum and the decorticated sampleswere hammer-milled using a Fitz mill andsieved. Overs of US Standard Sieves # 20(coarse) and 50 (meal) were retained.Samples of each decortication level withoutmilling (whole, decorticated grain) wereused also. ConAgra yellow corn meal andpolished long grain rice were used ascontrols.
Extrusion was performed in a single screw,friction-type Maddox Extruder Model MX-3001.All samples were tempered to 14% moisture;300 rpm screw speed was used. The die usedhad 6, 1/8 inch holes.The temperature variedaccording to the friction each sample produced .Each sample was extruded until a steady statewas reached and extrudates were sampled.
Baking of samples was performed afterextrusion in a tray oven at 100 C for 30 min.After baking, the samples were cooled andpackaged in metallic plastic-film.
Expansion ratio was the diameter of theextrudates measured with an electronic caliperdivided by the diameter of the die.
Bulk density was obtained by dividing theweight of extrudates that filled a container ofknown volume.
Texture of the extrudates was evaluated using aTexture Analyser TA-XT2 with an aluminumblade as a probe. 10 randomly selectedextrudates per treatment were analyzed. Thearea under the curve F*t and the number ofpeaks were registered.
Color (L and chroma) was determined onground extrudates passing through US standardno. 40 sieve (Hsieh et al, 1993) with a MinoltaColorimeter using CIE L*a*b* values.
Statistical Analysis was performed with SASV8 for Windows software, using α=0.05.
• Decortication and particle sizeaffected the area (an indicationof the work of initial bite).• The 30% decorticatedsamples had larger areascompared to all other samples.• Extrudates prepared fromwhole and decorticated grainalso had larger areas, followedby meal and coarse.
Conclusions• Whiter, more expanded, stronger, crispier,and bland flavored extrudates were producedusing sorghum with increasing decorticationlevel.• Extrudates with better characteristics wereprepared with coarse particle sizeingredients.• Extrudates from some sorghum sampleswere similar to corn or rice extrudates.• Variation in decortication level and particlesize affect extrudate characteristics such asexpansion ratio, crispness and bulk density.• Extrudates with good characteristics can beproduced without milling or by decorticatingsorghum.• Low-cost, friction extruders can be used toproduce an array of products.
AcknowledgementsPartial financial support from the USAID-INTSORMIL Title XII CRSP. We appreciatethe long term use of the Maddox extruderfrom the Maddox Metal Corporation, Dallas,TX.
ReferencesDesrumaux, A., Bouvier, J.M. and Burri, J. 1999.Effect of free fatty acids addition on corn gritsextrusion cooking. Cereal Chem. 76(5): 699-704.Hsieh, F., Grenus, K.M., Hu, L. and Huff, H.E. 1993.Twin-screw extrusion of rice flour with salt and sugar.Cereal Chemistry 70: 493-498.Riaz, M. 1997. Extruders in food applications. CRCPress. 2000
Fig. 3 Expansion Ratio of ExtrudatesFig. 3 Expansion Ratio of Extrudates..
2222
3333
4444
5555
0 % 1 0 % 2 0 % 3 0 %
Decortication
Dia
me
ter
(mm
)
whole
coarse
meal
• Coarse particle size expanded more duringextrusion, regardless of level of decortication(top line of graph).• The expansion ratio increased as thedecortication level increased (as expected).• The expansion ration of extrudates wasaffected by the particle size, decortication leveland their interaction.
Results.
ResultsResults..
PARTICLEPARTICLESIZESIZE
corn rice
• As can be seen in the pictures, the color of the extrudateswas affected by both the decortication level and particle size.
• The Chroma was affected by the decortication level.• Chroma decreased as decortication level increased, asexpected.• Extrudate Lightness was affected by both the decorticationlevel and particle size.• The Lightness increased as the decortication levelincreased to 20%.• Extrudate Lightness was higher prepared from coarse,followed by whole decorticated grain and meal.
whole coarse meal
DECORTICATION
+
0%
10%
20%
30%
Figure 2. Extrudates From Each Treatment.
Figure 1. Raw Materials Used.Figure 1. Raw Materials Used.
