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Transcript of Deficit and new values in the linguis2c market for small ... · Deficit and new values in the...
Deficitandnewvaluesinthelinguis2cmarketforsmalllanguages
JuliaSallabankSOASUniversityofLondon
JonathanKasstanQueenMaryUniversityLondon
COSTNewSpeakersWAC2016,UniversitätHamburg,12-14May
DRAFT–PLEASEDONOTCITEWITHOUTPERMISSIONToappearinpress.
Presenta2onoutline
• Comparisonofcontexts• IdeologicalchallengesfacedbynewspeakersofGiernesieiandFrancoprovençal
• Tradi2onalvs.newlinguis2cmarkets• Towardsanewanaly2calframework
• Guernsey(ChannelIs.)• Semi-autonomousBri2shdependency
• Indigenouslanguage:Giernesiei(Norman,oïl)
• Only100-200fluentna2vespeakers?Mainlyaged80+
• Only6proficientspeakersunder60?(youngest48)
Twosmall,‘severelyendangered’languages:Giernesiei
3
Francoprovençal
(Bert et al. 2009: 14) (Hall 1949: 2)
Francoprovençal
‘Le francoprovençal tout court n’existe pas’ (Helmut Lüdtke 1971: 69). [In short, Francoprovençal does not exist].
‘Le nouveau groupe proposé [...] n'offre aucune unité géographique’ (Meyer 1875: 295). [This newly proposed dialect grouping […] does not form a discrete unit].
i) Does it actually exist?
‘Ce nom est […] un peu trompeur, car il semble suggérer qu’il s’agit d’une langue mixte’ (Walter 2003: vii). [This name is somewhat misleading, for it seems to suggest a hybrid language].
iii) A confusing name
‘Le francoprovençal existe-t-il?’ (Tuaillon 2007: 9) [Does Francoprovençal exist?]
‘[Le francoprovençal n’a] jamais fait l’objet d’une conscience linguistique commune’ (Matthey and Meune 2012: 108) [Francoprovençal has never been associated with a coherent linguistic identity]
ii) No linguistic identity?
Linguis2cmarkets
• Bourdieudevelopedtheconceptoffieldsormarkets(e.g.1991)– Notonlywithregardtolanguage
• Economiccapital:money,assets• Culturalcapital:knowledge,skills,educa2on,tastes• Symboliccapital:pres2ge,creden2als• Oneformofcapitalmaybeconvertedintoanother
– e.g.pres2gewaysofspeakingfacilitateknowledgeacquisi2onandeconomicadvantage
• Fundamentallinkbetweenac2onsandinterests
Damnediftheydo,anddamnediftheydon’t
• Newspeakersofsmall,highlyendangeredlanguagesfindthemselvesinadouble-bind
• Older/na2vespeakersexpressadesireforyoungerpeopletolearnsuchlanguages
• Thereisincreasingdesireamongyoungerpeopleforlanguagerevitalisa2on
• Butnewspeakersaremarginalisedbyself-appointedgate-keeperstotradi2onallinguis2cmarkets– Na2vespeakersactasgate-keeperstolinguis2cmarketswhere‘authen2clanguage’(Coupland2003:419)iscarefullymonitoredandmaintained
Commonissuesre:GiernesieiandFrancoprovençal
• Ownership(powerinthelinguis2cmarket)– Newspeakersbeingrobbedoflanguageopportuni2es
• Authen2city,legi2macy• Status(language~dialect?)andglohonyms• Cri2cismanddiscouragement• Mythofnoearliernewspeakers• Lackofopportuni2estoprac2se• Insufficientaccesstoinput• Differentstrategiesamongnewspeakers-acceptauthorityorrebel?
