1. Themes: 1920s has been referred to asEat, drink & be merry, for tomorrow we dieReturn to normalcyUS turned inward---isolationismJazz Agefirst modern era in the U.S.change from a rural society to an urban.

2. Cultural clashes in US Traditional America vs a changing AmericaHostility towards un-American ideasWhy? Feared communism..Red ScareRise of KKKImmigration restrictionSacco and Vanzetti

Scopes Trial---evolution vs creation Liberated woman vs traditionalFlappersMargaret Sangor----Birth controlAfrican Americans move to the citiesled to race riotsAmericans violate Prohibition18th AmendmentVolstead Act

3. Revolution in styles and technologies.electricity, radio, automobile, mass mediaFads---new dances, music & clothing4. American heroes:Babe Ruth and Charles Lindbergh

5. Presidents during the 1920sConservative Republicans Supported laissez faireWarren Harding 1921 to 1923Teapot Dome ScandalCalvin Coolidge 1921 to 1929Coolidge-Mellon Fiscal Program

6. Foreign policy during the 1920s and early 30s.

Decade notable for obsessive interest in celebritiesConsumer CultureEat, drink & be merry, for tomorrow we dieReturn to normalcyUS turned inward---isolationismJazz Agefirst modern era in the U.S.Break with Progressivism?

The Second Industrial RevolutionU.S. develops the highest standard of living in the world The twenties and the second revolutionelectricity replaces steam Henry Fords modern assembly line introduced Rise of the airline industryModern appliances and conveniences begin to change American society

The Automobile IndustryAuto makers stimulate sales through model changes, advertising Auto industry fostered the growth of other businessesAutos encourage movement and more individual freedom.By 1929 auto industry most productive in US.

Radio broadcasting began as a service to sell leftover radios from the warWestinghouse Radio Station KDKA was a world pioneer of commercial radio broadcasting.KDKA first broadcast was the Harding-Cox Presidential election returns on November 2, 1920. 220 stations eighteen months after KDKA took the plunge. $50 to $150 for first radios3,000,000 homes had them by 1922.

Radio sets, parts and accessories brought in $60 million in 1922 $136 million in 1923 $852 million in 1929 Commercial Broadcasting

Listening audience was 50,000,000 by 1925

Patterns of Economic GrowthStructural change (F.W. Taylor)professional managers replace individual entrepreneurscorporations become the dominant business formUniformityBig business weakens regionalism Government PolicyCorporate tax cuts

Economic WeaknessesLabor Problems?Welfare CapitalismCoal displaced by petroleumFarmer Problemsdecline in prices and exportsGrowing income disparityMiddle class speculates with idle money

Flappers sought individual freedom Ongoing crusade for equal rightsTeenaged children no longer needed to work and indulged their craving for excitementmost women remain in the cult of domesticity sphere

The Playful flapper here we see, The fairest of the fair. She's not what Grandma used to be, You might say, au contraire. Her girlish ways may make a stir, Her manners cause a scene, But there is no more harm in her Than in a submarine.She nightly knocks for many a goal The usual dancing men. Her speed is great, but her control Is something else again. All spotlights focus on her pranks. All tongues her prowess herald. For which she well may render thanks To God and Scott Fitzgerald. Her golden rule is plain enough - Just get them young and treat them rough.by Dorothy Parker

Beginning of the Jazz Age in New York CityAcceptance of African American culture African American literature and music

Rural Americans identify urban culture with Communism, crime, immoralitySex becomes an all-consuming topic of interest in popular entertainmentCommunities of home, church, and school are absent in the citiesConflict: Traditional values vs new ideas found in the cities.

Reemergence of the KKK was a response to the cultural changes taking place in America. 1925: Membership of 5 million (Hiram Evans)Attack on urban culture and defends Christian/Protestant and rural valuesAgainst immigrants from Southern Europe, European Jews, Catholics and American BlacksSought to win U.S. by persuasion and gaining control in local/state government.Violence, internal corruption result in Klans virtual disappearance by 1930 but will reappear in the 1950s and 1960s.

