DECiSION SuPORT sysTEM - Gunadarma
Transcript of DECiSION SuPORT sysTEM - Gunadarma
How Can Information Systems Help Managerial Work?
◦What do managers do?◦ Functions:
◦ Planning, organizing, actuating, controlling (POAC)
◦ Roles
◦ interpersonal
◦ informational
◦ Decisional
Membutuhkan bantuan utk pengolahan informasi - reducing uncertainty and resolving equivocality (PERLU INFORMASI YANG KAYA – RICHNESS)
Which media is more suitable to support managerial work?
Less Rich More Rich
Rules &
regulationsMIS special
reportsDSS Direct
contact
Group
meetings
Media Richness
Equivocality reduction(clarify, reach
agreements
decide which questions
to ask)Uncertainty reduction(obtain additional data
seek answers to explicit questions)
Decision Making Process
◦ Intelligence
◦ Sensing, finding, identifying, and defining
problem/opportunity
◦ Design
◦ Diagnosing the problem/opportunity
◦ Generating alternatives
◦ Choice
◦ Choosing the best alternative
Decision Support Systems
◦an information system
◦purpose to provide information for making
informed decisions
◦ interactive (needed for experimenting and
prospecting)
Definitions of DSS
◦ Gorry and Scott-Morton (1971): Management Decision Systems --
Interactive computer-based systems, which help decision makers
utilize data and models to solve unstructured problems.
◦ Keen and Scott-Morton (1978): Decision support systems couple the
intellectual resources of individuals with the capabilities of the
computer to improve the quality of decisions. It is a computer-based
support system for management decision makers who deal with semi-
structured problems.
Basic Themes of DSS
◦ Information systems.
◦ Used by managers.
◦ Used in making decisions.
◦ Used to support, not to replace people.
◦ Used when the decision is "semistructured" or "unstructured."
◦ Incorporate a database of some sort.
◦ Incorporate models.
Types of Decisions in an Organization◦ Structured decisions
◦ Can be automated because a well-defined standard operating procedure exists for these types of decisions
◦ Known as programmable tasks
◦ Semistructured decisions
• Include a structured aspect that benefits from information retrieval, analytical models, and information systems technology
◦ Unstructured decisions
• One-time decisions with no standard operating procedure
• Decision maker’s intuition plays a important role as information technology offers less support for the decisions
• Challenges in semistructured and unstructured decisions
◦ Involve multiple criteria
◦ Users have to choose between conflicting objectives
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Working Definition of DSS
◦ A DSS is an interactive, flexible, and adaptable CBIS,
specially developed for supporting the solution of a non-
structured management problem for improved decision
making. It utilizes data, it provides easy user interface,
and it allows for the decision maker’s own insights
◦ DSS may utilize models, is built by an interactive process
(frequently by end-users), supports all the phases of the
decision making, and may include a knowledge
component
Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, Efraim Turban and Jay E. Aronson, 6th edition
Copyright 2001, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ
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Characteristics and Capabilities of DSS
1. Provide support in semi-structured and unstructured situations,
includes human judgment and computerized information
2. Support for various managerial levels
3. Support to individuals and groups
4. Support to interdependent and/or sequential decisions
5. Support all phases of the decision-making process
6. Support a variety of decision-making processes and styles
(more)
Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, Efraim Turban and Jay E. Aronson, 6th edition
Copyright 2001, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ
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7. Are adaptive
8. Have user friendly interfaces
9. Goal: improve effectiveness of decision making
10. The decision maker controls the decision-making process
11. End-users can build simple systems
12. Utilizes models for analysis
13. Provides access to a variety of data sources, formats, and types
Decision makers can make better, more consistent decisions in a timely manner
Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, Efraim Turban and Jay E. Aronson, 6th edition
Copyright 2001, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ
Intelligence Phase◦ Decision maker examines the organization’s environment for conditions that need
decisions
◦ Data is collected from a variety of sources and processed
• Allows decision maker to discover ways to approach the problem
Design Phase
◦ Defines criteria for the decision
◦ Generates alternatives for meeting the criteria
◦ Defines associations between the criteria and the alternatives
◦ Requires understanding how each alternative affects the criteria
◦ Information technology does not support this phase of decision making
Choice Phase
◦ Involves selecting best and most effective course of action is from the alternatives
◦ Analyzes each alternative and its relationship to the criteria to determine whether it is
feasible
◦ Decision support system (DSS)
• Helps sort through possible solutions to choose the best one for the organization
• Includes tools for calculating cost-benefit ratios
Implementation Phase◦ Organization devises a plan for carrying out the alternative selected in the choice
phase and obtains the resources to implement the plan
◦ DSS does a follow-up assessment on how well a solution is performing
Components of a Decision Support System
◦ Database
◦ Includes internal and external data, and a database
management system (DBMS)
◦ Enables a DSS to perform data analysis operations
◦ Model base
◦ Includes mathematical and statistical models that enable a DSS
to analyze information
DSS Capabilities
◦ DSS includes following features to support decision making
◦ What-if analysis
◦ Goal-seeking
• Sensitivity analysis
• Exception reporting analysis
◦ Other capabilities
• Graphical analysis, forecasting, simulation, statistical analysis,
and modeling analysis
Roles in the DSS Environment
◦ User
• Crucial because they use the DSS
• Include department or organizational units in addition to people
◦ Managerial designer
• Defines the management issues in designing and using a DSS
• Issues are related to management’s goals and needs
◦ Technical designer
• Focuses on how the DSS is implemented
• Addresses questions about data storage, file structure, user access, response time, and security measures
◦ Model builder
• Liaison between users and designers
• Responsible for supplying information on:
- What the model does
- What data inputs the model accepts
◦ How the model’s output should be interpreted
◦ What assumptions go into creating and using the model
MOHON DIBACAJOURNAL ARTICLE
A PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH TO DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS STEPHEN J. HOCH AND DAVID A. SCHKADE