Table 2. Comparison of Different Decortication LevelsTable 2. Comparison of Different Decortication Levels(Average of all Particle Sizes)(Average of all Particle Sizes)
BULK
TREATMENT DENSITY AREA F*T # PEAKS L CHROMA EXPANSION
(g/ml) g s RATIO
DECORTICATION
0 0.103 a 12326 b 41.6 c 78.52 c 15.30 a 3.63 d
10% 0.063 b 11802 b 50.7 b 83.33 b 14.41 b 4.36 c
20% 0.058 c 12653 b 56.3 a 84.46 a 14.16 c 4.67 b
30% 0.059 c 14236 a 57.1 a 85.18 a 13.46 d 4.78 a
LSD ( α=.05) 0.002 890 3.8 0.93 0.21 0.06
Table 3. Comparison of Different Particle Sizes (Average of allTable 3. Comparison of Different Particle Sizes (Average of allDecortication Levels)Decortication Levels)
BULK
TREATMENT DENSITY AREA F*T # PEAKS L CHROMA EXPANSION
(g/ml) g s RATIO
PARTICLE SIZE
WHOLE 0.078 a 13679 a 53.45 a 82.44 b 14.38 a 4.21 b
COARSE 0.057 b 11830 c 53.38 a 84.55 a 14.22 a 4.81 a
MEAL 0.077 a 12753 b 47.55 b 81.62 c 14.39 a 4.06 c
LSD ( α=.05) 0.001 771 3.2 0.81 0.18 0.05
• Some sorghum samples expanded more than corn or rice; these extrudateshad similar bulk densities and texture characteristics.• Decorticated sorghum samples yielded extrudates with bland flavor.
• The number of peaks (an indication of crispness) wasaffected by the particle size, decortication level and theirinteraction.• The number of peaks increased as the decorticationlevel increased• The number of peaks increased as the particle sizeincreased.
Table 1. Average Values for All TreatmentsTable 1. Average Values for All TreatmentsBULK
TREATMENT DENSITY AREA F*T # PEAKS L CHROMA EXPANSION
decort./particle (g/ml) g s RATIO
0% WHOLE 0.123 a 13446 b 40.7 f 78.94 g 15.21 b 3.32 j
0% COARSE 0.062 d,e 11842 c 51.1 d,e 81.10 f 15.32 b 4.41 g
0% MEAL 0.123 a 11688 c 33.1 g 75.51 h 15.35 b 3.17 k
10% WHOLE 0.075 b,c 12401 b,c 50.2 d,e 82.51 e,f 14.77 c 4.20 h
10% COARSE 0.041 g 9950 d 53.2 d,e 84.91 b,c,d 13.99 e,f 4.86 b,c
10% MEAL 0.072 c 13055 b,c 48.7 e 82.56 e,f 14.44 c,d 4.00 i
20% WHOLE 0.047 f,g 13519 b 62.2 a,b 83.57 d,e 14.53 c 4.56 e,f
20% COARSE 0.069 c,d 11814 c 54.5 c,d,e 85.93 a,b,c 13.83 e,f 5.04 a
20% MEAL 0.056 e,f 12625 b,c 52.4 d,e 83.88 d,e 14.10 d,e 4.41 g
30% WHOLE 0.067 c,d 15350 a 60.7 a,b,c 84.73 c,d 12.99 g 4.75 c,d
30% COARSE 0.056 e,f 13713 b 54.7 c,d,e 86.27 a,b 13.72 f 4.92 a,b
30%MEAL 0.055 e,f 13644 b 56.0 b,c,d 84.55 c,d 13.66 f 4.67 d,e
CORN 0.055 e,f 9268 d 65.7 a 84.63 c,d 34.42 a 4.78 c,d
RICE 0.085 b 12837 b,c 65.1 a 87.40 a 10.89 h 4.55 f
LSD ( α=.05) 0.009 1466 6.6 1.5197 0.3666 0.118
• Bulk density of extrudates decreased as decortication level increased.• The bulk density was lower for the coarse particle size samples.• Bulk density was affected by both particle size and decortication levels.
3 03 54 04 55 05 56 06 5
0 % 1 0 % 2 0 % 3 0 %Decortication (%)
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Figure 4. Number of Peaks during Breakage ofFigure 4. Number of Peaks during Breakage ofExtrudates during Texture Analysis.Extrudates during Texture Analysis.
Raw Materials :• Lighter appearance occurred as morepericarp was removed and as the particlebecome smaller.• Corn meal appears yellow, and rice waswhite.
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