Decades of Change

Adams/Jackson

Industrial Revolution

2nd Great Awakening

James Monroe and John Quincy Adams

• James Monroe became the 5th President of the United States.

• His Secretary of State was John Quincy Adams.

Nationalism– John Q. Adams believed in Nationalism

- the idea that national interests should be placed ahead of regional concerns.

– He wanted to expand America west.

– He wrote the Adam-Onis Treaty. It gave Florida and Oregon to America.

Monroe Doctrine• Adams also wrote the Monroe

Doctrine. The Monroe Doctrine warned European countries to stay out of the affairs (business) of the western hemisphere and that America was closed to colonization by any European countries.

Look at the picture and answer the following questions.

_____1. Which country is not on the map?

a.China b. Africa c. Europe

_____2. How do you know this is the Monroe Doctrine?

a.It says “Welcome” b. Uncle Sam is smiling c. It says “hands off”

_____3. Who is saying “hands off”?

a.Africa b. Europe c. America

_____4. What is America saying?

a.That Europe and Africa are not welcome

b.That America is better than Europe and Africa

c.That Uncle Sam is bigger than America

_____5. Why is there only one person in the picture?

a.He represents the President and Americans

b.He is the only person there

c.He is the biggest person in America

Adams and Jackson

• Andrew Jackson and John Quincy Adams ran for President.

• Jackson won the popular votes, but Adams won the electoral votes.

Corrupt Bargain

• Henry Clay urged members of the House of Representatives to vote for Adams.

• Adams won and became the 6th President of the United States.

• He made Clay the Secretary of State. • This was called the Corrupt Bargain.

American SystemJohn Adams believed in The American System.

This was a group of proposals by Henry Clay:

1. A National Bank

2. Protective Tariffs to protect young businesses from foreign competition.

3. Federal Government to pay for internal improvements (roads)

Banks• The Second Bank of the United

States was founded in 1816.

• Called the Bank of the United States (BUS)

• This bank helped keep the supply of money in the United States stable.

Protective Tariffs• The Tariff of 1816 was written

to protect America’s young businesses.

• Not liked by the South because of the higher cost of items, but liked by the North because they manufactured many of them.

Internal Improvements• National Road – The first road

built with federal money. It ran from Maryland to Virginia.

• A canal is a man-made ditch that connects sources of water.

• Erie Canal was built with federal money to connect the Hudson River to Lake Erie in New York.

Missouri Compromise

• In 1820 slavery was still a problem. New states and their slave status was debated.

• The Missouri Compromise was issued.

• It said Missouri would enter the union as a slave state and Maine would enter as a free state.

• The Louisiana Territory would enter the union as ½ free and ½ slave.

Jackson’s Presidency

• Jackson (also known as Old Hickory) ran again for President in 1828 against Adams and won.

• He supported the common man – ordinary people not from the wealthy or well-educated class.

• He also believed in a spoils system – the practice of giving government jobs to political supporters.

Indian Removal• Under Jackson, Congress passed the

Indian Removal Act in 1830. This law authorized the President to negotiate treaties of “removal” with the Indians.

• Their tribal land would be exchanged for lands west of the Mississippi River.

• White settlers would be allowed to settle in the new land.

Trail of Tears

• The first group of Indians to be relocated was the Choctaw tribe of Mississippi. The Creek tribe of Alabama went next. They were forced to walk a trail from their land to Oklahoma during the winter of 1838-1839. Over 20% of them died.

• This route became known as the Trail of Tears.

The Trail of Tears

More Changes• While America was settling lands

west, more changes were coming.

• These decades of change would include an Industrial Revolution and the Second Great Awakening.

End of Part 1

Industrial Revolution

• Revolution – a period of rapid change.

• In America, a period of industrial and social changes took place.

• This Industrial Revolution led to a change from hand-made goods to machine made things.

• It had started in Great Britain but spread to America.

ChangesMany changes took place that helped America move farther west:

– Factories– Communication – the way that information

is sent.– Transportation – the way people and goods

are moved from place to place

Factories

• Industries began to use water and steam to run their machines.

• Workers began to work in factories.

• Things could now be made quickly.

• To get these goods from the factory to the market required new kinds of transportation.

Communication

• New types of communication helped spread ideas quickly.

• They included:– Printing Press – allowed people to print

newspapers cheaper– Postal Service – allowed people to receive

mail cheaper– Telegraph – invented by Samuel Morse

allowed messages to be sent instantly through electronic signals.