IKA Imperial Klans of America

Red Scare, 1919 to 1921, was a time of great upheavalU.S. scared out of their wits". "Reds as they were called, "Anarchists or "Outside Foreign-Born Radical Agitators (Communists). Anti-red hysteria came about after WWI and the Russian Revolution. 6,000 immigrants the government suspected of being Communists were arrested (Palmer Raids) and 600 were deported or expelled from the U.S. No due process was followed Attorney General Mitchell Palmer

The U.S. Government began to restrict certain undesirable immigrants from entering the U.S.

Congress passed the Immigration Act of 1921, in which newcomers from Europe were restricted at any year to a quota, which was set at 3% of the people of their nationality who lived in the U.S. in 1910.

Johnson-Reed Immigration Act of 1924, the quota now 2% and the origins base was shifted to that of 1890, when fewer southeastern Europeans lived in America.

Cartoon from 1919: Put them out and keep them out

Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian immigrants charged with two murders and robbing a shoe factory in Braintree, Mass. The trial and appeals lasted 1920-1927. Convicted on circumstantial evidence, many believed they had been framed for the crime because of their anarchist and pro-union activities. In this time period, anti-foreignism was high as well.Liberals and radicals rallied around the two men, but they would be executed.

Goal: was to reduce crime and poverty and improve the quality of life by making it impossible for people to get their hands on alcohol. This "Noble Experiment" was a failure. Midnight, January 16th, 1920, US went dry. The 18th Amendment, known as the Volstead Act, prohibited the manufacture, sale and possession of alcohol in America. Prohibition lasted for thirteen years. So was born the industry of bootlegging, speakeasies and Bathtub Gin.

People drank more than ever during Prohibition, and there were more deaths related to alcohol. No other law in America has been violated so flagrantly by so many "decent law-abiding" people. Overnight, many became criminals. Mobsters controlled liquor created a booming black market economy. Gangsters owned speakeasies and by 1925 there were over 100,000 speakeasies in New York City alone.

Detroit police inspecting equipment found in a hidden underground brewery during the prohibition era. Agent with the U.S. Treasury Department's Prohibition Bureau during a time when bootlegging was rampant throughout the nation. Chicago gangster during Prohibition who controlled the bootlegging industry.Al CaponeElliot Ness, part of the Untouchables

Prohibition is an awful flop. We like it. It can't stop what it's meant to stop. We like it. It's left a trail of graft and slime, It's filled our land with vice and crime, It can't prohibit worth a dime, Nevertheless we're for it. Franklin Pierce Adams, New York World It is impossible to stop liquor trickling through a dotted line A Prohibition agent

1925The first conflict between religion vs. science being taught in school was in 1925 in Dayton, Tennessee.

John T. ScopesRespected high school biology teacher arrested in Dayton, Tennessee for teaching Darwins Theory of Evolution.

Clarence DarrowFamous trial lawyer who represented Scopes

William J. BryanSec. of State for President Wilson, ran for president three times, turned evangelical leader. Represented theprosecution.

Dayton, TennesseeSmall town in the south became protective against the encroachment of modern times and secular teachings.

The trial is conducted in a carnival-like atmosphere. The people of Dayton are seen as backward by the country.

The right to teach and protect Biblical teachings in schools.

The acceptance of science and that all species have evolved from lower forms of beings over billions of years.

The 1920 Election

The 1920 ElectionWilsons idealism and Treaty of Versailles led many Americans to vote for the Republican, Warren HardingUS turned inward and feared anything that was European

The Ohio Gang: President Warren Harding (front row, third from right), Vice-President Calvin Coolidge (front row, second from right), and members of the cabinet.The 1920 Election

Harding and CoolidgeRepublican presidents appeal to traditional American valuesHarding dies in office after 2 years.Scandals break after his deathTeapot Dome ScandalCalvin Coolidge becomes President after Hardings death in 1923.Secretary of the Interior, Albert B. Fall leased naval reserve oil land in Teapot Dome, Wyoming, and Elk Hills, California, to oilmen Harry F. Sinclair and Edward L. DohenyFall had received a bribe of $100,000 from Doheny and about three times that amount from Sinclair.Fall found guilty of taking a bribe.

