December 16, 2010

•What caused the division in the civil rights movement? What problems were faced by African Americans living in the North?

–Presentations of Section 3–Notes from Section 3–Study Guide handed out–Description of Review for Tomorrow

•Homework: Group Work

Civil Rights 1960’s

Common Factors:• Calls for pride in

black identity • Commitment to

change the social/economic structures that kept people in poverty

Uncommon Factors:

• Movement turns attention to North in 1965

• New Leadership=New Methods

Northern Segregation:De Facto

Segregation• Exists by practice

and custom• Harder to fight• Difficult to

convince whites to share economic and social power

De Jure Segregation

• Segregation by law

• Can be appealed by laws

De Facto Segregation• Intensified after WWII as

A.A. migrated to Norhtern cities

• “white flight” – whites moved into suburbs

• Most A.A. left in urban slums – landlords did obey city

health codes– Schools deteriorated

with neighborhoods– Unemployment rates

2x as high

Anger is Building

• Brutal treatment from mostly white cops• 1966 – King campaigned in Chicago to

end de facto segregation and make the city an “open city”

• When King led the demonstration through white Chicago neighborhood, they through rocks and bottles

• After a second instance, King left without accomplishing his goal.

Violence Erupts in New York in 1964• An encounter

between white police and A.A. teenagers causes death of 15 year old student

• Race riot of Central Harlem is sparked

Violence Erupts in Los Angeles

• 34 killed and hundreds of dollars of property destroyed

• Watts neighborhood Riot one of the worst in our nation’s history

Urban Violence Erupts

• A.A. rage baffled many whites due to victories in the South

• Some realized A.A. needed economic equality (housing, jobs, education)

• Johnson set up relief for poverty but those funds redirected to Vietnam Conflict

Malcolm X• urged followers to take

control of communities, livelihoods, & culture

• Born Malcom Little• Father killed by white

racists• Mother had emotional

collapse• He and his siblings

under care of the state• Quit school and jailed

for criminal behavior

Malcolm X & African-American Solidarity

• Joined Nation of Islam (Black Muslims) and developed philosophy of black superiority and separatism from whites

• Advocated armed self-defense which frightened most whites and many A.A.

• Resented by other members of Nation of Islam

• Urged A.A. to work with world organizations and white progressives to obtain equality

• Silenced by a gunman

Ballots or Bullets• March 1964 – Malcolm X left Elijah Muhammed

over differences in strategy and formed another Muslim organization

• Embarked on piligrimage to Mecca • He learned that orothodox Islam preached racial

equality and he worshipped with other nationalities• His attitude towards whites changed dramatically

– “if you don’t use the ballot, then forced to use bullet”

• February 21, 1965 – he was killed while giving a speech in Harlem

Black Power• June 1966 – tensions

building between SNCC & others

• Jame Meredith set out for “walk against fear” where he was shot

• SCLC, CORE, & Stokely Carmicheal of SNCC decided finish Meredith’s walk

• SNCC & CORE were more militant as they shouted slogans similar to those of Malcom X– “we shall overcome”

became “we shall overrun”

• Police arrested him for tent on grounds of all-black high school

• showed up beaten at the rally, the crowd was electrified

• Black Power: was a “call for black people to begin to define their goals…and to lead their own organizations”

• King asked it be stopped• Carmichael refused and

said that SNCC should deny white members in A.A. pride movement

Black Panthers• Oakland, CA in

October 1966– Founded by Huey

Newton & Bobby Seale

– Wanted to fight police brutality in the ghetto

– Advocated self-sufficiency for A.A. communities as well as employment and decent housing

Black Panthers Continued• A.A. should be exempt from

draft in Vietnam• Dressed in black leather

jackets, black berets, and sunglasses

• Preached self-defense and sold copies of Mao Zedong’s writings

• Investigated thoroughly and found most activities were legal

• Daycares• Breakfast programs• Medical clinics• Homeless assisstance

1968 – The Turning Point

• King Objected to Black Power movement

• Preaching violence could only end in grief

• Planning to lead Poor People’s March on Washington D.C.

King’s Death

• April 3, 1968 – addressed a crowd in Memphis

• Next day he stood on his hotel balcony and was shot

• James Earl Ray was his assassin

Reaction to King’s Death

• Robert Kennedy campaigning for presidency as King was assassinated

• Scheduled to appear in A.A. neighborhood, advisors say don’t go

• He goes anyway pleaing to stop the violence

King’s Death led to Riots

• Over 100 cities in flames– Baltimore– Chicago – Kansas City– Washington,

D.C.

Another Kennedy Assassination

• Robert Kennedy assassinated in June 1968 by Jordanian immigrant who was angry over Kennedy’s support of Israel

Legacy of Civil Rights• Kerner Commission –

Johnson appointed to study causes of urban violence– Main cause = white racism– Solution = create more

jobs, construct new housing, end de facto segregation

• Johnson ignored many recommendations

Civil Rights Gains• Ended de jure segregation by bringing legal

protection• Civil Rights Act of 1968 – ended discrimination in

housing• A.A. had greater pride in racial identity and

proudly displayed heritage– Appeared more frequently in movies/TV

• More voting = more representation• More A.A. holding public offices• Many activitists went on to be political leaders

– Reverand Jesse Jackson– Vernon Jordan– Andrew Young

Unfinished Work

• Riots and confrontational groups led whites to fear and not support further changes

• White flight led to reversed progress in integration of urban schools

• Lack of jobs remained

Affirmative Action

• Making special efforts to hire or enroll groups who have suffered discrimination

• Programs adopted by many colleges and government jobs

• By 1970’s seen as “reverse discrimination”

• 1980’s some of the requirements were eased