Transportation• New types of transportation were

being used.– Steamboats – Robert Fulton’s

invention provided reliable travel

– Canals – were built to connect waterways

– Railroads – George Stephenson’s steam locomotive helped connect parts of the country and allowed people to move farther west.

More ChangesThe changes of the Industrial Revolution led to even more change.

This time the change was related to reformation and religion.

It was the beginning of the Second Great Awakening.

The 2nd Great

Awakening

The 2nd Great

Awakening

Second Great Awakening • The Second Great Awakening was a

religious renewal that started in the 1830s and swept the nation.

• It awakened the social conscience of the United States.

• It led to a series of reform movements:– Abolition Movement– Women’s Rights Movement– Others

Religion &The 2nd Great Awakening

• Revivals – religious gatherings were meetings to awaken religious faith through intense preaching.

• Unitarian – Disagreed with the public emotion of the revivals but believed in a gradual process of change.

• African-American – in the South slaves and free worshiped in the same building, in the East they had their own churches.

22ndnd Great Awakening Great AwakeningAfrican American ChurchesAfrican American Churches

22ndnd Great Awakening Great AwakeningAfrican American ChurchesAfrican American Churches

• This led to the formation of all-black Methodist and Baptist churches, primarily in the North

• African Methodist Episcopal (A. M. E.) had over 17,000 members by 1846

Romanticism• Romanticism was a literary and

artistic movement that focused on the appreciation of the beauty of nature and the emotions of a person.

• It was influenced by Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper and Edgar Allan Poe.

Romanticism Read the following passages to answer the questions below.

Washington Irving - “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”

They are given to all kinds of marvellous beliefs, are subject to trances and visions, and frequently see strange sights, and hear music and voices in the air. The whole neighborhood abounds with local tales, haunted spots, and twilight superstitions; stars shoot and meteors glare oftener across the valley than in any other part of the country, and the nightmare, with her whole ninefold, seems to make it the favorite scene of her gambols.

The dominant spirit, however, that haunts this enchanted region, and seems to be commander-in-chief of all the powers of the air, is the apparition of a figure on horseback, without a head.

_____1. What things happen here?

a. Sights b. Voices c. Visions d. A, B and C

_____2. What is the dominant spirit?

a.A ghost without a head b. A President c. None

_____3. What does the spirit do?

a.Drives a car b. Shoots stars c. Rides a horse

_____4. This area seems superstitious.

a.True b. False

_____5. The spirits are only in one place.

a. True b. False

James F. Cooper – “The Last of the Mohicans”

Where are the blossoms of those summers!--fallen, one by one; so all of my family departed, each in his turn, to the land of spirits. I am on the hilltop and must go down into the valley; and when Uncas follows in my footsteps there will no longer be any of the blood of the Sagamores, for my boy is the last of the Mohicans.

_____1. What has fallen one by one?

a.The blossoms b. His family c. A&B

_____2. What has happened to his family?

a.Died b. Moved away c. Traveled ahead

_____3. Who is Uncas?

a.The speaker’s son b. The speaker c. The army

_____4. What is the mood of the speaker?

a.Happy b. Excited c. Sad

_____5. Why is Uncas special?•He is the last of his family•He is the oldest of his family•He is the strongest of his family

RomanticismRead the following passage from Edgar Allen Poe and answer the questions below.

Edgar Allan Poe – The RavenAh, distinctly I remember, it was in the bleak December; And each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor. Eagerly I wished the morrow; -- vainly I had sought to borrow from my books surcease of sorrow -- sorrow for the lost Lenore -- For the rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore --            Nameless here for evermore.

_____1. How does the author feel

a. Happy b. Glad c. Sad

_____2. What time of year is it?

a. Winter b. Spring c. Summer

_____3. Lenore is dead.

a. True b. False

_____4. The author did not love Lenore.

a. True b. False

_____5. How did the author try to forget Lenore?

a. Talking to friends b. Reading c. Singing

Transcendentalism• Transcendentalism was an extension

of Romanticism.

• They believed intuition was the key to spiritual enlightenment and that the spiritual was more important than the physical.

• It was influenced by Emerson, Thoreau, Melville, Hawthorne, and Whitman.

TranscendentalismEmerson and Thoreau

Ralph Waldo Emerson – “Nature”

But if a man would be alone, let him look at the stars. The rays that come from those heavenly worlds, will separate between him and what he touches. One might think the atmosphere was made transparent with this design, to give man, in the heavenly bodies, the perpetual presence of the sublime. Seen in the streets of cities, how great they are! If the stars should appear one night in a thousand years, how would men believe and adore; and preserve for many generations the remembrance of the city of God which had been shown! But every night come out these envoys of beauty, and light the universe with their admonishing smile.

