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Decay Fungi - Indicators of Tree Defect in Southeast …...Ganoderma (Fomes) applanatum • On bole,...
Transcript of Decay Fungi - Indicators of Tree Defect in Southeast …...Ganoderma (Fomes) applanatum • On bole,...
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Decay Fungi- Indicators of Tree Defect in Southeast Alaska
by Paul Hennon USDA Forest Service Alaska Region, Forest Health Protection Ken Dinsmore USDA Forest Service Alaska Region, Forest Management
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Decay fungi cause enormous economic loss to the forests of coastal Alaska. They also play vital ecological roles by cycling nutrients, causing gap-level disturbance, providing wildlife habitat, and enhancing diversity. This guide is designed to assist in the recognition of decay organisms and other possible tree defect factors.
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RED BELT FUNGUSFomitopsis (Fomes) pinicola
• Any location on wood; abundant • Conk is perennial, shelf shaped
▪ Top is black or grey, with or without red band on edge
▪ Bottom is creamy white• Causes brown cubical rot • Young-growth: cull 8’ above and below, Old-
growth: cull 16’ above and below
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CHICKEN OF THE WOODSLaetiporus sulphureus
• Usually on lower main bole• Conk large, shelving in clusters
▪ Upper and lower surfaces are bright yellow or orange
▪ Conk is white, soggy after it dies• Causes brown cubical rot• Cull 8’ above and 8’ below conk
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VELVET TOP FUNGUSPhaeolus (Polyporus) schweinitzii
• Located at base of tree, lower bole, or arising from roots near tree
• Conk is annual, large clustering ▪ Top and bottom brown, velvety yellow, green, or brown margin
▪ Conk is dark brown when dead• Causes brown cubical rot• Cull fi rst 16’
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QUININE CONKFomitopsis (Fomes) offi cinalis
• On bole with branch stubs, wounds, usually on spruce or pine
▪ Conk is large, hoof shaped ▪ Top white, grey, or white-green ▪ Bottom is white ▪ Inside is white, chalky, bitter
• Causes brown cubical rot• 1 conk=cull entire tree
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RED RING ROTPhellinus (Fomes) pini
• Any Location on bole of live trees, especially under branch crotches
▪ Conk is perennial, shelf-shaped ▪ Top is dark brown, hairy ▪ Bottom is rusty, pores angular ▪ Inside is bright rusty brown ▪ Causes white pocket rot
• Cull 20’ above and below conk, 1 conk on hemlock=cull whole tree
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ARTIST’S CONKGanoderma (Fomes) applanatum
• On bole, usually of downed trees• Conk is perennial, shelf shaped
▪ Top is dusty with orange-tan spores ▪ Bottom is white, turning dark brown rapidly when touched
▪ Inside is dark brown• Causes white rot• Cull 8’ above and 8’ below conk
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ARMILLARIA SHOE STRING ROTArmillaria spp.
• Usually on roots or lower bole• Mushrooms uncommon, occur at tree base,
variable, yellow-tan• Black shoe-string-like structures & white my-
celia fans common• Causes white stringy rot• Cull fi rst 16’
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BOREALIS CONKClimacocystis (Polyporus) borealis
• On bole, near base of tree• Small, annual shelving white conk
▪ Top is white, shaggy ▪ Bottom is white, has large pores
• Causes white mottled rot• Host is Sitka spruce• Cull 4’ above stump height
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YELLOW CAP FUNGUSPholiota adiposa
• On bole, usually near base• Mushrooms in clusters, yellow-brown scales on
cap• Gills yellow or brown• Causes brown-mottled white rot (classifi ed as
white rot)• Cull fi rst 16’ of tree if occurring at base, if
above base of tree cull 16’ above and below conk
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LACQUER CONKGanoderma tsugae
• On bole, usually on downed tree• Conk is often large, solitary on stalk
▪ Top is shiny, red-brown crust ▪ Bottom is white with pores ▪ Inside is creamy white
• Causes white rot• Cull the entire log/ tree
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CORAL FUNGUSHericium abietis
• On bole, usually with large scar• Conk is large, white or cream, fragile pendant
spines (teeth)• Causes white rot with small pockets• Deduct 6’ above and 6’ below the conk
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INDIAN PAINT FUNGUSEchinodontium tinctorium
• Any location on bole of hemlock ▪ Conk is perennial, hoof-shaped ▪ Top is black, hard, cracked ▪ Bottom is grey spines or teeth ▪ Inside is bright red or orange
• Causes laminated stringy white rot• Cull 20’ above and 20’ below a single conk. If
conks are seperated by more than 25’ cull the entire tree
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ANNOSUS BUTT ROTHeterobasidion annosum
• Located at tree base, often in duff• Conk uncommon
▪ Top is brown or black ▪ Bottom is white, no pores in wide band around irregular margin
• Causes white spongy or pocket rot• Cull the fi rst 16’ of tree
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BLACK SEAM
• Can appear on all tree species • Indicates some level of decay • Amount of defect determined by judgment
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BASAL SCAR
• Large open wound at base of tree• Some caused by animals, logging equipment,
falling trees, etc.• Decay amount is related to size and age of scar
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BOLE SCAR
• Open wound below merchantable top and above ground
• Old and large scars have the highest degree of wood decay
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BOLE FLUTING
• On boles of western hemlocks, sometimes far up bole
• Ridges and deeply incised folds, with bark occurring in wood
• Not necessarily associated with rot unless tree has other indicator
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BOLE DEFORMITY
• Usually on western hemlock• Often caused by dwarf mistletoe• May have sound wood, or may be associated
with decay, especially if exposed decay or conks are present
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BURLS
• Common on Sitka spruce• Cause is unknown• Many burls are sound, unless they have visible
decay or conks
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DEAD STANDING TREE
• May be sound, or have: ▪ Internal heartwood decay ▪ Sapwood decay ▪ Staining ▪ Checking
• Amount of decay carries greatly by time-since-death and tree species