Legi2macy,authen2cityandauthorityinsmalllanguages
• Na2ve-speakerism– “languageguardians”upholdtradi2onalwaysofspeaking– maintenanceoftradi2onalpower(elders=authori2es)– “LotsofpeopleseeGiernesieiasanostalgicthingandalmostasasecretsocietyorclubwithanaudiblemembershipcardtobelongtothecommunity”–prospec)venewspeaker,M,40s(SallabankandMarquisinpress)
• Linguis2cvariantsproducedbynewspeakersarecri2cised(delegi2mised)andrejected– “Wedon’tlikepeoplewhospeakourpatoisbadlyweprefertospeakwithrealpatoisspeakersandtospeakeitherFrenchorourrealpatois,butnottomassacrethepatois”–Swissna2vespeaker,M,80+(Kasstaninpress)
Tradi2onallinguis2cmarketsforsmalllanguages
• Tradi2onal(na2ve)speakershaveaccesstoheritagelanguagesassymboliccapital
• InGuernsey,Englishwasusedforu2litarianeventssuchascommercialandofficialtransac2ons;Frenchwasusedforreligion,hashighstatus;Giernesieifulfilledapha2coraffec2verole;nowanostalgicone.Francoprovençalasa“languedelaterre”
• Impactonlanguagedevelopment– Giernesiei/Francoprovençalassociatedwiththepast– lexicalmodernisa2onetc.isnotfelttobeapriority
‘Alterna2ve’marketvalues
• Therehavebeensomeahemptsto(re)definemarketvalueswhichvaloriseminority/heritagelanguages:
1. Schiffman:‘asortoflinguis2cblack-market’(2002:98)
– waysthatofficialmarketsareunderminedorresisted– analogoustoLabov’s(1972)‘covertpres2ge’orsolidarity-
drivenvaluesinlinguis2cpsychology– nofurtherdetails/developmentontheidea
2. ‘Linguis2cEmancipa2on’(Huss&Lindgreneds.2011)– ‘condi2onsthatmustbepresentforagivenunderprivileged
languagetomoveupwardsonanimaginedhierarchicalscaleoflanguages’(Bull2013:33)
– ‘toimaginedifferent,moreorlessparallellinguis2cmarkets,e.g.global…,na2onal…and,inaddi2on,severallinguis2csubmarkets’(Bull2013:44)
‘Linguis2csub-markets’
• Partofminoritysociolinguis2chabitusisthetradi2onaldeficitideologyaboutminoritylanguages
• Blackmarketvaluesandemancipa2onexplainrevalorisa2onandmaintenanceoflow-statusvarie2es
• Buttheydonotcaterforthedifferingvalue-systemsoftradi2onalvs.newspeakers
• Inourcontexts,anotherpartofhabitusisideologiesoflegi2macyandthedominanceofna2ve-speakermodels
‘Linguis2csub-markets’
• Ineffectnewspeakersarecrea2ngasub-marketofalinguis2csub-market:– revitalisa2on(Giernesiei);– reclama2on(Francoprovençal);– Parallelwithmarke2ngtheory:micro-marketsforlocaleconomies
• Whileprospec2venewspeakersaresocialisedintotheseideologies,somearealsowillingtochallengeassump2onsinordertomakethelanguagestheirown
Newmarketvalues?• Refusinggate-keeper‘authen2city’• Alterna2veglohonyms• Symboliclanguageuseisbecominganincreasinglyimportantforumfor‘preserving’GuernesiaisandFrancoprovencal– Performance,song,‘heritage’/‘cultural’events
• Iden2ty-construc2on(personalandpoli2cal)– Indexicality(Silverstein2003)
• Commodifica2onoflocallanguage– Placebrandingandpoli2calagendas– Linguis2clandscape
• Most(ifnotall)ofthesearearguablyexamplesofpost-vernacularlanguageuse(orconcepts)
Challengingauthorityinlinguis2cmarkets
• Post-vernacularlanguageusedoesnotchallengena2ve-speakerism– Itreproducesandperpetuatestheno2onthatnewspeakerswillnever/can’tbecomelegi2mate(fullyfluent/accurate)speakers
• Mudeshavebeeniden2fiedasafeatureofnewspeakers– ‘acri2caljunctureinthelifecyclewhereaspeakerchangeslinguis2cprac2ceinfavourofthetargetlanguage’(Walsh&O’Rourke2014:68)
– Commitmenttospeakingthelanguage– Newspeakersadoptlanguageasanewcurrency
• ‘ac2velydefiningthesociolinguis2clandscapeintheirownterms’(Jaffe2015:38)
Poten2alsourcesofauthority(power)ina‘newlinguis2cmarket’
• Languageknowledgethroughformallessons• Exper2segainedthroughlinguis2cstudiesandlanguage
documenta2on• Involvementinlanguagepolicyandplanning
– Bothtop-downandbohom-uparenas• Commitmentdemonstratedthroughac2vism(linguis2c,
poli2cal?)• Neworthographicproposalsandprac2ces• Languagedevelopment:terminology,newspeakervarie2es• ‘wecanunderstandthenewcommunica2veorderasa
future-orientedflexible,vacilla2ngandchangeablephenomenonratherthanasta2c,frozenandrigidstatebasedonheritageonly’(WalshandO’Rourke2015:2)
Someconclusions…
• Lookingforpoten2alnewmarketvalues– to‘havelocallanguagesandculturescon2nueinwhateverformtheymaytake’(Goodfellow2009:21)
• OvercomingideologicalchallengesfacedbynewspeakersofRMLs:– authen2city,ownership,(il)legi2macy
• Challenging‘post-vernacularity’asagoal– Impliesterminaldecline– Pessimis2candinsul2ngviewofnewspeakerabili2es
• Newkindsofmarketvalues,‘currencies’orlinguis2ccapitalfor‘newspeakercommuni2es’–whatmighttheselooklike?
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