_____1. What is he describing?

a.The City b. The Lights c. The Stars

_____2. What do the stars remind us of?

a.The city of God b. The army of men c. The skin

_____3. When do you see the stars?

a.Every month b. Once in 100 years c. Every night

_____4. What does their “smile” do?

a.Light the universe b. Make us smile c. Separate us

_____5. What does not describe the stars?

a. Beautiful b. Heavenly c. Dull

Henry David Thoreau – “Walden”

The mass of men lead lives of quiet desperation. What is called resignation is confirmed desperation. .... A stereotyped but unconscious despair is concealed even under what are called the games and amusements of mankind.

_____1. What is the author talking about?

a.Nature b. Desperation c. Stereotypes

_____2. Unconscious despair is hidden.

a. True b. False

_____3. Thoreau says despair is even there when we are amused.

a.True b. False

_____4. Who is desperate?

a.No one b. Most men c. The young

_____5. According to Thoreau, unconscious despair is concealed but is still despair.

a. True b. False

TranscendentalismHawthorne and Whitman

Nathaniel Hawthorne –

“The Scarlet Letter”

In a moment, however, wisely judging that one token of her shame would but poorly serve to hide another, she took the baby on her arm, and with a burning blush, and yet a haughty smile, and a glance that would not be abashed, looked around at her townspeople and neighbours. On the breast of her gown, in fine red cloth, surrounded with an elaborate embroidery and fantastic flourishes of gold thread, appeared the letter A.

_____1. What was her baby a token of?

a.Pride b. Shame c. Honor

_____2. What was elaborate, made of fine red cloth and embroidered with flourishes of gold?

a.The baby b. The Letter A c. Her gown

_____3. How did she feel?

a.Embarrassed b. Proud c. Happy

_____4. Where was the letter A located?

A.On her arm b. On her gown c. On her baby

_____5. Which describes the woman?•A stranger in town•A new person in town•A local woman

Walt Whitman – “Song of Myself”

I celebrate myself, and sing myself,And what I assume you shall assume,For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you. ..I too am not a bit tamed, I too am untranslatable,I harbor for good or bad, I permit to speak at every hazard,Nature without check with original energy

_____1. How does he feel?

a.Proud b. Sad c. Hurt

_____2. Which describes him?

a.Tamed b. Untranslatable c. Habor good only

_____3. Which does not describe him?

a.Tamed b. Untranslatable c. Original energy

_____4. What part of him belongs to you?

a.Everything b. Nothing c. The good part only

_____5. What is his personality?

a. Strong b. Nervous c. Scared

American Culture• The romanticism and

transcendentalism movements helped form American culture.

• American Culture – the art and learning that is uniquely American rather than European.

School Reform

• Horace Mann believed education was the best way to deal with society’s problems.

• He pushed for free public education and for schools to train teachers.

Prison Reform• Dorothea Dix encourage reforms in

mental institutions and prisons.

• She won reforms for mental patients and inmates.

Prison Reform Dorothea Dix attracted much attention to the prison and institution reform movement by her report detailing the horrors to which the mentally ill were subjected, like being chained, kept in cages and closets, and beaten with rods.

_____1. Who were kept in cages? a.Dorothea Dix b. The mentally ill c. The slaves

_____2. Who helped get the reforms?a.Dorothea Dix b. The mentally ill c. The slaves

_____3. Was this a successful attempt?a.Yes b. No

_____4. How did Dorothea get changes?a.She reported them b. She forced them to change c. She did not

_____5. Which one did not happen?•Kept in cages b. Being chained c. Beat with whips

Utopian Societies• Social Experiments – communities of

like-minded people who want to try different ways of organizing society.

• Utopian communities were groups who wanted to create a perfect place.

• These social experiments all failed.

Abolitionists• The Abolition Movement was a

movement that wanted to abolish slavery; also called the anti-slavery movement.

• Leaders in the movement were– William Lloyd Garrison– Frederick Douglass– Harriet Tubman– Sojourner Truth– Nat Turner

William Lloyd Garrison

• William Lloyd Garrison – – Published anti-slavery

newspaper “The Liberator”

– Helped establish the American Anti-Slavery Society

– Believed in immediate end to slavery.