Republican PoliciesReturn to "normalcy" tariffs raisedcorporate, income taxes cutspending cutsGovernment-business cooperationThe business of government, is businessReturn to isolation

The 1924 ElectionCalvin Coolidge served as President from 1923 to 1929.Silent Cal.Republican president

++=$REPUBLICAN ECONOMY SUPPORTED LAISSEZ FAIRE AND BIG BUSINESS. Lower Taxes Less Federal Higher Strong Spending Tariffs National EconomyFordney-McCumber Tariff---1923 Hawley-Smoot Tariff ---1930 raised the tariff to an unbelievable 60%!!!

Washington Naval Conference [1921-1922]U. S. Britain Japan France Italy 5 5 3 1.67 1.67

Four-Power Pact (December 13, 1921). Britain, France, Japan and the United States agreed to submit disputes among themselves over Pacific issues to a conference for resolution. Pledged mutual respect for the possessions and mandates of other signatories (participants) in the Pacific. Five-Power Naval Limitation Treaty (February 6, 1922). The leading naval powers, Britain, France, Italy, Japan and the United States pledged adherence to limitations on the tonnage of capital ships and accepted a moratorium on new naval construction. 5-3-1 ratioBritain could only have 1 ship for every 3 ships in Japan, and Japan could only have 3 ships for every 5 ships in the U.S. Britain, U.S. and Japan agreed to dismantle some existing vessels to meet the ratio.

Five-Power Naval Limitation Treaty (February 6, 1922). Agreed on a series of rules for the use of submarines in future warfare and also outlawed the use of poisonous gases as a military weapon. Nine-Power Treaty (February 6, 1922). Big Four, plus Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Portugal and China endorsed the Open Door Policy and pledged mutual respect for Chinese territorial integrity and independence.

In the following months, the U.S. Senate ratified all of the treaties from the Washington Conference.

Additional countries which join by July 24, 1929. Persia, July 2, 1929; Greece, August 3, 1929; Honduras, August 6, 1929; Chile, August 12, 1929; Luxemburg August 14, 1929; Danzig, September 11, 1929; Costa Rica, October 1, 1929; Venezuela, October 24, 1929.

AfghanistanFinlandPeruAlbaniaGuatemalaPortugalAustriaHungaryRumaniaBulgariaIcelandRussiaChinaLatviaKingdom of the SerbsCubaLiberiaCroats and SlovenesDenmarkLithuaniaSiamDominican RepublicNetherlandsSpainEgyptNicaraguaSwedenEstoniaNorwayTurkeyEthiopiaPanama

Kellogg-Briand Pact: 192815 nations committed to outlawing aggression and war for settling disputes.Problem no way of enforcement.

The Kellogg-Briand Pact provided for outlawing war as an an instrument of national policy, and was further notable for the following: The pact was signed in August 1928 by 15 nations. In the following months, more than 60 countries joined in this renunciation of war.

The U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee studied the matter and issued a report that maintained that the pact did not impair the nations ability to act to protect the Monroe Doctrine. US Senate ratified this treaty.

The Kellogg-Briand Pact provided for outlawing war as an an instrument of national policy, and was further notable for the following: Major problems with this treaty No enforcement mechanism was provided for changing the behavior of warring signatories. The agreement was interpreted by most of the signatories to permit defensive war. No expiration date was provided. No provision existed for amending the agreement was included.

In the 1930s, the idealism of ending all war would be shattered when the Japanese, Italy, Germany and Soviet Union began WWII.Idealism, is what it is: ideas. Some can work and others cant. In a realistic world, countries realized that they needed to protect themselves from aggressor nations.It is still this way today but we have the United Nations to promote world peace and contain aggressor nations.

Dawes Plan Presented in 1924 by the committee headed by Charles G. Dawes to the Reparations Commission of the Allied nations. It was accepted the same year by Germany and the Allied Nations. The Dawes Committee was entrusted with finding a solution for the collection of the German reparations debt, set at almost $54 billion. Germany had been lagging in payment of this obligation and the Dawes Plan provided a repayment schedule over 4 years to the Allies. The Germans would continue to lag behind in payments.

*******