The LiberatorThe Liberator

Premiere issue January 1, 1831Premiere issue January 1, 1831

Frederick Douglass

• Frederick Douglass – – Born a slave but escaped

to a free state– Supporters purchased his

freedom– Spoke out against slavery – Published the “North

Star” an abolitionist newspaper

Anti-Slavery AlphabetAnti-Slavery Alphabet

Harriet Tubman• Harriet Tubman

– A former slave– Helped others escape to free states by

using the Underground Railroad– Underground Railroad was a system of

roads and trails used by runaway slaves to reach free states in the North with a series of “safe houses” for food and shelter along the way.

The Underground Railroad

Sojourner Truth• Sojourner Truth

– Born into slavery but later freed– Well-known speaker about equality for

all, including blacks and women

Nat Turner

• Nat Turner was a slave in Virginia.

• He organized a rebellion that left about 70 whites and over 200 blacks dead.

• His rebellion failed but outraged slaveholders.

• This tightened restrictions on slavery in the antebellum – pre-Civil War – South.

The Tree of Slavery—Loaded with the Sum of All Villainies (evils)!

The Tree of Slavery—Loaded with the Sum of All Villainies (evils)!

Women’s Rights• Women had more rights than slaves

but not many.• They demanded equal rights with men.• This was called the Women’s Rights

Movement.• Leaders were

– Elizabeth Cady Stanton– Susan B. Anthony– Sojourner Truth

Elizabeth Cady Stanton• Elizabeth Cady Stanton was a leader

in the women’s rights movement.

• She was co-founder of the Seneca Falls Convention

• She drafted the Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions

Seneca Falls Convention• In 1848 the Seneca Falls Convention was

held to discuss women’s rights.

• Women detailed a list of grievances (problems).

• They issued the “Declaration of Sentiments” to declare that women should have the same rights as men.

• James Mott presided over the meeting and Frederick Douglass spoke at it.

Read the following passage from the Seneca Falls Convention and answer the questions below.

The history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward woman, having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over her. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world….

• He has made her, if married, in the eye of the law, civilly dead.• He has taken from all right in property, even to the wages she earns.• He has made her, morally, an irresponsible being, as she can commit many crimes with impunity,

provided they be done in the presence of her husband.In the covenant of marriage, she is compelled to promise obedience to her husband, he becoming, to all intents and purposes, her master; the law giving him power to deprive her of her liberty, and to administer chastisement.

_____1. According to the declaration, man has established absolute tyranny over whom?a.Woman b. Mankind c. Slaves

_____2. If a woman commits a crime, she can get away with it if it is done where?a.In secret b. In revenge c. In front of her husband

_____3. Women can own property.a.True b. False

_____4. How does a man become master of a woman?a.As a slave b. As her husband c. As her father

_____5. How does a woman become civilly dead?a.She becomes a mother b. She becomes a sister c. She becomes a wife

Read the following passage from the Seneca Falls Convention and answer the questions below.

The history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward woman, having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over her. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world….

• He has made her, if married, in the eye of the law, civilly dead.• He has taken from all right in property, even to the wages she earns.• He has made her, morally, an irresponsible being, as she can commit many crimes with impunity,

provided they be done in the presence of her husband.In the covenant of marriage, she is compelled to promise obedience to her husband, he becoming, to all intents and purposes, her master; the law giving him power to deprive her of her liberty, and to administer chastisement.

_____1. According to the declaration, man has established absolute tyranny over whom?a.Woman b. Mankind c. Slaves

_____2. If a woman commits a crime, she can get away with it if it is done where?a.In secret b. In revenge c. In front of her husband

_____3. Women can own property.a.True b. False

_____4. How does a man become master of a woman?a.As a slave b. As her husband c. As her father

_____5. How does a woman become civilly dead?a.She becomes a mother b. She becomes a sister c. She becomes a wife

Susan B. Anthony

• Susan B. Anthony worked with Elizabeth Cady Stanton for women’s rights

• She was best known for her campaign to get women’s suffrage (the right to vote)

• She also worked with the abolition movement

Sojourner Truth

• Sojourner Truth was a freed slave who worked for abolition and women’s rights

• She believed that all people were equal, including women and slaves

Sarah and Angelina Grimke• Sarah and Angelina Grimke were

sisters who fought for abolition

• They published an Appeal to Christian Women of the South to overthrow the system of slavery

Angelina Angelina Grimke’Grimke’

Sarah Sarah Grimke’Grimke’

Women and Education• Women worked for rights for

education.

• They wanted increased education for women that would be equal to men.

• Leaders were– Emma Willard– Mary Lyon– Prudence Crandall

Emma Willard

• Emma Willard opened one of the first schools for girls in America.

• The Troy Female Seminary taught math, history, geography, languages, art, music, writing and literature.

Mary Lyon• Mary Lyon founded Mount

Holyoke Female Seminary in Massachusetts

• This was the first institute for higher learning (college) for women.

Prudence Crandall

• Prudence Crandall opened the first school to allow African-American girls.

• The town protested so she accepted only the black students.

• After only 3 years she was forced to close the school and leave town.

Prudence Crandall

_____1. What month was she going to make a change to her school? A. March b. April c. May

_____2. Who will she allow to enter school? A. Men of color b. Women of color c. Older women

_____3. What will she NOT teach? A. Chemistry b. Spanish c. French

_____4. How much was tuition? A. $25 per year b. $50 per year c. $100 per year

_____5. How much of your tuition was due in advance? A. Half b. All c. None

The Temperance Movement

• In 1830, Americans would drink an average of 5 gallons of liquor a year

• Reformers argue that drinking causes domestic violence, public rowdiness (bad behavior) and loss of family income

•Temperance Movement — wanted to eliminate social problems by stopping people from drinking alcohol

•Led by preachers and church members

•Anti-Alcohol movement•American Temperance Society formed at Boston-----1826•stressed temperance (controlling yourself) and individual will to resist

•Lyman Beecher Lucretia Mott

Neal Dow

The Temperance Movement

The Temperance Movement

• As the movement became more popular, the

annual consumption of alcohol dropped

sharply

• As the movement became more popular, the

annual consumption of alcohol dropped

sharply

From the first glass to the grave, 1846

From the first glass to the grave, 1846

The Drunkard’s Progress

The Drunkard’s ProgressStep 1: A glass with a friendStep 2: A glass to keep the cold out Step 3: A glass too much

Step 4: Drunk and riotousStep 5: The summit attained: Jolly companions a confirmed drunkardStep 6: Poverty and diseaseStep 7: Forsaken by friendsStep 8: Desperation and crimeStep 9: Death by suicide

Women and the Workplace• The putting-out system – a system of

production where manufacturers give materials to workers to make the finished product at home – had been the first paid work for women.

• Now, more women were moving from farms to the factories.

Farm Girl to Factory Worker

• Female supervisors worked with almost all unmarried farm girls in mill towns.

• They were supervised closely.

• Most worked 12 hour days, 6 days a week.

• Still, many enjoyed their new friends and the chance to earn money.

Conditions in the Mills

• The mills had awful working conditions:– Windows were nailed shut which made it like

an oven in the summer– Smoke made it hard to breathe in winter– Hours were long– Work was fast – They were fined if they were late from lunch– A wage cut in 1834 led to a strike.

Lowell Strike• In Lowell, Massachusetts

the mill girls went on strike – a work stoppage in order to force an employer to respond to demands.

• The workers went on strike 3 times, but failed each time.

Immigration and Working Conditions

• In the 1830s many strikes failed because the people could be easily replaced by strikebreakers – people who are willing to work long hours for low wages.

• Many of the strikebreakers were immigrants coming from much worse work conditions.

National Trades’ Union

• In 1834 the National Trades’ Union was developed.

• This union was supported by the case of Commonwealth vs. Hunt which declared that workers’ had a right to strike to protect their own interests.

• These strikes began to be successful and working conditions began to improve.

In France, I had almost always seen the spirit of religion and the spirit of freedom pursuing courses diametrically opposed to each other; but in America, I found that they were intimately united, and that they reigned in common over the same country… Religion was the foremost of the political institutions of the United States.

-- Alexis de Tocqueville, 1832

_____1. What two things were united in America?

a.Religion and freedom

b.Spirit and America

c.Institutions and country

_____2. What was different between America and France?

a.Religion and freedom were united

b.France

In France, I had almost always seen the spirit of religion and the spirit of freedom pursuing courses diametrically opposed to each other; but in America, I found that they were intimately united, and that they reigned in common over the same country… Religion was the foremost of the political institutions of the United States.

-- Alexis de Tocqueville, 1832

_____1. What two things were united in America?

a.Religion and freedom

b.Spirit and America

c.Institutions and country

_____2. What was different between America and France?

a.Religion and freedom were united

b.France

The Rise of Popular Religion

The Second Great Awakening

“Spiritual Reform From Within”[Religious Revivalism]

Social Reforms & Redefining the Ideal of Equality

Temperance

Women’s Rights